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+:B~ The basics
+
+1~the-basics The basics
+
+This chapter contains a brief overview of the build process and instructions
+for using the three most commonly used image types. The most versatile image
+type, #{iso-hybrid}#, may be used on a virtual machine, optical medium or
+USB portable storage device. In certain special cases, as explained later,
+the #{hdd}# type may be more suitable. The chapter includes detailed
+instructions for building and using a #{netboot}# type image, which is a bit
+more involved due to the setup required on the server. This is an slightly
+advanced topic for anyone who is not already familiar with netbooting, but
+it is included here because once the setup is done, it is a very convenient
+way to test and deploy images for booting on the local network without the
+hassle of dealing with image media.
+
+The section finishes with a quick introduction to {webbooting}#webbooting
+which is, perhaps, the easiest way of using different images for different
+purposes, switching from one to the other as needed using the internet as a
+means.
+
+Throughout the chapter, we will often refer to the default filenames
+produced by live-build. If you are {downloading a prebuilt
+image}#downloading-prebuilt-images instead, the actual filenames may vary.
+
+2~what-is-live What is a live system?
+
+A live system usually means an operating system booted on a computer from a
+removable medium, such as a CD-ROM or USB stick, or from a network, ready to
+use without any installation on the usual drive(s), with auto-configuration
+done at run time (see {Terms}#terms).
+
+With live systems, it's an operating system, built for one of the supported
+architectures (currently amd64 and i386). It is made from the following
+parts:
+
+_* *{Linux kernel image}*, usually named #{vmlinuz*}#
+
+_* *{Initial RAM disk image (initrd)}*: a RAM disk set up for the Linux
+boot, containing modules possibly needed to mount the System image and some
+scripts to do it.
+
+_* *{System image}*: The operating system's filesystem image. Usually, a
+SquashFS compressed filesystem is used to minimize the live system image
+size. Note that it is read-only. So, during boot the live system will use a
+RAM disk and 'union' mechanism to enable writing files within the running
+system. However, all modifications will be lost upon shutdown unless
+optional persistence is used (see {Persistence}#persistence).
+
+_* *{Bootloader}*: A small piece of code crafted to boot from the chosen
+medium, possibly presenting a prompt or menu to allow selection of
+options/configuration. It loads the Linux kernel and its initrd to run with
+an associated system filesystem. Different solutions can be used, depending
+on the target medium and format of the filesystem containing the previously
+mentioned components: isolinux to boot from a CD or DVD in ISO9660 format,
+syslinux for HDD or USB drive booting from a VFAT partition, extlinux for
+ext2/3/4 and btrfs partitions, pxelinux for PXE netboot, GRUB for ext2/3/4
+partitions, etc.
+
+You can use live-build to build the system image from your specifications,
+set up a Linux kernel, its initrd, and a bootloader to run them, all in one
+medium-dependant format (ISO9660 image, disk image, etc.).
+
+2~downloading-prebuilt-images Downloading prebuilt images
+
+While the focus of this manual is developing and building your own live
+images, you may simply wish to try one of our prebuilt images, either as an
+introduction to their use or instead of building your own. These images are
+built using our {live-images git repository}#clone-configuration-via-git and
+official stable releases are published at
+https://www.debian.org/CD/live/. In addition, older and upcoming releases,
+and unofficial images containing non-free firmware and drivers are available
+at http://live-systems.org/cdimage/release/.
+
+2~using-web-builder Using the web live image builder
+
+As a service to the community, we run a web-based live image builder service
+at http://live-systems.org/build/. This site is maintained on a best effort
+basis. That is, although we strive to keep it up-to-date and operational at
+all times, and do issue notices for significant operational outages, we
+cannot guarantee 100% availability or fast image building, and the service
+may occasionally have issues that take some time to resolve. If you have
+problems or questions about the service, please {contact us}#contact,
+providing us with the link to your build.
+
+3~ Web builder usage and caveats
+
+The web interface currently makes no provision to prevent the use of invalid
+combinations of options, and in particular, where changing an option would
+normally (i.e. using live-build directly) change defaults of other options
+listed in the web form, the web builder does not change these defaults. Most
+notably, if you change #{--architectures}# from the default #{i386}# to
+#{amd64}#, you must change the corresponding option #{--linux-flavours}#
+from the default #{586}# to #{amd64}#. See the #{lb_config}# man page for
+the version of live-build installed on the web builder for more details. The
+version number of live-build is listed at the bottom of the web builder
+page.
+
+The time estimate given by the web builder is a crude estimate only and may
+not reflect how long your build actually takes. Nor is the estimate updated
+once it is displayed. Please be patient. Do not refresh the page you land on
+after submitting the build, as this will resubmit a new build with the same
+parameters. You should {contact us}#contact if you don't receive
+notification of your build only once you are certain you've waited long
+enough and verified the notification e-mail did not get caught by your own
+e-mail spam filter.
+
+The web builder is limited in the kinds of images it can build. This keeps
+it simple and efficient to use and maintain. If you would like to make
+customizations that are not provided for by the web interface, the rest of
+this manual explains how to build your own images using live-build.
+
+2~building-iso-hybrid First steps: building an ISO hybrid image
+
+Regardless of the image type, you will need to perform the same basic steps
+to build an image each time. As a first example, create a build directory,
+change to that directory and then execute the following sequence of
+live-build commands to create a basic ISO hybrid image containing a default
+live system without X.org. It is suitable for burning to CD or DVD media,
+and also to copy onto a USB stick.
+
+The name of the working directory is absolutely up to you, but if you take a
+look at the examples used throughout live-manual, it is a good idea to use a
+name that helps you identify the image you are working with in each
+directory, especially if you are working or experimenting with different
+image types. In this case you are going to build a default system so let's
+call it, for example, live-default.
+
+code{
+
+ $ mkdir live-default && cd live-default
+
+}code
+
+Then, run the #{lb config}# command. This will create a "config/" hierarchy
+in the current directory for use by other commands:
+
+code{
+
+ $ lb config
+
+}code
+
+No parameters are passed to these commands, so defaults for all of their
+various options will be used. See {The lb config command}#lb-config for more
+details.
+
+Now that the "config/" hierarchy exists, build the image with the #{lb
+build}# command:
+
+code{
+
+ # lb build
+
+}code
+
+This process can take a while, depending on the speed of your computer and
+your network connection. When it is complete, there should be a
+#{live-image-i386.hybrid.iso}# image file, ready to use, in the current
+directory.
+
+*{Note:}* If you are building on an amd64 system the name of the resulting image will be #{live-image-amd64.hybrid.iso}#. Keep in mind this naming convention throughout the manual.
+
+2~using-iso-hybrid Using an ISO hybrid live image
+
+After either building or downloading an ISO hybrid image, which can be
+obtained at https://www.debian.org/CD/live/, the usual next step is to
+prepare your medium for booting, either CD-R(W) or DVD-R(W) optical media or
+a USB stick.
+
+3~burning-iso-image Burning an ISO image to a physical medium
+
+Burning an ISO image is easy. Just install /{xorriso}/ and use it from the
+command-line to burn the image. For instance:
+
+code{
+
+ # apt-get install xorriso
+ $ xorriso -as cdrecord -v dev=/dev/sr0 blank=as_needed live-image-i386.hybrid.iso
+
+}code
+
+3~copying-iso-hybrid-to-usb Copying an ISO hybrid image to a USB stick
+
+ISO images prepared with #{xorriso}#, can be simply copied to a USB stick
+with the #{cp}# program or an equivalent. Plug in a USB stick with a size
+large enough for your image file and determine which device it is, which we
+hereafter refer to as #{${USBSTICK}}#. This is the device file of your key,
+such as #{/dev/sdb}#, not a partition, such as #{/dev/sdb1}#! You can find
+the right device name by looking in #{dmesg}#'s output after plugging in the
+stick, or better yet, #{ls -l /dev/disk/by-id}#.
+
+Once you are certain you have the correct device name, use the #{cp}#
+command to copy the image to the stick.  *{This will definitely overwrite
+any previous contents on your stick!}*
+
+code{
+
+ $ cp live-image-i386.hybrid.iso ${USBSTICK}
+ $ sync
+
+}code
+
+*{Note:}* The /{sync}/ command is useful to ensure that all the data, which is stored in memory by the kernel while copying the image, is written to the USB stick.
+
+3~using-usb-extra-space Using the space left on a USB stick
+
+After copying the #{live-image-i386.hybrid.iso}# to a USB stick, the first
+partition on the device will be filled up by the live system. To use the
+remaining free space, use a partitioning tool such as /{gparted}/ or
+/{parted}/ to create a new partition on the stick.
+
+code{
+
+ # gparted ${USBSTICK}
+
+}code
+
+After the partition is created, where #{${PARTITION}}# is the name of the
+partition, such as #{/dev/sdb2}#, you have to create a filesystem on it. One
+possible choice would be ext4.
+
+code{
+
+ # mkfs.ext4 ${PARTITION}
+
+}code
+
+*{Note:}* If you want to use the extra space with Windows, apparently that OS cannot normally access any partitions but the first. Some solutions to this problem have been discussed on our {mailing list}#contact, but it seems there are no easy answers.
+
+*{Remember: Every time you install a new live-image-i386.hybrid.iso on the stick, all data on the stick will be lost because the partition table is overwritten by the contents of the image, so back up your extra partition first to restore again after updating the live image.}*
+
+3~booting-live-medium Booting the live medium
+
+The first time you boot your live medium, whether CD, DVD, USB key, or PXE
+boot, some setup in your computer's BIOS may be needed first. Since BIOSes
+vary greatly in features and key bindings, we cannot get into the topic in
+depth here. Some BIOSes provide a key to bring up a menu of boot devices at
+boot time, which is the easiest way if it is available on your
+system. Otherwise, you need to enter the BIOS configuration menu and change
+the boot order to place the boot device for the live system before your
+normal boot device.
+
+Once you've booted the medium, you are presented with a boot menu. If you
+just press enter here, the system will boot using the default entry,
+#{Live}# and default options. For more information about boot options, see
+the "help" entry in the menu and also the live-boot and live-config man
+pages found within the live system.
+
+Assuming you've selected #{Live}# and booted a default desktop live image,
+after the boot messages scroll by, you should be automatically logged into
+the #{user}# account and see a desktop, ready to use. If you have booted a
+console-only image, such as a #{standard}# flavour {prebuilt
+image}#downloading-prebuilt-images, you should be automatically logged in on
+the console to the #{user}# account and see a shell prompt, ready to use.
+
+2~using-virtual-machine Using a virtual machine for testing
+
+It can be a great time-saver for the development of live images to run them
+in a virtual machine (VM). This is not without its caveats:
+
+_* Running a VM requires enough RAM for both the guest OS and the host and a
+CPU with hardware support for virtualization is recommended.
+
+_* There are some inherent limitations to running on a VM, e.g. poor video
+performance, limited choice of emulated hardware.
+
+_* When developing for specific hardware, there is no substitute for running
+on the hardware itself.
+
+_* Occasionally there are bugs that relate only to running in a VM. When in
+doubt, test your image directly on the hardware.
+
+Provided you can work within these constraints, survey the available VM
+software and choose one that is suitable for your needs.
+
+3~testing-iso-with-qemu Testing an ISO image with QEMU
+
+The most versatile VM in Debian is QEMU. If your processor has hardware
+support for virtualization, use the /{qemu-kvm}/ package; the /{qemu-kvm}/
+package description briefly lists the requirements.
+
+First, install /{qemu-kvm}/ if your processor supports it. If not, install
+/{qemu}/, in which case the program name is #{qemu}# instead of #{kvm}# in
+the following examples. The /{qemu-utils}/ package is also valuable for
+creating virtual disk images with #{qemu-img}#.
+
+code{
+
+ # apt-get install qemu-kvm qemu-utils
+
+}code
+
+Booting an ISO image is simple:
+
+code{
+
+ $ kvm -cdrom live-image-i386.hybrid.iso
+
+}code
+
+See the man pages for more details.
+
+3~testing-iso-with-virtualbox Testing an ISO image with VirtualBox
+
+In order to test the ISO with /{virtualbox}/:
+
+code{
+
+ # apt-get install virtualbox virtualbox-qt virtualbox-dkms
+ $ virtualbox
+
+}code
+
+Create a new virtual machine, change the storage settings to use
+#{live-image-i386.hybrid.iso}# as the CD/DVD device, and start the machine.
+
+*{Note:}* For live systems containing X.org that you want to test with /{virtualbox}/, you may wish to include the VirtualBox X.org driver package, /{virtualbox-guest-dkms}/ and /{virtualbox-guest-x11}/, in your live-build configuration. Otherwise, the resolution is limited to 800x600.
+
+code{
+
+ $ echo "virtualbox-guest-dkms virtualbox-guest-x11" >> config/package-lists/my.list.chroot
+
+}code
+
+In order to make the dkms package work, also the kernel headers for the
+kernel flavour used in your image need to be installed. Instead of manually
+listing the correct /{linux-headers}/ package in above created package list,
+the selection of the right package can be done automatically by live-build.
+
+code{
+
+  $ lb config --linux-packages "linux-image linux-headers"
+
+}code
+
+2~using-hdd-image Building and using an HDD image
+
+Building an HDD image is similar to an ISO hybrid one in all respects except
+you specify #{-b hdd}# and the resulting filename is #{live-image-i386.img}#
+which cannot be burnt to optical media. It is suitable for booting from USB
+sticks, USB hard drives, and various other portable storage
+devices. Normally, an ISO hybrid image can be used for this purpose instead,
+but if you have a BIOS which does not handle hybrid images properly, you
+need an HDD image.
+
+*{Note:}* if you created an ISO hybrid image with the previous example, you will need to clean up your working directory with the #{lb clean}# command (see {The lb clean command}#lb-clean):
+
+code{
+
+ # lb clean --binary
+
+}code
+
+Run the #{lb config}# command as before, except this time specifying the HDD
+image type:
+
+code{
+
+ $ lb config -b hdd
+
+}code
+
+Now build the image with the #{lb build}# command:
+
+code{
+
+ # lb build
+
+}code
+
+When the build finishes, a #{live-image-i386.img}# file should be present in
+the current directory.
+
+The generated binary image contains a VFAT partition and the syslinux
+bootloader, ready to be directly written on a USB device. Once again, using
+an HDD image is just like using an ISO hybrid one on USB. Follow the
+instructions in {Using an ISO hybrid live image}#using-iso-hybrid, except
+use the filename #{live-image-i386.img}# instead of
+#{live-image-i386.hybrid.iso}#.
+
+Likewise, to test an HDD image with Qemu, install /{qemu}/ as described
+above in {Testing an ISO image with QEMU}#testing-iso-with-qemu. Then run
+#{kvm}# or #{qemu}#, depending on which version your host system needs,
+specifying #{live-image-i386.img}# as the first hard drive.
+
+code{
+
+ $ kvm -hda live-image-i386.img
+
+}code
+
+2~building-netboot-image Building a netboot image
+
+The following sequence of commands will create a basic netboot image
+containing a default live system without X.org. It is suitable for booting
+over the network.
+
+*{Note:}* if you performed any previous examples, you will need to clean up your working directory with the #{lb clean}# command:
+
+code{
+
+ # lb clean
+
+}code
+
+In this specific case, a #{lb clean --binary}# would not be enough to clean
+up the necessary stages. The cause for this is that in netboot setups, a
+different initramfs configuration needs to be used which live-build performs
+automatically when building netboot images. Since the initramfs creation
+belongs to the chroot stage, switching to netboot in an existing build
+directory means to rebuild the chroot stage too. Therefore, #{lb clean}#
+(which will remove the chroot stage, too) needs to be used.
+
+Run the #{lb config}# command as follows to configure your image for
+netbooting:
+
+code{
+
+ $ lb config -b netboot --net-root-path "/srv/debian-live" --net-root-server "192.168.0.2"
+
+}code
+
+In contrast with the ISO and HDD images, netbooting does not, itself, serve
+the filesystem image to the client, so the files must be served via
+NFS. Different network filesystems can be chosen through lb config. The
+#{--net-root-path}# and #{--net-root-server}# options specify the location
+and server, respectively, of the NFS server where the filesystem image will
+be located at boot time. Make sure these are set to suitable values for your
+network and server.
+
+Now build the image with the #{lb build}# command:
+
+code{
+
+ # lb build
+
+}code
+
+In a network boot, the client runs a small piece of software which usually
+resides on the EPROM of the Ethernet card. This program sends a DHCP request
+to get an IP address and information about what to do next. Typically, the
+next step is getting a higher level bootloader via the TFTP protocol. That
+could be pxelinux, GRUB, or even boot directly to an operating system like
+Linux.
+
+For example, if you unpack the generated #{live-image-i386.netboot.tar}#
+archive in the #{/srv/debian-live}# directory, you'll find the filesystem
+image in #{live/filesystem.squashfs}# and the kernel, initrd and pxelinux
+bootloader in #{tftpboot/}#.
+
+We must now configure three services on the server to enable netbooting: the
+DHCP server, the TFTP server and the NFS server.
+
+3~ DHCP server
+
+We must configure our network's DHCP server to be sure to give an IP address
+to the netbooting client system, and to advertise the location of the PXE
+bootloader.
+
+Here is an example for inspiration, written for the ISC DHCP server
+#{isc-dhcp-server}# in the #{/etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf}# configuration file:
+
+code{
+
+ # /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf - configuration file for isc-dhcp-server
+
+ ddns-update-style none;
+
+ option domain-name "example.org";
+ option domain-name-servers ns1.example.org, ns2.example.org;
+
+ default-lease-time 600;
+ max-lease-time 7200;
+
+ log-facility local7;
+
+ subnet 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
+   range 192.168.0.1 192.168.0.254;
+   filename "pxelinux.0";
+   next-server 192.168.0.2;
+   option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0;
+   option broadcast-address 192.168.0.255;
+   option routers 192.168.0.1;
+}
+
+}code
+
+3~ TFTP server
+
+This serves the kernel and initial ramdisk to the system at run time.
+
+You should install the /{tftpd-hpa}/ package. It can serve all files
+contained inside a root directory, usually #{/srv/tftp}#. To let it serve
+files inside #{/srv/debian-live/tftpboot}#, run as root the following
+command:
+
+code{
+
+ # dpkg-reconfigure -plow tftpd-hpa
+
+}code
+
+and fill in the new tftp server directory when being asked about it.
+
+3~ NFS server
+
+Once the guest computer has downloaded and booted a Linux kernel and loaded
+its initrd, it will try to mount the Live filesystem image through a NFS
+server.
+
+You need to install the /{nfs-kernel-server}/ package.
+
+Then, make the filesystem image available through NFS by adding a line like
+the following to #{/etc/exports}#:
+
+code{
+
+ /srv/debian-live *(ro,async,no_root_squash,no_subtree_check)
+
+}code
+
+and tell the NFS server about this new export with the following command:
+
+code{
+
+ # exportfs -rv
+
+}code
+
+Setting up these three services can be a little tricky. You might need some
+patience to get all of them working together. For more information, see the
+syslinux wiki at http://www.syslinux.org/wiki/index.php/PXELINUX or the
+Debian Installer Manual's TFTP Net Booting section at
+http://d-i.alioth.debian.org/manual/en.i386/ch04s05.html. They might help,
+as their processes are very similar.
+
+3~ Netboot testing HowTo
+
+Netboot image creation is made easy with live-build, but testing the images
+on physical machines can be really time consuming.
+
+To make our life easier, we can use virtualization.
+
+3~ Qemu
+
+_* Install /{qemu}/, /{bridge-utils}/, /{sudo}/.
+
+Edit #{/etc/qemu-ifup}#:
+
+code{
+
+ #!/bin/sh
+ sudo -p "Password for $0:" /sbin/ifconfig $1 172.20.0.1
+ echo "Executing /etc/qemu-ifup"
+ echo "Bringing up $1 for bridged mode..."
+ sudo /sbin/ifconfig $1 0.0.0.0 promisc up
+ echo "Adding $1 to br0..."
+ sudo /usr/sbin/brctl addif br0 $1
+ sleep 2
+
+}code
+
+Get, or build a #{grub-floppy-netboot}#.
+
+Launch #{qemu}# with "#{-net nic,vlan=0 -net tap,vlan=0,ifname=tun0}#"
+
+2~webbooting Webbooting
+
+Webbooting is a convenient way of retrieving and booting live systems using
+the internet as a means. The requirements for webbooting are very few. On
+the one hand, you need a medium with a bootloader, an initial ramdisk and a
+kernel. On the other hand, a web server to store the squashfs files which
+contain the filesystem.
+
+3~ Getting the webboot files
+
+As usual, you can build the images yourself or use the prebuilt files, which
+are available on the project's homepage at http://live-systems.org/. Using
+prebuilt images would be handy for doing initial testing until one can fine
+tune their own needs. If you have built a live image you will find the files
+needed for webbooting in the build directory under #{binary/live/}#. The
+files are called #{vmlinuz}#, #{initrd.img}# and #{filesystem.squashfs}#.
+
+It is also possible to extract those files from an already existing iso
+image. In order to achieve that, loopback mount the image as follows:
+
+code{
+
+ # mount -o loop image.iso /mnt
+
+}code
+
+The files are to be found under the #{live/}# directory. In this specific
+case, it would be #{/mnt/live/}#. This method has the disadvantage that you
+need to be root to be able to mount the image. However, it has the advantage
+that it is easily scriptable and thus, easily automatized.
+
+But undoubtedly, the easiest way of extracting the files from an iso image
+and uploading it to the web server at the same time, is using the midnight
+commander or /{mc}/. If you have the /{genisoimage}/ package installed, the
+two-pane file manager allows you to browse the contents of an iso file in
+one pane and upload the files via ftp in the other pane. Even though this
+method requires manual work, it does not require root privileges.
+
+3~ Booting webboot images
+
+While some users will prefer virtualization to test webbooting, we refer to
+real hardware here to match the following possible use case which should
+only be considered as an example.
+
+In order to boot a webboot image it is enough to have the components
+mentioned above, i.e. #{vmlinuz}# and #{initrd.img}# in a usb stick inside a
+directory named #{live/}# and install syslinux as bootloader. Then boot from
+the usb stick and type #{fetch=URL/PATH/TO/FILE}# at the boot
+options. live-boot will retrieve the squashfs file and store it into
+ram. This way, it is possible to use the downloaded compressed filesystem as
+a regular live system. For example:
+
+code{
+
+ append boot=live components fetch=http://192.168.2.50/images/webboot/filesystem.squashfs
+
+}code
+
+*{Use case:}* You have a web server in which you have stored two squashfs files, one which contains a full desktop, like for example gnome, and a standard one. If you need a graphical environment for one machine, you can plug your usb stick in and webboot the gnome image. If you need one of the tools included in the second type of image, perhaps for another machine, you can webboot the standard one.