diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | org/default_regex.org | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | org/ocda_functions.org | 39 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | org/out_latex.org | 14 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | org/out_odt.org | 21 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | org/out_text.org | 5 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | src/sisudoc/ocda/meta/metadoc_from_src_functions.d | 39 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | src/sisudoc/ocda/meta/rgx.d | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | src/sisudoc/outputs/io_out/latex.d | 14 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | src/sisudoc/outputs/io_out/odt.d | 21 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | src/sisudoc/outputs/io_out/rgx.d | 10 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | src/sisudoc/outputs/io_out/text.d | 5 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | test/reference/abstraction/not_without_help.austin_amissah.en.ssp | 1699 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | test/reference/abstraction/sisu-manual~sisu_markup.en.ssp | 34 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | test/reference/abstraction/two_bits.christopher_kelty.en.ssp | 156 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | test/reference/abstraction/viral_spiral.david_bollier.en.ssp | 196 |
15 files changed, 2001 insertions, 274 deletions
diff --git a/org/default_regex.org b/org/default_regex.org index 4b2178c..33707c4 100644 --- a/org/default_regex.org +++ b/org/default_regex.org @@ -315,6 +315,7 @@ static inline_notes_curly_gen = ctRegex!(`~\{.+?\}~`, "m"); static inline_notes_curly = ctRegex!(`~\{\s*(.+?)\s*\}~`, "mg"); static inline_notes_curly_sp_asterisk = ctRegex!(`~\{[*]+\s+(.+?)\s*\}~`, "m"); static inline_notes_curly_sp_plus = ctRegex!(`~\{[+]+\s+(.+?)\s*\}~`, "m"); +static inline_notes_square = ctRegex!(`~\[\s*(?P<series>[*+]?)\s*(?P<note>.+?)\s*\]~`, "mg"); // editor's notes, their own numbered series static note_ref = ctRegex!(`^\S+?noteref_(?P<ref>[0-9]+)`, "mg"); // {^{73.}^}#noteref_73 #+END_SRC @@ -612,17 +613,17 @@ static inline_underscore_line = ctRegex!(`^__ (?P<text>.+?)(?P #+NAME: prgmkup_rgx_internal_footnotes_and_endnotes #+BEGIN_SRC d /+ inline markup footnotes endnotes +/ -static inline_notes_al = ctRegex!(`【(?:[*+]\s+|\s*)(.+?)】`, "mg"); -static inline_notes_al_special = ctRegex!(`【(?:[*+]\s+)(.+?)】`, "mg"); // TODO remove match when special footnotes are implemented +static inline_notes_al = ctRegex!(`【(?:[*+]+[0-9]*\s+|\s*)(.+?)】`, "mg"); +static inline_notes_al_special = ctRegex!(`【(?:[*+]+[0-9]*\s+)(.+?)】`, "mg"); // TODO remove match when special footnotes are implemented static inline_notes_al_gen = ctRegex!(`【.+?】`, "m"); static inline_notes_al_gen_text = ctRegex!(`【(?P<text>.+?)】`, "m"); -static inline_notes_al_all_note = ctRegex!(`【(?P<num>\d+|(?:[*]|[+])+)\s+(?P<note>.+?)\s*】`, "mg"); +static inline_notes_al_all_note = ctRegex!(`【(?P<num>\d+|[*+]+[0-9]*)\s+(?P<note>.+?)\s*】`, "mg"); static inline_notes_al_regular_number_note = ctRegex!(`【(?P<num>\d+)\s+(?P<note>.+?)\s*】`, "mg"); -static inline_notes_al_special_char_note = ctRegex!(`【(?P<char>(?:[*]|[+])+)\s+(?P<note>.+?)】`, "mg"); +static inline_notes_al_special_char_note = ctRegex!(`【(?P<char>[*+]+[0-9]*)\s+(?P<note>.+?)】`, "mg"); static inline_al_delimiter_open_regular = ctRegex!(`【\s`, "m"); static inline_al_delimiter_open_symbol_star = ctRegex!(`【[*]\s`, "m"); static inline_al_delimiter_open_symbol_plus = ctRegex!(`【[+]\s`, "m"); -static inline_text_and_note_al_ = ctRegex!(`(.+?(?:【[*+]*\s+.+?】|.+))`, "mg"); +static inline_text_and_note_al_ = ctRegex!(`(.+?(?:【[*+]*[0-9]*\s+.+?】|.+))`, "mg"); static endnote_section_note = ctRegex!(`┥\s*⑆\^┨(?P<notenumber>\d+)\.┣\^┝┤(?P<link>¤?.+?)├.+`, "mg"); #+END_SRC diff --git a/org/ocda_functions.org b/org/ocda_functions.org index a5b60fa..da8e5ee 100644 --- a/org/ocda_functions.org +++ b/org/ocda_functions.org @@ -2528,7 +2528,7 @@ ObjGenericComposite set_object_generic()( // ↓ - object inline munge static struct ObjInlineMarkupMunge { string[string] obj_txt; - int n_foot, n_foot_reg, n_foot_sp_asterisk, n_foot_sp_plus; + int n_foot, n_foot_reg, n_foot_sp_asterisk, n_foot_sp_plus, n_foot_ed_asterisk, n_foot_ed_plus; string asterisks_, plus_; string obj_txt_out, tail, note; static auto rgx = RgxI(); @@ -2539,6 +2539,8 @@ static struct ObjInlineMarkupMunge { n_foot_reg = 0; n_foot_sp_asterisk = 0; n_foot_sp_plus = 0; + n_foot_ed_asterisk = 0; + n_foot_ed_plus = 0; } static auto images()(string obj_txt_in) { static auto mng = InlineMarkup(); @@ -2569,13 +2571,13 @@ static struct ObjInlineMarkupMunge { bool flg_notes_reg = false; bool flg_notes_star = false; bool flg_notes_plus = false; + if (!(stage_reset_note_numbers) && reset_note_numbers) { + stage_reset_note_numbers = true; + } obj_txt_in = obj_txt_in.replaceAll( rgx.inline_notes_curly, (mkup.en_a_o ~ " $1" ~ mkup.en_a_c) ); - if (!(stage_reset_note_numbers) && reset_note_numbers) { - stage_reset_note_numbers = true; - } obj_txt_out = ""; if (obj_txt_in.match(rgx.inline_notes_al_gen)) { string[] _tmp_txt; @@ -2586,6 +2588,8 @@ static struct ObjInlineMarkupMunge { n_foot_reg = 0; n_foot_sp_asterisk = 0; n_foot_sp_plus = 0; + n_foot_ed_asterisk = 0; + n_foot_ed_plus = 0; } stage_reset_note_numbers = false; foreach(n; m) { @@ -2627,6 +2631,33 @@ static struct ObjInlineMarkupMunge { } else { obj_txt_out = obj_txt_in; } + /+ ↓ editor's notes: ~[* note ]~ and ~[+ note ]~, and a bare ~[ note ]~, + which joins the asterisk series as it did in sisu. Each series is + numbered through the document, apart from the author's notes: + ,*1, *2 ... and +1, +2 ... + . + Placed after the author's notes rather than before, so that the reset + above, made once per document at its first note, has happened by the + time these are counted. + +/ + if (obj_txt_out.match(rgx.inline_notes_square)) { + if (stage_reset_note_numbers) { + n_foot = 0; + n_foot_reg = 0; + n_foot_sp_asterisk = 0; + n_foot_sp_plus = 0; + n_foot_ed_asterisk = 0; + n_foot_ed_plus = 0; + stage_reset_note_numbers = false; + } + obj_txt_out = replaceAll!((m) { + string _series = (m["series"] == "+") ? "+" : "*"; + int _n = (_series == "+") ? ++n_foot_ed_plus : ++n_foot_ed_asterisk; + if (_series == "+") { flg_notes_plus = true; } + return mkup.en_a_o ~ _series ~ _n.to!string ~ " " ~ m["note"] ~ mkup.en_a_c; + })(obj_txt_out, rgx.inline_notes_square); + flg_notes_star = true; + } ST_txtPlusHasFootnotes ret; { ret.obj_txt = obj_txt_out; diff --git a/org/out_latex.org b/org/out_latex.org index 88a409a..6d1308e 100644 --- a/org/out_latex.org +++ b/org/out_latex.org @@ -1210,6 +1210,20 @@ string footnotes()( "$2".strip ).strip ); + /+ ↓ a note of a special series (*, *1, +1 ...). \footnote[n] takes a + number, so the mark is set as \thefootnote for this one note, + and the counter put back, so that the numbered series does not + move. + +/ + _txt = replaceAll!((m) { + import std.array : replace; + string _mark = m["char"]; + string _name = _mark.replace("*", "a").replace("+", "p"); + return "\\hypertarget{noteref_" ~ _name ~ "}{}" + ~ "{\\renewcommand{\\thefootnote}{" ~ _mark ~ "}" + ~ "\\footnote{\\label{note_" ~ _name ~ "}" ~ m["note"].strip ~ "}" + ~ "\\addtocounter{footnote}{-1}}"; + })(_txt, rgx.inline_notes_al_special_char_note); } return _txt; } diff --git a/org/out_odt.org b/org/out_odt.org index b28e8d1..295e7f1 100644 --- a/org/out_odt.org +++ b/org/out_odt.org @@ -205,6 +205,8 @@ string obj_num(O)(const O obj) { // TODO #+NAME: odt_format_objects_3 #+BEGIN_SRC d string _footnotes()(string _txt) { + import std.array : replace; + import std.regex : replaceAll; static auto rgx = RgxO(); static auto rgx_xhtml = RgxXHTML(); _txt = _txt.replaceAll( @@ -222,6 +224,25 @@ string _footnotes()(string _txt) { "$1", "$1", "$2", ) ); + /+ ↓ a note of a special series (*, *1, +1 ...): the same footnote, carrying + its mark as the citation's label, since odf numbers a note itself unless + instructed otherwise. The id takes the mark spelled in letters, "*" and + "+" having no place in one. + +/ + _txt = replaceAll!((m) { + string _mark = m["char"]; + string _id = _mark.replace("*", "a").replace("+", "p"); + return format(q"┃<text:note text:id="ftn_%s" text:note-class="footnote"> + <text:note-citation text:label="%s">%s</text:note-citation> + <text:note-body> + <text:p text:style-name="Footnote"> + %s + </text:p> + </text:note-body> +</text:note>┃", + _id, _mark, _mark, m["note"].strip, + ); + })(_txt, rgx.inline_notes_al_special_char_note); return _txt; } #+END_SRC diff --git a/org/out_text.org b/org/out_text.org index 5d0e77d..a40bf69 100644 --- a/org/out_text.org +++ b/org/out_text.org @@ -256,13 +256,14 @@ template munge() { string general_munge; _ocn = (obj.metainfo.ocn == 0 || doc_matters.opt.action.ocn_off) ? "" : "「" ~ obj.metainfo.ocn.to!string ~ "」" ~ newline; + /+ ↓ every note, numbered (1, 2 ...) or of a special series (*, *1, +1 ...) +/ if (_txt.matchFirst(rgx.inline_notes_al_gen)) { - foreach (m; _txt.matchAll(rgx.inline_notes_al_regular_number_note)) { + foreach (m; _txt.matchAll(rgx.inline_notes_al_all_note)) { _notes ~= newlines ~ m["num"] ~ ". " ~ special_characters_and_font_face!().general(m["note"].replaceAll(rgx.inline_link, ("$1"))); } } - _txt = _txt.replaceAll(rgx.inline_notes_al_regular_number_note, "[$1]"); + _txt = _txt.replaceAll(rgx.inline_notes_al_all_note, "[$1]"); _txt = (obj.metainfo.is_a == "code") ? special_characters_and_font_face!().code(_txt) : special_characters_and_font_face!().general(_txt); diff --git a/src/sisudoc/ocda/meta/metadoc_from_src_functions.d b/src/sisudoc/ocda/meta/metadoc_from_src_functions.d index c5a63cd..922f389 100644 --- a/src/sisudoc/ocda/meta/metadoc_from_src_functions.d +++ b/src/sisudoc/ocda/meta/metadoc_from_src_functions.d @@ -2340,7 +2340,7 @@ template docAbstractionFunctions() { // ↓ - object inline munge static struct ObjInlineMarkupMunge { string[string] obj_txt; - int n_foot, n_foot_reg, n_foot_sp_asterisk, n_foot_sp_plus; + int n_foot, n_foot_reg, n_foot_sp_asterisk, n_foot_sp_plus, n_foot_ed_asterisk, n_foot_ed_plus; string asterisks_, plus_; string obj_txt_out, tail, note; static auto rgx = RgxI(); @@ -2351,6 +2351,8 @@ template docAbstractionFunctions() { n_foot_reg = 0; n_foot_sp_asterisk = 0; n_foot_sp_plus = 0; + n_foot_ed_asterisk = 0; + n_foot_ed_plus = 0; } static auto images()(string obj_txt_in) { static auto mng = InlineMarkup(); @@ -2381,13 +2383,13 @@ template docAbstractionFunctions() { bool flg_notes_reg = false; bool flg_notes_star = false; bool flg_notes_plus = false; + if (!(stage_reset_note_numbers) && reset_note_numbers) { + stage_reset_note_numbers = true; + } obj_txt_in = obj_txt_in.replaceAll( rgx.inline_notes_curly, (mkup.en_a_o ~ " $1" ~ mkup.en_a_c) ); - if (!(stage_reset_note_numbers) && reset_note_numbers) { - stage_reset_note_numbers = true; - } obj_txt_out = ""; if (obj_txt_in.match(rgx.inline_notes_al_gen)) { string[] _tmp_txt; @@ -2398,6 +2400,8 @@ template docAbstractionFunctions() { n_foot_reg = 0; n_foot_sp_asterisk = 0; n_foot_sp_plus = 0; + n_foot_ed_asterisk = 0; + n_foot_ed_plus = 0; } stage_reset_note_numbers = false; foreach(n; m) { @@ -2439,6 +2443,33 @@ template docAbstractionFunctions() { } else { obj_txt_out = obj_txt_in; } + /+ ↓ editor's notes: ~[* note ]~ and ~[+ note ]~, and a bare ~[ note ]~, + which joins the asterisk series as it did in sisu. Each series is + numbered through the document, apart from the author's notes: + *1, *2 ... and +1, +2 ... + . + Placed after the author's notes rather than before, so that the reset + above, made once per document at its first note, has happened by the + time these are counted. + +/ + if (obj_txt_out.match(rgx.inline_notes_square)) { + if (stage_reset_note_numbers) { + n_foot = 0; + n_foot_reg = 0; + n_foot_sp_asterisk = 0; + n_foot_sp_plus = 0; + n_foot_ed_asterisk = 0; + n_foot_ed_plus = 0; + stage_reset_note_numbers = false; + } + obj_txt_out = replaceAll!((m) { + string _series = (m["series"] == "+") ? "+" : "*"; + int _n = (_series == "+") ? ++n_foot_ed_plus : ++n_foot_ed_asterisk; + if (_series == "+") { flg_notes_plus = true; } + return mkup.en_a_o ~ _series ~ _n.to!string ~ " " ~ m["note"] ~ mkup.en_a_c; + })(obj_txt_out, rgx.inline_notes_square); + flg_notes_star = true; + } ST_txtPlusHasFootnotes ret; { ret.obj_txt = obj_txt_out; diff --git a/src/sisudoc/ocda/meta/rgx.d b/src/sisudoc/ocda/meta/rgx.d index 249fd3d..22828d7 100644 --- a/src/sisudoc/ocda/meta/rgx.d +++ b/src/sisudoc/ocda/meta/rgx.d @@ -151,6 +151,7 @@ static template spineRgxIn() { static inline_notes_curly = ctRegex!(`~\{\s*(.+?)\s*\}~`, "mg"); static inline_notes_curly_sp_asterisk = ctRegex!(`~\{[*]+\s+(.+?)\s*\}~`, "m"); static inline_notes_curly_sp_plus = ctRegex!(`~\{[+]+\s+(.+?)\s*\}~`, "m"); + static inline_notes_square = ctRegex!(`~\[\s*(?P<series>[*+]?)\s*(?P<note>.+?)\s*\]~`, "mg"); // editor's notes, their own numbered series static note_ref = ctRegex!(`^\S+?noteref_(?P<ref>[0-9]+)`, "mg"); // {^{73.}^}#noteref_73 static smid_inline_url_generic = ctRegex!(`(?:^|[}(\[ ])(?:(?:https?|git):\/\/|¤?\.\.\/|¤?\.\/|¤|#)[a-zA-Z0-9_#]`, "mg"); static smid_inline_url = ctRegex!(`((?:(?:https?|git):\/\/|¤?\.\.\/|¤?\.\/|¤|#)[a-zA-Z0-9_]\S*)`, "mg"); @@ -236,17 +237,17 @@ static template spineRgxIn() { +/ static trailing_backslash = ctRegex!(`\s*\\`, "mg"); /+ inline markup footnotes endnotes +/ - static inline_notes_al = ctRegex!(`【(?:[*+]\s+|\s*)(.+?)】`, "mg"); - static inline_notes_al_special = ctRegex!(`【(?:[*+]\s+)(.+?)】`, "mg"); // TODO remove match when special footnotes are implemented + static inline_notes_al = ctRegex!(`【(?:[*+]+[0-9]*\s+|\s*)(.+?)】`, "mg"); + static inline_notes_al_special = ctRegex!(`【(?:[*+]+[0-9]*\s+)(.+?)】`, "mg"); // TODO remove match when special footnotes are implemented static inline_notes_al_gen = ctRegex!(`【.+?】`, "m"); static inline_notes_al_gen_text = ctRegex!(`【(?P<text>.+?)】`, "m"); - static inline_notes_al_all_note = ctRegex!(`【(?P<num>\d+|(?:[*]|[+])+)\s+(?P<note>.+?)\s*】`, "mg"); + static inline_notes_al_all_note = ctRegex!(`【(?P<num>\d+|[*+]+[0-9]*)\s+(?P<note>.+?)\s*】`, "mg"); static inline_notes_al_regular_number_note = ctRegex!(`【(?P<num>\d+)\s+(?P<note>.+?)\s*】`, "mg"); - static inline_notes_al_special_char_note = ctRegex!(`【(?P<char>(?:[*]|[+])+)\s+(?P<note>.+?)】`, "mg"); + static inline_notes_al_special_char_note = ctRegex!(`【(?P<char>[*+]+[0-9]*)\s+(?P<note>.+?)】`, "mg"); static inline_al_delimiter_open_regular = ctRegex!(`【\s`, "m"); static inline_al_delimiter_open_symbol_star = ctRegex!(`【[*]\s`, "m"); static inline_al_delimiter_open_symbol_plus = ctRegex!(`【[+]\s`, "m"); - static inline_text_and_note_al_ = ctRegex!(`(.+?(?:【[*+]*\s+.+?】|.+))`, "mg"); + static inline_text_and_note_al_ = ctRegex!(`(.+?(?:【[*+]*[0-9]*\s+.+?】|.+))`, "mg"); static endnote_section_note = ctRegex!(`┥\s*⑆\^┨(?P<notenumber>\d+)\.┣\^┝┤(?P<link>¤?.+?)├.+`, "mg"); /+ inline markup links +/ static inline_image = ctRegex!(`(?P<pre>┥)☼(?P<imginf>(?P<img>[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+?\.(?:jpg|gif|png)),w(?P<width>\d+)h(?P<height>\d+))\s*(?P<post>.*?┝┤.*?├)`, "mg"); diff --git a/src/sisudoc/outputs/io_out/latex.d b/src/sisudoc/outputs/io_out/latex.d index 8e7b37c..1562fae 100644 --- a/src/sisudoc/outputs/io_out/latex.d +++ b/src/sisudoc/outputs/io_out/latex.d @@ -494,6 +494,20 @@ template outputLaTeX() { "$2".strip ).strip ); + /+ ↓ a note of a special series (*, *1, +1 ...). \footnote[n] takes a + number, so the mark is set as \thefootnote for this one note, + and the counter put back, so that the numbered series does not + move. + +/ + _txt = replaceAll!((m) { + import std.array : replace; + string _mark = m["char"]; + string _name = _mark.replace("*", "a").replace("+", "p"); + return "\\hypertarget{noteref_" ~ _name ~ "}{}" + ~ "{\\renewcommand{\\thefootnote}{" ~ _mark ~ "}" + ~ "\\footnote{\\label{note_" ~ _name ~ "}" ~ m["note"].strip ~ "}" + ~ "\\addtocounter{footnote}{-1}}"; + })(_txt, rgx.inline_notes_al_special_char_note); } return _txt; } diff --git a/src/sisudoc/outputs/io_out/odt.d b/src/sisudoc/outputs/io_out/odt.d index 40d760d..d8f6c2f 100644 --- a/src/sisudoc/outputs/io_out/odt.d +++ b/src/sisudoc/outputs/io_out/odt.d @@ -107,6 +107,8 @@ template formatODT() { return _on; } string _footnotes()(string _txt) { + import std.array : replace; + import std.regex : replaceAll; static auto rgx = RgxO(); static auto rgx_xhtml = RgxXHTML(); _txt = _txt.replaceAll( @@ -124,6 +126,25 @@ template formatODT() { "$1", "$1", "$2", ) ); + /+ ↓ a note of a special series (*, *1, +1 ...): the same footnote, carrying + its mark as the citation's label, since odf numbers a note itself unless + instructed otherwise. The id takes the mark spelled in letters, "*" and + "+" having no place in one. + +/ + _txt = replaceAll!((m) { + string _mark = m["char"]; + string _id = _mark.replace("*", "a").replace("+", "p"); + return format(q"┃<text:note text:id="ftn_%s" text:note-class="footnote"> + <text:note-citation text:label="%s">%s</text:note-citation> + <text:note-body> + <text:p text:style-name="Footnote"> + %s + </text:p> + </text:note-body> + </text:note>┃", + _id, _mark, _mark, m["note"].strip, + ); + })(_txt, rgx.inline_notes_al_special_char_note); return _txt; } string _bullet(O)(const O obj) { diff --git a/src/sisudoc/outputs/io_out/rgx.d b/src/sisudoc/outputs/io_out/rgx.d index 60e169b..d2e842c 100644 --- a/src/sisudoc/outputs/io_out/rgx.d +++ b/src/sisudoc/outputs/io_out/rgx.d @@ -93,17 +93,17 @@ static template spineRgxOut() { /+ quotation marks +/ static quotes_open_and_close = ctRegex!(`[“”]`, "mg"); /+ inline markup footnotes endnotes +/ - static inline_notes_al = ctRegex!(`【(?:[*+]\s+|\s*)(.+?)】`, "mg"); - static inline_notes_al_special = ctRegex!(`【(?:[*+]\s+)(.+?)】`, "mg"); // TODO remove match when special footnotes are implemented + static inline_notes_al = ctRegex!(`【(?:[*+]+[0-9]*\s+|\s*)(.+?)】`, "mg"); + static inline_notes_al_special = ctRegex!(`【(?:[*+]+[0-9]*\s+)(.+?)】`, "mg"); // TODO remove match when special footnotes are implemented static inline_notes_al_gen = ctRegex!(`【.+?】`, "m"); static inline_notes_al_gen_text = ctRegex!(`【(?P<text>.+?)】`, "m"); - static inline_notes_al_all_note = ctRegex!(`【(?P<num>\d+|(?:[*]|[+])+)\s+(?P<note>.+?)\s*】`, "mg"); + static inline_notes_al_all_note = ctRegex!(`【(?P<num>\d+|[*+]+[0-9]*)\s+(?P<note>.+?)\s*】`, "mg"); static inline_notes_al_regular_number_note = ctRegex!(`【(?P<num>\d+)\s+(?P<note>.+?)\s*】`, "mg"); - static inline_notes_al_special_char_note = ctRegex!(`【(?P<char>(?:[*]|[+])+)\s+(?P<note>.+?)】`, "mg"); + static inline_notes_al_special_char_note = ctRegex!(`【(?P<char>[*+]+[0-9]*)\s+(?P<note>.+?)】`, "mg"); static inline_al_delimiter_open_regular = ctRegex!(`【\s`, "m"); static inline_al_delimiter_open_symbol_star = ctRegex!(`【[*]\s`, "m"); static inline_al_delimiter_open_symbol_plus = ctRegex!(`【[+]\s`, "m"); - static inline_text_and_note_al_ = ctRegex!(`(.+?(?:【[*+]*\s+.+?】|.+))`, "mg"); + static inline_text_and_note_al_ = ctRegex!(`(.+?(?:【[*+]*[0-9]*\s+.+?】|.+))`, "mg"); static endnote_section_note = ctRegex!(`┥\s*⑆\^┨(?P<notenumber>\d+)\.┣\^┝┤(?P<link>¤?.+?)├.+`, "mg"); /+ inline markup links +/ static inline_image = ctRegex!(`(?P<pre>┥)☼(?P<imginf>(?P<img>[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+?\.(?:jpg|gif|png)),w(?P<width>\d+)h(?P<height>\d+))\s*(?P<post>.*?┝┤.*?├)`, "mg"); diff --git a/src/sisudoc/outputs/io_out/text.d b/src/sisudoc/outputs/io_out/text.d index 89e85d9..43c7705 100644 --- a/src/sisudoc/outputs/io_out/text.d +++ b/src/sisudoc/outputs/io_out/text.d @@ -110,13 +110,14 @@ template outputText() { string general_munge; _ocn = (obj.metainfo.ocn == 0 || doc_matters.opt.action.ocn_off) ? "" : "「" ~ obj.metainfo.ocn.to!string ~ "」" ~ newline; + /+ ↓ every note, numbered (1, 2 ...) or of a special series (*, *1, +1 ...) +/ if (_txt.matchFirst(rgx.inline_notes_al_gen)) { - foreach (m; _txt.matchAll(rgx.inline_notes_al_regular_number_note)) { + foreach (m; _txt.matchAll(rgx.inline_notes_al_all_note)) { _notes ~= newlines ~ m["num"] ~ ". " ~ special_characters_and_font_face!().general(m["note"].replaceAll(rgx.inline_link, ("$1"))); } } - _txt = _txt.replaceAll(rgx.inline_notes_al_regular_number_note, "[$1]"); + _txt = _txt.replaceAll(rgx.inline_notes_al_all_note, "[$1]"); _txt = (obj.metainfo.is_a == "code") ? special_characters_and_font_face!().code(_txt) : special_characters_and_font_face!().general(_txt); diff --git a/test/reference/abstraction/not_without_help.austin_amissah.en.ssp b/test/reference/abstraction/not_without_help.austin_amissah.en.ssp index 438d2e4..f5865b6 100644 --- a/test/reference/abstraction/not_without_help.austin_amissah.en.ssp +++ b/test/reference/abstraction/not_without_help.austin_amissah.en.ssp @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ @doc_has { inline_links: 4 inline_notes_reg: 2 - inline_notes_star: 0 + inline_notes_star: 112 tables: 0 codeblocks: 0 images: 4 @@ -670,10 +670,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 030FD07F45FF268361652D39BAEA747A4E385DD4EA5586E068E324868C0CF379 +.sha256: 49FEF9E301C68A5125EA7F405A404B310CB69F15F12A2980FB2688DF5F175FCF +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s1 .segment_epub_is: s1 -| My father, Ambrose Bennacle Amissah, was a lawyer. My mother, Diana, was the daughter of Joseph Nathaniel Abeohe Evans, a lawyer. In the circumstances, it probably was not strange that I became a lawyer too, and that two of my three children became lawyers. As my third child protested when she was told that she had an aptitude which best fitted her for the law, she would never join that profession; the rest of the family was without imagination. But more of that later. I was born on the 3rd of October 1930. My mother delighted in telling the story that she had been told by her lady doctor, the legendary Dr. Van Percy ~[* what was her first name? ]~ who practised then in Accra, that I would be born at 9 am., and true enough at 9 o'clock in the morning, I came crying out to this world. +| My father, Ambrose Bennacle Amissah, was a lawyer. My mother, Diana, was the daughter of Joseph Nathaniel Abeohe Evans, a lawyer. In the circumstances, it probably was not strange that I became a lawyer too, and that two of my three children became lawyers. As my third child protested when she was told that she had an aptitude which best fitted her for the law, she would never join that profession; the rest of the family was without imagination. But more of that later. I was born on the 3rd of October 1930. My mother delighted in telling the story that she had been told by her lady doctor, the legendary Dr. Van Percy 【*1 what was her first name?】 who practised then in Accra, that I would be born at 9 am., and true enough at 9 o'clock in the morning, I came crying out to this world. [15] para .part: body @@ -802,10 +803,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: E2182CA59A242DB0F24AE1411BB480ED378C2A3B818D0832E13FD265EBC0DF75 +.sha256: A25DF6DB0DC02FEF8B6D86D29D2A515638CA9AD2BCE1327F9B1F393E09F67CC9 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s1 .segment_epub_is: s1 -| I graduated to the Government Senior Boys' School at Kinbu, near the present Government Ministries area in 1939. It had some well-known teachers, such as Mr. Nylander,~[* first name? ]~ who became an Ambassador and a Minister in Nkrumah's time, and Mr. Frimpong.~[* first name? ]~ Both of them were feared by students because they were adept with the cane. Mr. Nylander had the nickname, “Okpleng”, meaning a cannon. I looked forward to being in their class with great trepidation, but I escaped, as I was at that school for only one year. In 1941, I joined the Lower Primary (LP) of Achimota School. From that time onward, I ceased to be a day student and became a boarder at the School. +| I graduated to the Government Senior Boys' School at Kinbu, near the present Government Ministries area in 1939. It had some well-known teachers, such as Mr. Nylander,【*2 first name?】 who became an Ambassador and a Minister in Nkrumah's time, and Mr. Frimpong.【*3 first name?】 Both of them were feared by students because they were adept with the cane. Mr. Nylander had the nickname, “Okpleng”, meaning a cannon. I looked forward to being in their class with great trepidation, but I escaped, as I was at that school for only one year. In 1941, I joined the Lower Primary (LP) of Achimota School. From that time onward, I ceased to be a day student and became a boarder at the School. [26] para .part: body @@ -826,10 +828,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: A9F03E6C8AE55A58472D0C347F5B0066E922EB01D11950F0DF7764C3BB242308 +.sha256: 62615BAD0AA50046E71708425F1264ACBF8F57D3E371CDEA24C030BA203C4E6A +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s1 .segment_epub_is: s1 -| At the Technical School, I made my acquaintance with the first member of the remarkable Nigerian family of the Attas. Adamu Atta, one of the biggest and strongest boys in the LP at the time who became my friend and protector, was the son of the Atta of Igbirra. Their home was in Okene and Lokoja round about the confluence of the Rivers Niger and Benue in Nigeria. The Atta of Igbirra was one of the far-sighted Chiefs of West Africa. He must have seen the need that would arise for African professionals and public servants in their countries and gave the best possible education to his children. Achimota was the best known school in West Africa, and the Atta of Igbirra~[* Uncle Rodger adds ]~ sent a number of his children there. Adamu later on became a lawyer and Governor of Kwara State in Nigeria during the Shehu Shagari regime. +| At the Technical School, I made my acquaintance with the first member of the remarkable Nigerian family of the Attas. Adamu Atta, one of the biggest and strongest boys in the LP at the time who became my friend and protector, was the son of the Atta of Igbirra. Their home was in Okene and Lokoja round about the confluence of the Rivers Niger and Benue in Nigeria. The Atta of Igbirra was one of the far-sighted Chiefs of West Africa. He must have seen the need that would arise for African professionals and public servants in their countries and gave the best possible education to his children. Achimota was the best known school in West Africa, and the Atta of Igbirra【*4 Uncle Rodger adds】 sent a number of his children there. Adamu later on became a lawyer and Governor of Kwara State in Nigeria during the Shehu Shagari regime. [28] para .part: body @@ -862,10 +865,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 4A28C5F9E7FF69FE9BF26C2C2660C910C303A55AE26D559AA04B20AF3384B30F +.sha256: B948A8C18516C98FCF8A28E3F31C52E0213B770D24F50B798C9017E3651BFFD8 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s1 .segment_epub_is: s1 -| I must have been a smallish boy at school, always slightly below the average age. I participated in most things that the students did but outdoor sports were not a favourite past-time of mine. I was quite proud of my academic work and I spent some time at reading. One thing which coming to the school in LP did was to qualify you early as an old boy and relieve you of the worst form of bullying which initiated all new students, especially to the secondary and teacher-training sides of the school. There was a minor form of bullying by the older and bigger boys in LP. But even from this I escaped, as one would incur the displeasure of Adamu, recognised as one of the two tough boys in LP, if one did. The other tough guy was Ludwig Richter. There was speculation as to which of the two was the stronger. But they kept the rest guessing as they did not offer to have the doubt resolved. When I later joined the Secondary School, I found that no one bothered to bully me as a new student to the side, although they bullied the newcomers mercilessly. It was a practice that I found revolting but could not do anything about. To my amazement, some of those who had suffered from the brutalising when they joined the School were themselves the most active and the worst offenders when they found that in their turn they were entitled to bully others. ⑆-┨By the time our son Ralph went to the School, I understood that the practice had been abolished.┣- ~[* it had not RA]~ +| I must have been a smallish boy at school, always slightly below the average age. I participated in most things that the students did but outdoor sports were not a favourite past-time of mine. I was quite proud of my academic work and I spent some time at reading. One thing which coming to the school in LP did was to qualify you early as an old boy and relieve you of the worst form of bullying which initiated all new students, especially to the secondary and teacher-training sides of the school. There was a minor form of bullying by the older and bigger boys in LP. But even from this I escaped, as one would incur the displeasure of Adamu, recognised as one of the two tough boys in LP, if one did. The other tough guy was Ludwig Richter. There was speculation as to which of the two was the stronger. But they kept the rest guessing as they did not offer to have the doubt resolved. When I later joined the Secondary School, I found that no one bothered to bully me as a new student to the side, although they bullied the newcomers mercilessly. It was a practice that I found revolting but could not do anything about. To my amazement, some of those who had suffered from the brutalising when they joined the School were themselves the most active and the worst offenders when they found that in their turn they were entitled to bully others. ⑆-┨By the time our son Ralph went to the School, I understood that the practice had been abolished.┣- 【*5 it had not RA】 [31] para .part: body @@ -886,10 +890,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 5E86D9CFEE324143831E2AC8C13B6DAB93B5541D55BF6B6BD9827A103CECB33C +.sha256: 459B9389B1C9B72FFE5F72227F2B4801C1E90238BF6DE60A699E2845B05D868C +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s1 .segment_epub_is: s1 -| The head of the LP boys school, when we were at the Technical School site was Miss Dunnet. My form master was Mr. Asirifi Bonsu Attafua, who was to be my form master again in a later form. He later went up to Balliol Oxford and read history and then became a lawyer. He was always an admirer and a very good friend of Busia. When the latter became Prime Minister in 1969, Mr. Attafua became his High Commissioner in London. The other teacher who had much to do with my education and who was around at the Technical School was Mr. Tom Boaten, born in the Seychelles when his parents were in exile with the first King Prempeh of Ashanti. Mr. Doku-Nartey, was also a teacher at the Technical School. From Achimota came Mr. Turkson~[* first name? ]~ to take us in carpentry. Many years later, I had the honour of working with his son in the Law Faculty. +| The head of the LP boys school, when we were at the Technical School site was Miss Dunnet. My form master was Mr. Asirifi Bonsu Attafua, who was to be my form master again in a later form. He later went up to Balliol Oxford and read history and then became a lawyer. He was always an admirer and a very good friend of Busia. When the latter became Prime Minister in 1969, Mr. Attafua became his High Commissioner in London. The other teacher who had much to do with my education and who was around at the Technical School was Mr. Tom Boaten, born in the Seychelles when his parents were in exile with the first King Prempeh of Ashanti. Mr. Doku-Nartey, was also a teacher at the Technical School. From Achimota came Mr. Turkson【*6 first name?】 to take us in carpentry. Many years later, I had the honour of working with his son in the Law Faculty. [33] para .part: body @@ -934,10 +939,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: BD6072B3F011FC1FBE892C673AA3ABBFB5EDF2133BB2C1F7DD545DF51FCD82C6 +.sha256: 2F1B7B462C281AD3E53E10C29D9BC5B1DFF87D5234EB37FA6D6AD219DA18A2EA +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s1 .segment_epub_is: s1 -| A year after our stay in the Technical School, we went back to the Achimota School compound. But that did not last long. It was in 1942 and the decision was taken then that the General Headquarters (GHQ) for the West Africa~[* North Africa? Uncle Rodger]~, with Lord Swinton as the head of the war effort, should be based in Achimota. The Girls' School side of Achimota was chosen for the GHQ and the girls were moved from there to the boys' side of the school. Readjustments had to be made and this resulted in both the boys and girls of LP being moved from the school compound to the Aburi Gardens, some 23 miles from Accra on the Akwapim hills. +| A year after our stay in the Technical School, we went back to the Achimota School compound. But that did not last long. It was in 1942 and the decision was taken then that the General Headquarters (GHQ) for the West Africa【*7 North Africa? Uncle Rodger】, with Lord Swinton as the head of the war effort, should be based in Achimota. The Girls' School side of Achimota was chosen for the GHQ and the girls were moved from there to the boys' side of the school. Readjustments had to be made and this resulted in both the boys and girls of LP being moved from the school compound to the Aburi Gardens, some 23 miles from Accra on the Akwapim hills. [37] para .part: body @@ -946,10 +952,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 15519E0E20F30BCCDB2E79EE1FDE52DD206F93E904841150F4211F887C809576 +.sha256: A16711A55B9FC8E8EF7E76C033420AC6FAF9DF63E00C8747CB044C5BEEFA8ECA +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s1 .segment_epub_is: s1 -| I have visited Aburi many times since I grew up and I am astonished how small the Gardens are. But at the age of 12-13, it was a very large Garden. Then, as now, it was a beautiful place to be in. Our teachers who had been in the Technical School came with us. But Miss Dunnet~[* first name? ]~ was replaced by Mrs. Wilkinson~[* first name? ]~ as the head. Indeed, I never saw Miss Dunnet again after this. Owura Amu stayed behind in Achimota. His place as music teacher was taken by Phillip Gbeho. In addition, we had Mr. Ofosu Appiah, who later joined Ghana Broadcasting, and Mr. Amuah,~[* first name? ]~ who died early. The teachers of the girls, who went to Agogo in Ashanti with them while we were in the Technical School, also joined us. So there were teachers like Miss Angela Christian, who could not have been back from her studies in the UK for very long, and the Hannah-Gardiner twins. The girls lived on the top floor of the main building in the Gardens and the lower floor was used for classrooms. The boys lived in some of the houses nearby. Some of the teachers had to make do with the out-houses and garages attached to these houses. But Mr. Gbeho who was married with children took a house in the town outside the Garden. Our dining hall, which was the main assembly hall, was quickly constructed in timber for our use. +| I have visited Aburi many times since I grew up and I am astonished how small the Gardens are. But at the age of 12-13, it was a very large Garden. Then, as now, it was a beautiful place to be in. Our teachers who had been in the Technical School came with us. But Miss Dunnet【*8 first name?】 was replaced by Mrs. Wilkinson【*9 first name?】 as the head. Indeed, I never saw Miss Dunnet again after this. Owura Amu stayed behind in Achimota. His place as music teacher was taken by Phillip Gbeho. In addition, we had Mr. Ofosu Appiah, who later joined Ghana Broadcasting, and Mr. Amuah,【*10 first name?】 who died early. The teachers of the girls, who went to Agogo in Ashanti with them while we were in the Technical School, also joined us. So there were teachers like Miss Angela Christian, who could not have been back from her studies in the UK for very long, and the Hannah-Gardiner twins. The girls lived on the top floor of the main building in the Gardens and the lower floor was used for classrooms. The boys lived in some of the houses nearby. Some of the teachers had to make do with the out-houses and garages attached to these houses. But Mr. Gbeho who was married with children took a house in the town outside the Garden. Our dining hall, which was the main assembly hall, was quickly constructed in timber for our use. [38] para .part: body @@ -958,10 +965,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 7BE628EEFE2A186BC1DFF7B12DA7DB2D7FAD24BC34ED2321545090C13ADEF901 +.sha256: 5D4ECA5283D4669855F1583065FB75FB5F7FAE8AA7CDE136A0637295EAA42BDC +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s1 .segment_epub_is: s1 -| I was delayed for a fortnight in leaving Achimota for Aburi because, just before the move, I was in the school hospital with malaria, which used to take me there regularly at least once every term. This time, after I had recovered, the hospital authorities decided to quarantine the inmates of the hospital for two weeks, because a patient among us had come down with measles. So we were kept there, healthy young boys and girls doing nothing, just passing the time. It was quite frustrating. One of the boys under quarantine was my distant cousin, Nee Lante Heward Mills, nick-named “Agra”. We found that our appetites were much better than the hospital rations we got and we often found ourselves hungry. That was until Agra's sister, Eileen (Naa Lamiorkor), who later married Dr. Robertson,~[* first name? ]~ got to hear about our plight. Our quarantine barracks was a wooden shed not too far from the girls' houses. Thanks to her, we were all right after that. +| I was delayed for a fortnight in leaving Achimota for Aburi because, just before the move, I was in the school hospital with malaria, which used to take me there regularly at least once every term. This time, after I had recovered, the hospital authorities decided to quarantine the inmates of the hospital for two weeks, because a patient among us had come down with measles. So we were kept there, healthy young boys and girls doing nothing, just passing the time. It was quite frustrating. One of the boys under quarantine was my distant cousin, Nee Lante Heward Mills, nick-named “Agra”. We found that our appetites were much better than the hospital rations we got and we often found ourselves hungry. That was until Agra's sister, Eileen (Naa Lamiorkor), who later married Dr. Robertson,【*11 first name?】 got to hear about our plight. Our quarantine barracks was a wooden shed not too far from the girls' houses. Thanks to her, we were all right after that. [39] para .part: body @@ -1138,10 +1146,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: DD4EAD722681BBB99F8727D9CFAB97E02DAE2FE9C6C6302293D1B0056714B5B7 +.sha256: CE25369124A3E7EEBC59F504942DB18F7ED946B02DDCBC9DA5F8419F87DBD2B3 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s1 .segment_epub_is: s1 -| As was to be expected, C.P. Woodhouse started building his team for the cricket matches against the other Houses as soon as we got to Cadbury House. The team he had was quite formidable. No other House could touch us in cricket. Emmanuel Haizel, in the class a year ahead, played all the strokes we were taught not to play. But he always made a large score. To crown it all, he could bowl the opponents out as well. His was a keen eye in sports. Supported by K.K. Korsah, whom I met in Cadbury as the Senior Prefect of the School, Adamu, Johnny, Ofei Dodoo, E.A. Banful, myself and, later on, Nee Quartey, Johnny Francois and Fred Augustt,~[* check ]~ we were invincible and won the House cricket matches year after year. But I found Woodhouse's cricketing regime oppressive; and would cut practice as often as I could. I also played on the School team, when we were coached by our Ceylonese (Sri Lankan) master, A.H.R. Joseph, popularly known as Paa Joe. He had played some county cricket in England before and he was a pillar of the cricketing world in the Gold Coast. But I was not terribly good. Paa Joe once likened me to Wally Hammond, who had a lovely style but did not manage to produce a decent score. My commitment to the game is characterised by the fact that I have forgotten most of the facts about my participation in it at Achimota eg, the teams we played. My best batting performance on the School team, as I remember, was a modest but valuable score which I made when I once opened the innings with A.B.B. Andrews (Nee Blebo) of Aggrey House and I can remember a fine catch I took which brought to an end the innings of Major Bean of the Gold Coast mining community who also had a reputation as an English county cricketer. But I did enjoy watching people like Attoh Okine, Paa Joe, Kofi Atiemo, then an Old Boy who visited from time to time, and Kester play. +| As was to be expected, C.P. Woodhouse started building his team for the cricket matches against the other Houses as soon as we got to Cadbury House. The team he had was quite formidable. No other House could touch us in cricket. Emmanuel Haizel, in the class a year ahead, played all the strokes we were taught not to play. But he always made a large score. To crown it all, he could bowl the opponents out as well. His was a keen eye in sports. Supported by K.K. Korsah, whom I met in Cadbury as the Senior Prefect of the School, Adamu, Johnny, Ofei Dodoo, E.A. Banful, myself and, later on, Nee Quartey, Johnny Francois and Fred Augustt,【*12 check】 we were invincible and won the House cricket matches year after year. But I found Woodhouse's cricketing regime oppressive; and would cut practice as often as I could. I also played on the School team, when we were coached by our Ceylonese (Sri Lankan) master, A.H.R. Joseph, popularly known as Paa Joe. He had played some county cricket in England before and he was a pillar of the cricketing world in the Gold Coast. But I was not terribly good. Paa Joe once likened me to Wally Hammond, who had a lovely style but did not manage to produce a decent score. My commitment to the game is characterised by the fact that I have forgotten most of the facts about my participation in it at Achimota eg, the teams we played. My best batting performance on the School team, as I remember, was a modest but valuable score which I made when I once opened the innings with A.B.B. Andrews (Nee Blebo) of Aggrey House and I can remember a fine catch I took which brought to an end the innings of Major Bean of the Gold Coast mining community who also had a reputation as an English county cricketer. But I did enjoy watching people like Attoh Okine, Paa Joe, Kofi Atiemo, then an Old Boy who visited from time to time, and Kester play. [54] para .part: body @@ -1270,10 +1279,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 5A0CBBF67B016C7525BB5636C8C2F74F8491B41B69ED10C684A00ACC72432C34 +.sha256: EC69965D0C6C94A54BDD416335970A8B811985451379108D0FE247AC4F201C12 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s1 .segment_epub_is: s1 -| We spent most of our time learning about the Tudors, the Stuarts, the Hanoverians and the French Revolution. Of text books, Trevelyan's book on English History was our mainstay. I thought it was inspiring writing. That was supplemented by those interested with Fisher's European History. I remember inheriting a very good textbook on British History by Ramsay Muir from my friend, J.H. ~[* Mensah? ]~ I got to know portions of it as I knew any other book. I could always score some bonus points with that because, unlike Trevelyan, I was the only one who had that book. I remember our using a cram book called Edwards when the exams were drawing nearer. And when Teacher Attafua returned from Oxford and took us a few hours in the subject, he introduced us to Stubbs. We had to take both physical and regional Geography, in which our great textbooks were by Dudley Stamp and Jasper Stembridge. We learnt about Africa, especially its climatic and relief geography and we did study a bit of the Geography of the Gold Coast. But the concentration was heavily on the Geography of the British Isles. I knew more about the rivers of Yorkshire, of which we coined the mnemonic, “Sunwad”, to cover the rivers Swale, the Ure, the Nidd, the Wharfe, the Aire and the Don, than I knew of the rivers of the Gold Coast and more about the cotton industry in Lancashire and the wool industry in Yorkshire than of the cocoa industry in the Gold Coast or any other industry in Africa. +| We spent most of our time learning about the Tudors, the Stuarts, the Hanoverians and the French Revolution. Of text books, Trevelyan's book on English History was our mainstay. I thought it was inspiring writing. That was supplemented by those interested with Fisher's European History. I remember inheriting a very good textbook on British History by Ramsay Muir from my friend, J.H. 【*13 Mensah?】 I got to know portions of it as I knew any other book. I could always score some bonus points with that because, unlike Trevelyan, I was the only one who had that book. I remember our using a cram book called Edwards when the exams were drawing nearer. And when Teacher Attafua returned from Oxford and took us a few hours in the subject, he introduced us to Stubbs. We had to take both physical and regional Geography, in which our great textbooks were by Dudley Stamp and Jasper Stembridge. We learnt about Africa, especially its climatic and relief geography and we did study a bit of the Geography of the Gold Coast. But the concentration was heavily on the Geography of the British Isles. I knew more about the rivers of Yorkshire, of which we coined the mnemonic, “Sunwad”, to cover the rivers Swale, the Ure, the Nidd, the Wharfe, the Aire and the Don, than I knew of the rivers of the Gold Coast and more about the cotton industry in Lancashire and the wool industry in Yorkshire than of the cocoa industry in the Gold Coast or any other industry in Africa. [65] para .part: body @@ -1687,10 +1697,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 74 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 3546FA45B92E4549154262A052CB92D32122225D69696609BAF57ED70657B2A9 +.sha256: 99B276A622EA25743901C29DE0F2CE000E71B183845400F6FA620001778DC1C3 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s2 .segment_epub_is: s2 -| I went to stay in Cambridge at No. 56 Eltisley Avenue in a flat belonging to my cousin, Fifi Quartey, who was spending his summer holidays that year in Yugoslavia. There were old friends of mine, like Joe Reindorf, who was reading History at Caius. Like other Ghanaians who were doing extremely well in Cambridge at the time, Joe was expected to get a first and he had the brain for it. But his Tripos II did not come up to that expectation. I believe we were more sorry for this than Joe himself, who had always managed to give that easy-going impression of himself. He delighted my old friend and class-mate, Johnny Quashie-Idun, who came up to Selwyn College~[* ?? college added ]~ while I was staying in Cambridge by saying that in Cambridge one lived on credit and overdrafts. Johnny fell into the spirit of the adventure, and went around opening accounts and buying most of his initial requirements on credit. He did it to such an extent that once when he went to buy some tomatoes from the market, his sister, Frances, asked him whether he was going to do so on credit. +| I went to stay in Cambridge at No. 56 Eltisley Avenue in a flat belonging to my cousin, Fifi Quartey, who was spending his summer holidays that year in Yugoslavia. There were old friends of mine, like Joe Reindorf, who was reading History at Caius. Like other Ghanaians who were doing extremely well in Cambridge at the time, Joe was expected to get a first and he had the brain for it. But his Tripos II did not come up to that expectation. I believe we were more sorry for this than Joe himself, who had always managed to give that easy-going impression of himself. He delighted my old friend and class-mate, Johnny Quashie-Idun, who came up to Selwyn College【*14 ?? college added】 while I was staying in Cambridge by saying that in Cambridge one lived on credit and overdrafts. Johnny fell into the spirit of the adventure, and went around opening accounts and buying most of his initial requirements on credit. He did it to such an extent that once when he went to buy some tomatoes from the market, his sister, Frances, asked him whether he was going to do so on credit. [99] para .part: body @@ -1852,10 +1863,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 105 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: E451C996F29833F235EB4DA95C99E8996AF5EF6827B5F59119B7C9F11609ECF3 +.sha256: F87D6038F03DE39A01832F7AAAA8EF6222F0093D70D4824D6193F74EA6E37042 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s3 .segment_epub_is: s3 -| As will be recalled, Mr. J.T. Christie was the Principal of my College. He had been a headmaster at Rugby and Westminster Schools before. He still carried the mien of a headmaster. The students at Jesus College unimaginatively called him “the Headmaster” but he held a place of affection in my thoughts. It was, indeed, through his having been a headmaster of Rugby that I owed my place in Jesus College. He had a dry sense of humour which was illustrated by a story he once told me about his service as a member of a commission of enquiry into education in one of the Commonwealth countries. Nothing came of their recommendations. As he wryly commented, to that Government the appointment of the commission was in itself the solution to the problem, not their recommendations. In later,~[* latter or later, latter used ]~ life I found how true this remark was. +| As will be recalled, Mr. J.T. Christie was the Principal of my College. He had been a headmaster at Rugby and Westminster Schools before. He still carried the mien of a headmaster. The students at Jesus College unimaginatively called him “the Headmaster” but he held a place of affection in my thoughts. It was, indeed, through his having been a headmaster of Rugby that I owed my place in Jesus College. He had a dry sense of humour which was illustrated by a story he once told me about his service as a member of a commission of enquiry into education in one of the Commonwealth countries. Nothing came of their recommendations. As he wryly commented, to that Government the appointment of the commission was in itself the solution to the problem, not their recommendations. In later,【*15 latter or later, latter used】 life I found how true this remark was. [112] para .part: body @@ -1876,10 +1888,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 105 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 631F642D2AC7EFE0E16D1887B3C9ED929A90E3C361361FAD18E9655FE4A636B4 +.sha256: 01992205049FD0B106D4F8D2491DCC120AFBF0135CC698195113DC8AC73BB9D4 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s3 .segment_epub_is: s3 -| In the year that I entered the Jesus College, there was no resident law tutor. I understand that the last time there had been a law tutor was in the time of Principal Hazell in 19[--].~[* missing date ]~ To me, it was a minor revolution to go back in 1986 to find that the College not only had two law dons but a distinguished lawyer, Dr. Peter North, a former Law Commissioner of England, at its head. A couple of weeks before I met Dr. North at the Jesus Gaudy in 1986, I was talking to Justice Patrick Anin, a past student of Selwyn College, Cambridge, in The Gambia. When Dr. North's name was mentioned, he said he started appreciating Cheshire's Private International Law when Dr. North became the editor. Now that I thought was very high praise. I had, as a student, thought of Professor Cheshire as an author of great clarity and lightness of touch. A writer who made the dullest subject, like Real Property, sound entertaining. In that estimate, I was not alone. If a book of his could be improved upon to the extent mentioned by Justice Anin, then Jesus College must have a scholar of the foremost quality as its Principal. +| In the year that I entered the Jesus College, there was no resident law tutor. I understand that the last time there had been a law tutor was in the time of Principal Hazell in 19[--].【*16 missing date】 To me, it was a minor revolution to go back in 1986 to find that the College not only had two law dons but a distinguished lawyer, Dr. Peter North, a former Law Commissioner of England, at its head. A couple of weeks before I met Dr. North at the Jesus Gaudy in 1986, I was talking to Justice Patrick Anin, a past student of Selwyn College, Cambridge, in The Gambia. When Dr. North's name was mentioned, he said he started appreciating Cheshire's Private International Law when Dr. North became the editor. Now that I thought was very high praise. I had, as a student, thought of Professor Cheshire as an author of great clarity and lightness of touch. A writer who made the dullest subject, like Real Property, sound entertaining. In that estimate, I was not alone. If a book of his could be improved upon to the extent mentioned by Justice Anin, then Jesus College must have a scholar of the foremost quality as its Principal. [114] para .part: body @@ -1948,10 +1961,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 105 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: B0330191382BF260810264273DA8809F19175E80A9E9C84F7F1938B4218DA5C1 +.sha256: 94BEFD8A4134A3CA48E196A5FE8CC54E2F3AA1509DE9ADB45D0293F22F873DB9 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s3 .segment_epub_is: s3 -| My contemporaries reading law with me at Jesus College were Jaques Labesse, Michael Mitzman, Alan Maclaren, and McOuat. Perhaps of the lot, Jaques Labesse, who came from Jersey, was the most colourful. In the days when the mode of transport used by most students was the bicycle, Jaques zoomed around on a most powerful motorbike, often with his girl friend in tow.~[* riding pillion? ]~ We got to know each other well when Ian Evans took us on a reading party to a place near St. Mawes in Cornwall during the Easter holidays before we took Schools. Labesse offered to transport me there on the back of his motorbike. I was relieved when Mitzman also offered to take Maclaren and myself by car. I accepted Mitzman's offer with speed. It was fun in Cornwall, working in the mornings, doing whatever took our fancy in the afternoons, meeting together to enjoy a drink of beer in the evenings. Ian Evans had his yacht “Paloma” moored outside and those who enjoyed the sea went yachting in the afternoons. I was not one of them, the most I would have to do with the sea being to join the small boat to the pub at St. Mawes to fetch our keg of beer. I was happy to see Mitzman and Maclaren again at the Gaudy in 1986. Mitzman had become the partner of the well known firm of Bartlett de Reya specialising in property. Maclaren with whom he had kept close touch through the years was in a country practice as a solicitor. We had news that Jaques Labesse was thriving in law practice in Jersey. But of McOuat, no one knew anything. +| My contemporaries reading law with me at Jesus College were Jaques Labesse, Michael Mitzman, Alan Maclaren, and McOuat. Perhaps of the lot, Jaques Labesse, who came from Jersey, was the most colourful. In the days when the mode of transport used by most students was the bicycle, Jaques zoomed around on a most powerful motorbike, often with his girl friend in tow.【*17 riding pillion?】 We got to know each other well when Ian Evans took us on a reading party to a place near St. Mawes in Cornwall during the Easter holidays before we took Schools. Labesse offered to transport me there on the back of his motorbike. I was relieved when Mitzman also offered to take Maclaren and myself by car. I accepted Mitzman's offer with speed. It was fun in Cornwall, working in the mornings, doing whatever took our fancy in the afternoons, meeting together to enjoy a drink of beer in the evenings. Ian Evans had his yacht “Paloma” moored outside and those who enjoyed the sea went yachting in the afternoons. I was not one of them, the most I would have to do with the sea being to join the small boat to the pub at St. Mawes to fetch our keg of beer. I was happy to see Mitzman and Maclaren again at the Gaudy in 1986. Mitzman had become the partner of the well known firm of Bartlett de Reya specialising in property. Maclaren with whom he had kept close touch through the years was in a country practice as a solicitor. We had news that Jaques Labesse was thriving in law practice in Jersey. But of McOuat, no one knew anything. [120] para .part: body @@ -2499,10 +2513,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 105 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: FF34C2C381D46FFB024AAC3C24F787FBE9E826A71C254A13C1AD9CC66D36D3CC +.sha256: 8F110DA9773BCAA7CB4FBD66B16FC2518D7F192D1B4A45F8A1C1EBC37B835945 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s3 .segment_epub_is: s3 -| I remember many years later when I was passing through London and Tom invited me to dinner at his club, The Reform Club, when we were joined by Moleleki Mokama from Botswana; [xxx]~[* check missing name ]~ who was then working in Central Africa, and [xxx]~[* ? ]~ from Uganda. While having coffee and liqueurs, Lord Morris of Borthy Gest, who apparently lived at The Reform Club when he was in London, was invited by Tom to join us. One shared the pride in Tom when he introduced his former pupils now in different parts of Africa to Lord Morris. +| I remember many years later when I was passing through London and Tom invited me to dinner at his club, The Reform Club, when we were joined by Moleleki Mokama from Botswana; [xxx]【*18 check missing name】 who was then working in Central Africa, and [xxx]【*19 ?】 from Uganda. While having coffee and liqueurs, Lord Morris of Borthy Gest, who apparently lived at The Reform Club when he was in London, was invited by Tom to join us. One shared the pride in Tom when he introduced his former pupils now in different parts of Africa to Lord Morris. [165] para .part: body @@ -2676,10 +2691,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 176 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 44446BF506BBFF97BEBAC819D4BBCFB3F854302BDDFEE93F1F38CC6464F03C8D +.sha256: F9EF7496DA75F451E4B06FA86C0C203AECDCDC100F219845460A83ADFB508869 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s4 .segment_epub_is: s4 -| It is a matter of regret to think that those relatives of mine would not extend the same welcome to me now as they did then. In Fifi's case, it is difficult to explain why. But some time in 1989 when I rang his house in Cambridge because I had arranged with his youngest brother, Kai, who was then visiting him, to ring and Fifi took the telephone, his first reaction when he heard who it was, “Oh, you want to speak to Kai”. I replied that I wanted to talk to him too, but the conversation which followed was rather forced and stilted. In Baby Lyle's case, it is no doubt due to the fact that when in 1966 the Courts of Ghana were reorganized and he ceased to be a judge in the country, he and his close family attributed his misfortune to me, as I was then acting as the Attorney General. It led to the extraordinary situation that thereafter, we from time to time visited his mother's home, but she, Lady Julia McCarthy~[* changed form M'Carthy to be consistent with an earlier spelling ]~, who had always been Auntie Awura Adjua to me, a sister of my grandfather on my mother's side, would not talk to us. We enjoyed going to chat with her urbane and intellectual husband, Sir Leslie McCarthy~[* changed form M'Carthy to be consistent with an earlier spelling ]~, lawyer, historian, himself a former Crown Counsel and judge, who in his old age wanted someone to talk to about world affairs and history. +| It is a matter of regret to think that those relatives of mine would not extend the same welcome to me now as they did then. In Fifi's case, it is difficult to explain why. But some time in 1989 when I rang his house in Cambridge because I had arranged with his youngest brother, Kai, who was then visiting him, to ring and Fifi took the telephone, his first reaction when he heard who it was, “Oh, you want to speak to Kai”. I replied that I wanted to talk to him too, but the conversation which followed was rather forced and stilted. In Baby Lyle's case, it is no doubt due to the fact that when in 1966 the Courts of Ghana were reorganized and he ceased to be a judge in the country, he and his close family attributed his misfortune to me, as I was then acting as the Attorney General. It led to the extraordinary situation that thereafter, we from time to time visited his mother's home, but she, Lady Julia McCarthy【*20 changed form M'Carthy to be consistent with an earlier spelling】, who had always been Auntie Awura Adjua to me, a sister of my grandfather on my mother's side, would not talk to us. We enjoyed going to chat with her urbane and intellectual husband, Sir Leslie McCarthy【*21 changed form M'Carthy to be consistent with an earlier spelling】, lawyer, historian, himself a former Crown Counsel and judge, who in his old age wanted someone to talk to about world affairs and history. [179] para .part: body @@ -3192,10 +3208,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 176 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: B79F0EA1A118182370E2BA6EB73F59FC192DF03D8128422ABB140DDCADABADDA +.sha256: 9753EBD1C3C8F44BF46D554898BE105740D58CE09EA780A6BB4E74AA3A8A62BA +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s4 .segment_epub_is: s4 -| It was during the course of the Mumuni Dimbie case that Bing called me one day and asked me to proceed to Kumasi to take over the station. Akilano, the Senior Crown Counsel in charge was being transferred to Cape Coast. His junior, Festus Amarteifio, would be recalled to Accra. When did I have to go, I asked him. “As soon as is convenient to you”, was his reply. I was not too keen to leave Accra, so I thought that I would finish the Mumuni Dimbie case before moving. Two weeks after we had had the chat about my posting to Kumasi, I ran into Bing on the veranda of the office. He asked me what I was doing in Accra and I explained why I had not yet moved to Kumasi. In any event, he had said that I could leave at my own convenience. He pointed out that that meant that I should leave as soon as possible. My expectations~[* “expatiations” suggested ]~ as to time had to be drastically revised. Several old men talked to me about how to comport myself in Kumasi. Among these was Sir Arku Korsah who gave me a lecture on it. It boiled down to my trying to live a quiet life with Stella and not getting involved with professional colleagues who might embarrass my position as prosecutor. It came out in the course of these lectures that the objection to Akilano continuing in charge of Kumasi was that he was too friendly with the lawyers, like Joe Appiah, who represented the opposition. Both Akilano and Joe Appiah had English wives, so both families were likely to seek each other's company often. My wife, although not English, was white and it might have been suspected that I would seek similar company. Perhaps I should have told this to Akilano. I did not because I did not see what good it would do. Akilano was on his way to Cape Coast already and I was going to take over Kumasi anyway. +| It was during the course of the Mumuni Dimbie case that Bing called me one day and asked me to proceed to Kumasi to take over the station. Akilano, the Senior Crown Counsel in charge was being transferred to Cape Coast. His junior, Festus Amarteifio, would be recalled to Accra. When did I have to go, I asked him. “As soon as is convenient to you”, was his reply. I was not too keen to leave Accra, so I thought that I would finish the Mumuni Dimbie case before moving. Two weeks after we had had the chat about my posting to Kumasi, I ran into Bing on the veranda of the office. He asked me what I was doing in Accra and I explained why I had not yet moved to Kumasi. In any event, he had said that I could leave at my own convenience. He pointed out that that meant that I should leave as soon as possible. My expectations【*22 “expatiations” suggested】 as to time had to be drastically revised. Several old men talked to me about how to comport myself in Kumasi. Among these was Sir Arku Korsah who gave me a lecture on it. It boiled down to my trying to live a quiet life with Stella and not getting involved with professional colleagues who might embarrass my position as prosecutor. It came out in the course of these lectures that the objection to Akilano continuing in charge of Kumasi was that he was too friendly with the lawyers, like Joe Appiah, who represented the opposition. Both Akilano and Joe Appiah had English wives, so both families were likely to seek each other's company often. My wife, although not English, was white and it might have been suspected that I would seek similar company. Perhaps I should have told this to Akilano. I did not because I did not see what good it would do. Akilano was on his way to Cape Coast already and I was going to take over Kumasi anyway. [222] para .part: body @@ -3454,10 +3471,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 228 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: F4F8960F1111634A5D6C5BBF21DD8E2514350385F2A6B2F7F15CFC80B16200CD +.sha256: D5E5C0B5A24F6963F3DA57BB7BA4E06C60DD09A72CC32CA4BBACF00A09E62186 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s5 .segment_epub_is: s5 -| The case was heard by Murphy J. and the plaintiff gave her evidence of how this building which she was putting up for the education of the girls was pulled down, without just cause, by the Municipal Council. The case she sought to prove was one of victimisation as a political opponent of Government. The case which I was instructed to make on behalf of the Council was that the building had been pulled down because it was a dangerous structure. For this, I had done a lot preparatory work, including having the blockwork scientifically tested by a Professor of building engineering at the Kumasi College of Science and Technology, now the University of Science and Technology. To her surprise, I put her through a most rigorous cross-examination, to show that she was putting up a sandcrete~[* check spelling, altered, but occurs with this spelling elsewhere ]~ (cement) block building without the minimum amount of cement necessary. For this, I had got test results from the Professor to back my suggestions. By the time she left the witness box, she was in no mood to smile at me. I later got the Professor to demonstrate the strength of the sandcrete blocks she had used, by producing the machine tests of the strength of the blocks. I made him produce samples of the blocks. They could be easily crushed by hand, which one could not do with blocks which had the proper content of cement. +| The case was heard by Murphy J. and the plaintiff gave her evidence of how this building which she was putting up for the education of the girls was pulled down, without just cause, by the Municipal Council. The case she sought to prove was one of victimisation as a political opponent of Government. The case which I was instructed to make on behalf of the Council was that the building had been pulled down because it was a dangerous structure. For this, I had done a lot preparatory work, including having the blockwork scientifically tested by a Professor of building engineering at the Kumasi College of Science and Technology, now the University of Science and Technology. To her surprise, I put her through a most rigorous cross-examination, to show that she was putting up a sandcrete【*23 check spelling, altered, but occurs with this spelling elsewhere】 (cement) block building without the minimum amount of cement necessary. For this, I had got test results from the Professor to back my suggestions. By the time she left the witness box, she was in no mood to smile at me. I later got the Professor to demonstrate the strength of the sandcrete blocks she had used, by producing the machine tests of the strength of the blocks. I made him produce samples of the blocks. They could be easily crushed by hand, which one could not do with blocks which had the proper content of cement. [243] para .part: body @@ -3514,10 +3532,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 228 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 71594975EE067705E0073379241C34B66CCD9B7A572BEA3FC61315EF83405435 +.sha256: 78E99F487075506B90F2322C5D6A10E7BB6090B337303C272B19DC4EB9471AC6 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s5 .segment_epub_is: s5 -| We also had our first visit from our friend from Oxford days, Dick Wilson. He wanted to know about Ghana and Nigeria. We were his Ghana contact, and Adedapo Aderemi, the son of the Oni of Ife, who was then a Senior Magistrate, was his contact in Nigeria. As we were not in Accra when he arrived, we arranged for him to stay with my cousin, Nee Quartey, then with Ghana Electricity. He later gave us a comparative account of the peoples of Ghana and Nigeria, in which the Ghanaians appeared as the quiet ones. Unfortunately, Dapo Aderemi, whom I got to like and admire for his sense of humour and leadership qualities while we were at Hans Crescent in London and at Oxford, died not very long after. At the time I was transferred to Kumasi, I was short of confirmation in the Civil Service by four months. Having entered the service in October 1955, the normal probation period being 3 years, I was due for confirmation in October 1958. By Civil Service rules one could not act in a more senior position if one was not a confirmed officer. I was handicapped by this rule from acting in a more senior position. But another rule of the service added to this to stop me from immediately getting the appropriate remuneration for the duties I had to perform. The office was that of a Senior Crown Counsel. I was still an Assistant Crown Counsel and it was the rule that one could not act in, as opposed to performing the duties attached to, an office which is two grades above one's own. Therefore, even if I were confirmed, which I was not at the time, I could not act as Senior Crown Counsel. I did not trouble much about these disabling rules. We did need the money but my main interest was in holding this challenging assignment I had been given as best I could and I set about doing that. Hilary Batcock,~[* Battcock? Uncle Roger suggests possibly ]~ who knew the Kumasi office well, was now supervising my work from Accra. We had a good working relationship. I sent a weekly report of the number of cases I had dealt with, their result, the cases outstanding, the advice I had been called upon to give and so forth. Usually that was the end of the matter. Occasionally, when there had been a few lost cases following one another he would send me a note raising the matter and asking whether there was any special explanation for the losses or whether it was just the run of the cases. I do not remember an occasion when the losses were due to anything other than the run of the cases. As I often had commendation from the judges about my work and I got on well with the Police, I had no anxiety about some different report reaching Accra about my performance. +| We also had our first visit from our friend from Oxford days, Dick Wilson. He wanted to know about Ghana and Nigeria. We were his Ghana contact, and Adedapo Aderemi, the son of the Oni of Ife, who was then a Senior Magistrate, was his contact in Nigeria. As we were not in Accra when he arrived, we arranged for him to stay with my cousin, Nee Quartey, then with Ghana Electricity. He later gave us a comparative account of the peoples of Ghana and Nigeria, in which the Ghanaians appeared as the quiet ones. Unfortunately, Dapo Aderemi, whom I got to like and admire for his sense of humour and leadership qualities while we were at Hans Crescent in London and at Oxford, died not very long after. At the time I was transferred to Kumasi, I was short of confirmation in the Civil Service by four months. Having entered the service in October 1955, the normal probation period being 3 years, I was due for confirmation in October 1958. By Civil Service rules one could not act in a more senior position if one was not a confirmed officer. I was handicapped by this rule from acting in a more senior position. But another rule of the service added to this to stop me from immediately getting the appropriate remuneration for the duties I had to perform. The office was that of a Senior Crown Counsel. I was still an Assistant Crown Counsel and it was the rule that one could not act in, as opposed to performing the duties attached to, an office which is two grades above one's own. Therefore, even if I were confirmed, which I was not at the time, I could not act as Senior Crown Counsel. I did not trouble much about these disabling rules. We did need the money but my main interest was in holding this challenging assignment I had been given as best I could and I set about doing that. Hilary Batcock,【*24 Battcock? Uncle Roger suggests possibly】 who knew the Kumasi office well, was now supervising my work from Accra. We had a good working relationship. I sent a weekly report of the number of cases I had dealt with, their result, the cases outstanding, the advice I had been called upon to give and so forth. Usually that was the end of the matter. Occasionally, when there had been a few lost cases following one another he would send me a note raising the matter and asking whether there was any special explanation for the losses or whether it was just the run of the cases. I do not remember an occasion when the losses were due to anything other than the run of the cases. As I often had commendation from the judges about my work and I got on well with the Police, I had no anxiety about some different report reaching Accra about my performance. [248] para .part: body @@ -3574,10 +3593,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 228 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 4EE902F65E1DFF22EBFEF22DD387D1A125BDE13498EBD345C90DC40E81A58088 +.sha256: E95B8FBF2C7F48177588FD5583BB2CE74F69B1557186FDFD182EA7AB5E535EE3 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s5 .segment_epub_is: s5 -| ⑆-┨Throughout the time that I was stationed in Kumasi, Geoffrey Bing was Attorney General and Hilary Battcock was the Senior Crown Counsel in Accra responsible for the overall supervision of the work of the regional offices. We had a system of sending regular monthly reports of the type of cases that one had dealt with and the result. The report would also contain a list of the important advice given so that Accra was aware of what was going on. No doubt the office also had reports from the judges and the Police about how we were getting on so that it had a full picture of our activities and our comportment. I soon found out that the reports we sent were carefully studied because I remember a query being sent to me after one of my earlier reports had shown that I had lost about three murder cases in a row. Battcock wrote to me asking for an explanation of the string of losses or was it just the run of bad cases. I explained that it was the latter. For a period we also had a system of meetings of all the lawyers of the office once a month at the residence of the Attorney General. For these meetings, those of us who were outside Accra came down. These meetings, I thought, were a good system of finding out what the problems of the office both in Accra and in the regions were. ┣- ~[* flagged as repetition (asked to review earlier page) ]~ +| ⑆-┨Throughout the time that I was stationed in Kumasi, Geoffrey Bing was Attorney General and Hilary Battcock was the Senior Crown Counsel in Accra responsible for the overall supervision of the work of the regional offices. We had a system of sending regular monthly reports of the type of cases that one had dealt with and the result. The report would also contain a list of the important advice given so that Accra was aware of what was going on. No doubt the office also had reports from the judges and the Police about how we were getting on so that it had a full picture of our activities and our comportment. I soon found out that the reports we sent were carefully studied because I remember a query being sent to me after one of my earlier reports had shown that I had lost about three murder cases in a row. Battcock wrote to me asking for an explanation of the string of losses or was it just the run of bad cases. I explained that it was the latter. For a period we also had a system of meetings of all the lawyers of the office once a month at the residence of the Attorney General. For these meetings, those of us who were outside Accra came down. These meetings, I thought, were a good system of finding out what the problems of the office both in Accra and in the regions were. ┣- 【*25 flagged as repetition (asked to review earlier page)】 [253] para .part: body @@ -3646,10 +3666,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 228 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 3AAC1FFF4527E3CF1A6FB9F49B5C0193C90B7A039247C28F4DC8B66A0DEF55E1 +.sha256: 9461E284F1EBD680F0F066BB7288B1BBEBFADD7ED9C38F4652E89121205B4AA4 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s5 .segment_epub_is: s5 -| ⑆_┨ I returned, as instructed, to Accra in November 1959. ┣_ ~[* see paragraph below ]~ By then Azu Crabbe, who was elevated to the High Court bench on 9 September 1959 had left the Office. I recall the difficulties which he had with Bing in Kumasi and thought it might be for the good of all. I was now mostly involved in appellate court work, doing all the criminal appeals and the habeas corpus cases before the Court of Appeal. But I also did some general advisory work. I soon had a report from Garvin Scott, then the Solicitor General, that some members of the Court of Appeal, I believe he mentioned Justices Van Lare and Granville Sharp, were complaining about being sent a junior Crown Counsel to appear before them. I was quite annoyed by this complaint because I had seen lawyers in private practice who were junior to me from the point of their call to the English Bar appear before the Court without complaint. Garvin said he had explained to the judges that the Department was short of staff and I was the officer they thought could handle the cases. The matter must have been raised with Bing because he later told me that he had had a discussion with the members of the Court about me and they were all impressed with my performance. I stayed on with my schedule of appearances before the Court of Appeal. At no time did the Court show to me in Court any dissatisfaction with my work. +| ⑆_┨ I returned, as instructed, to Accra in November 1959. ┣_ 【*26 see paragraph below】 By then Azu Crabbe, who was elevated to the High Court bench on 9 September 1959 had left the Office. I recall the difficulties which he had with Bing in Kumasi and thought it might be for the good of all. I was now mostly involved in appellate court work, doing all the criminal appeals and the habeas corpus cases before the Court of Appeal. But I also did some general advisory work. I soon had a report from Garvin Scott, then the Solicitor General, that some members of the Court of Appeal, I believe he mentioned Justices Van Lare and Granville Sharp, were complaining about being sent a junior Crown Counsel to appear before them. I was quite annoyed by this complaint because I had seen lawyers in private practice who were junior to me from the point of their call to the English Bar appear before the Court without complaint. Garvin said he had explained to the judges that the Department was short of staff and I was the officer they thought could handle the cases. The matter must have been raised with Bing because he later told me that he had had a discussion with the members of the Court about me and they were all impressed with my performance. I stayed on with my schedule of appearances before the Court of Appeal. At no time did the Court show to me in Court any dissatisfaction with my work. [0] comment .part: comment @@ -3669,10 +3690,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 228 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 95E23BF77956703AA4DCE74591FFA42F04F59A1654C819A3476DBE2D8F795B0C +.sha256: AE213FA22441B8D71FC7DEE63B205827161333F017E1DCC0531186898E67EB9D +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s5 .segment_epub_is: s5 -| ⑆_┨ I returned, as instructed, to Accra in November 1959. ┣_ ~[* decide how to merge with paragraph that starts with same sentence above ]~ By a stroke of fortune we got a bungalow on 10th Road. It was one of those solid colonial style buildings on stilts. In the office, I was now mostly involved in appellate court work. I was given the responsibility of doing all the criminal appeals before the Court of Appeal and also some general advisory work. Work on the Republican Constitution soon began. Francis Bennion was doing the basic draft of the Constitution itself and some of the Constitutional Acts. Vincent Grogan was helping on this. One of the major contracts that I was involved in was the drafting and negotiation of the agreement between Ghana and Agip Minerali of Italy on the establishment of the Tema Oil Refinery. As was often the case with work given to me by Bing, I was summoned to his office and he told me that we had to start these negotiations almost immediately. He explained that the question of the establishment of the refinery had been raised some time ago but somehow it had been put on ice when the Italians went away and were not heard from any more. Now all of a sudden, they were in the country asking for negotiations and Nkrumah had asked that our Department should deal with them. Our negotiating team consisted of Geoffrey Bing, Patrick Atiyah and myself. It was my first involvement in the negotiation of a large contract and I found the experience exciting. None of us on the Government side had any experience of drawing up oil refinery contracts. And this was the same situation when Johnny Abbensetts was dealing with the contract to purchase the first VC10s. In all these things, expertise is acquired by experience in the type of contract, which led Bing to observe that in all these matters all of us approached our task from the standpoint of Assistant State Attorneys. The result was that we always waited for the other side to present to us a draft contract which we would examine to see whether the provisions were acceptable. But that was not the best way of deriving the greatest benefit for our side. We should have been at times in the position to present our own draft to the other side, or at least to bring to the negotiations, memoranda of particular provisions which we would like to see in the draft. When one had a draft from the opposing side to look at, most of the work is devoted to correcting the draft for excesses or omissions. It is not very original work. It struck me that this was akin to playing a match, whether football or other sport, on your home ground with your home supporters cheering, as opposed to playing an away match. I remember that our concern at the time that the VC10s were being bought was more a question of the wisdom in our purchasing that particular plane at that time. It was brand new. We thought that the usual thing for a new plane was for the national or some airline of the country developing the plane to buy and try it for some time before outsiders came in with their orders. But here, it seemed as if Ghana was in the vanguard of those ordering this plane which the British were developing. I was not in the position to say whether this concern, which some members of the Department, including Johnny Abbensetts, shared, was ever passed on to the authorising officers for the purchase of the plane. What I know is that it did not stop the purchase of the plane. +| ⑆_┨ I returned, as instructed, to Accra in November 1959. ┣_ 【*27 decide how to merge with paragraph that starts with same sentence above】 By a stroke of fortune we got a bungalow on 10th Road. It was one of those solid colonial style buildings on stilts. In the office, I was now mostly involved in appellate court work. I was given the responsibility of doing all the criminal appeals before the Court of Appeal and also some general advisory work. Work on the Republican Constitution soon began. Francis Bennion was doing the basic draft of the Constitution itself and some of the Constitutional Acts. Vincent Grogan was helping on this. One of the major contracts that I was involved in was the drafting and negotiation of the agreement between Ghana and Agip Minerali of Italy on the establishment of the Tema Oil Refinery. As was often the case with work given to me by Bing, I was summoned to his office and he told me that we had to start these negotiations almost immediately. He explained that the question of the establishment of the refinery had been raised some time ago but somehow it had been put on ice when the Italians went away and were not heard from any more. Now all of a sudden, they were in the country asking for negotiations and Nkrumah had asked that our Department should deal with them. Our negotiating team consisted of Geoffrey Bing, Patrick Atiyah and myself. It was my first involvement in the negotiation of a large contract and I found the experience exciting. None of us on the Government side had any experience of drawing up oil refinery contracts. And this was the same situation when Johnny Abbensetts was dealing with the contract to purchase the first VC10s. In all these things, expertise is acquired by experience in the type of contract, which led Bing to observe that in all these matters all of us approached our task from the standpoint of Assistant State Attorneys. The result was that we always waited for the other side to present to us a draft contract which we would examine to see whether the provisions were acceptable. But that was not the best way of deriving the greatest benefit for our side. We should have been at times in the position to present our own draft to the other side, or at least to bring to the negotiations, memoranda of particular provisions which we would like to see in the draft. When one had a draft from the opposing side to look at, most of the work is devoted to correcting the draft for excesses or omissions. It is not very original work. It struck me that this was akin to playing a match, whether football or other sport, on your home ground with your home supporters cheering, as opposed to playing an away match. I remember that our concern at the time that the VC10s were being bought was more a question of the wisdom in our purchasing that particular plane at that time. It was brand new. We thought that the usual thing for a new plane was for the national or some airline of the country developing the plane to buy and try it for some time before outsiders came in with their orders. But here, it seemed as if Ghana was in the vanguard of those ordering this plane which the British were developing. I was not in the position to say whether this concern, which some members of the Department, including Johnny Abbensetts, shared, was ever passed on to the authorising officers for the purchase of the plane. What I know is that it did not stop the purchase of the plane. [260] para .part: body @@ -3753,10 +3775,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 228 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: C3CC9CE9E604F28F5600881D0398416F8F34F204D86EBA5DCB231FF5AF03FEA7 +.sha256: DA3D271DEAB6B4F1D067527895E99F0A3D6F592EBAF3D43951E7D4CA00243F85 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s5 .segment_epub_is: s5 -| I had to break the news to Stella. She had indeed worked very hard to get me to agree to come with them to Keta. So this was rather sad for her. What was more, she was then suffering from some food poisoning which she must have developed from a dinner~[* word added ]~ dance we had attended over the weekend. While Bing was unfolding my Easter holiday plans to me that morning, she had gone to see Dr. Anum Barnor for treatment. +| I had to break the news to Stella. She had indeed worked very hard to get me to agree to come with them to Keta. So this was rather sad for her. What was more, she was then suffering from some food poisoning which she must have developed from a dinner【*28 word added】 dance we had attended over the weekend. While Bing was unfolding my Easter holiday plans to me that morning, she had gone to see Dr. Anum Barnor for treatment. [267] para .part: body @@ -4005,10 +4028,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 228 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 65DA39D77BD3DEE17978CA8DBA1BEE498E6AE0E6274698850FB3335EFD29F963 +.sha256: 3BCDF625B8B0CF265A24D0C6EAB36304A286F01F9B241A263CD3A4E8B95BE5C5 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s5 .segment_epub_is: s5 -| We stopped at Leopoldville at 4 in the morning. All passengers were asked to leave the plane; transit passengers were offered coffee at the terminal building. I went and sat by myself. But I was soon joined by two fellow-passengers; one an Indian and the other a black man. The Indian started by saying, “So you are going to Johannesburg.” I said yes. “And you have no visa.” I reared defensively, “how do you know?” He said, “We were at Accra Airport.” At that point, I admitted that I had no visa. He then generously explained that at Johannesburg Airport, all arriving passengers first went underground. If your papers were not all right, you never came up after that. From Leopoldville to Johannesburg I was fighting thoughts of how I was going to emerge from that underground reception at Johannesburg Airport. On the plane for that leg of the journey, the African amongst my early coffee companions joined me. He was the Basutoland politician, Mophalele,~[* spelling changed from Mphalele for consistency, check ]~ a great admirer of Nkrumah, whose sizable portrait he had facing him on the journey. +| We stopped at Leopoldville at 4 in the morning. All passengers were asked to leave the plane; transit passengers were offered coffee at the terminal building. I went and sat by myself. But I was soon joined by two fellow-passengers; one an Indian and the other a black man. The Indian started by saying, “So you are going to Johannesburg.” I said yes. “And you have no visa.” I reared defensively, “how do you know?” He said, “We were at Accra Airport.” At that point, I admitted that I had no visa. He then generously explained that at Johannesburg Airport, all arriving passengers first went underground. If your papers were not all right, you never came up after that. From Leopoldville to Johannesburg I was fighting thoughts of how I was going to emerge from that underground reception at Johannesburg Airport. On the plane for that leg of the journey, the African amongst my early coffee companions joined me. He was the Basutoland politician, Mophalele,【*29 spelling changed from Mphalele for consistency, check】 a great admirer of Nkrumah, whose sizable portrait he had facing him on the journey. [288] para .part: body @@ -4089,10 +4113,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 228 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 10E7158F137DD423CAFD972EEB3A46F9EC24B3A87BEAFADD200B49D1A39A10AC +.sha256: 3D9BD46DE64490B5A964C758F63FFF1AB25F091760450C4FB2C3F0828DDBFF6C +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s5 .segment_epub_is: s5 -| ⑆_┨ Geoffrey Bing knew of my desire to take Stella visiting home and he exploited this desire mercilessly. Whenever he had some unpleasant work to be done he told me of the assignment at the same time as plans he had for me to go abroad on some Government business which would enable me to take Stella, then we would break off at a convenient point to visit Finland. First it was to send me to work in the Attorney General's Office in a State like Oregon, which he said was about the same size as Ghana, for a year, then on the way back we could go to Finland. Then later, I was to go round to various countries promoting Ghana's view on the Law of the Sea. Then there was the time when he was organising the conference of the “World without the Bomb”, when it was a question of sending me round various countries to sell the idea of the conference. Then when the South West African case was brought before the International Court of Justice, I was to work in the New York office of Curtis, Mallet-Prevost, Colt & Mosle, with Ernest Gross who was leading the lawyers on behalf of applicants. None of these materialised. When the bait wore thin, he would nevertheless say that he would try and arrange some trip for me but add that if it did not work out it would not be for want of trying on his part. Stella became disenchanted with his promises after the failure of the first suggested trip, and never gave any credence or hope to any of his further suggestions thereafter. I do not know whether he ever did anything about my going to Oregon or on the Law of the Sea or World without a Bomb jaunt. But I know that he tried with Ernie Gross, because Gross visited Ghana. The three of us discussed my coming to work with him on the South West African case. As he said, everything was fine by him. He had a place for me in his office. The problem then was that some other matter came up which required me to remain in Ghana, and I lost my chance to go to New York. Nothing came of this either. As he came to excuse himself, if the things he promised did not take place, it was not for want of him trying. ┣_ ~[* decide how to use, repetition ]~ +| ⑆_┨ Geoffrey Bing knew of my desire to take Stella visiting home and he exploited this desire mercilessly. Whenever he had some unpleasant work to be done he told me of the assignment at the same time as plans he had for me to go abroad on some Government business which would enable me to take Stella, then we would break off at a convenient point to visit Finland. First it was to send me to work in the Attorney General's Office in a State like Oregon, which he said was about the same size as Ghana, for a year, then on the way back we could go to Finland. Then later, I was to go round to various countries promoting Ghana's view on the Law of the Sea. Then there was the time when he was organising the conference of the “World without the Bomb”, when it was a question of sending me round various countries to sell the idea of the conference. Then when the South West African case was brought before the International Court of Justice, I was to work in the New York office of Curtis, Mallet-Prevost, Colt & Mosle, with Ernest Gross who was leading the lawyers on behalf of applicants. None of these materialised. When the bait wore thin, he would nevertheless say that he would try and arrange some trip for me but add that if it did not work out it would not be for want of trying on his part. Stella became disenchanted with his promises after the failure of the first suggested trip, and never gave any credence or hope to any of his further suggestions thereafter. I do not know whether he ever did anything about my going to Oregon or on the Law of the Sea or World without a Bomb jaunt. But I know that he tried with Ernie Gross, because Gross visited Ghana. The three of us discussed my coming to work with him on the South West African case. As he said, everything was fine by him. He had a place for me in his office. The problem then was that some other matter came up which required me to remain in Ghana, and I lost my chance to go to New York. Nothing came of this either. As he came to excuse himself, if the things he promised did not take place, it was not for want of him trying. ┣_ 【*30 decide how to use, repetition】 [295] para .part: body @@ -4113,10 +4138,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 228 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 66D721035E2B6EE16439509C1DA65C2E7BDC8AD4A3891D79C1B05A39AC17A485 +.sha256: 8B5728B165798ABB647C6C331850944411717641AAD9176E2FF0968C499F0DBA +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s5 .segment_epub_is: s5 -| After my return from Southern Africa, I kept praying that no crisis would happen before our departure and, although trouble was brewing in the Congo, the time fortunately passed without any incident which would require my being asked to stay on. We left Accra on June 6. By now Stella had taken on Ghanaian citizenship. She was entitled to do so by registration, and she decided to do so. ⑆_┨ Her very good friend, Jytte Cartright, the Danish lady who had been in Ghana for a number of years advised her against it. Jytte asked her to give the most serious thought to this change as the loss of one's original nationality was a grave matter. As Ghana did not recognise dual nationality, upon her becoming a citizen. But she was determined that her nationality affairs should be governed by the same laws as governed mine. I myself was not too happy about the prospective change. But it was not a point which I thought I could press too hard without making myself suspect of some ulterior motive. ┣_~[* repetition ]~ The problem for me was that several Ghanaians had married alien wives who had retained their nationalities of origin. ⑆_┨ That meant that they needed a residence permit to stay in Ghana, and that permit was granted only if their Ghanaian husband verified that the spouse was indeed married and living in Ghana with those spouses. It meant also that any time that a husband wanted to terminate the stay of his wife, whether for good or ill, all he needed to do was to withdraw his consent for the wife's stay and the Ministry of Interior would withdraw her residence permit. ┣_ ~[* repetition ]~ It occurred to me that it might look as if I wanted Stella to retain her foreign nationality in order to have that option to break with her when I wanted to. I never discussed my view of this with her in detail until years later when she was trying to get back her Finnish nationality and she found she could only do so if she went to live in Finland for two years before this would be granted. We were living in Europe and we both found her having to obtain a visa each time she wanted to visit her family, especially her aged mother and invalid sister, Nora. The Finnish Embassy in London was not authorised to grant even tourist visas, everything having to be referred to Helsinki, where it took a minimum of three weeks and, often, prodding enquiries by more docile members of the family and finally angry visits from her cousin who was a journalist to secure the necessary visa before our planned and paid for departure to the country of her birth. This I found most frustrating. But she took the fact that I suffered from the same disabilities as herself and, on that account, her plight was tolerable. Even when her mother died and she needed to go home urgently because she was without a valid visa at the time, she had some difficulty. We had to console ourselves that we were being given special treatment when there came the time when we were given two yearly renewable visas to visit. It was not only going to Finland which would have been easy for her during our stay in Europe but also moving round the whole of Europe would have been easier and she would not have been regarded with the same suspicion as all Ghanaians were regarded from the 1980s onwards. But then all this was some twenty years ahead. +| After my return from Southern Africa, I kept praying that no crisis would happen before our departure and, although trouble was brewing in the Congo, the time fortunately passed without any incident which would require my being asked to stay on. We left Accra on June 6. By now Stella had taken on Ghanaian citizenship. She was entitled to do so by registration, and she decided to do so. ⑆_┨ Her very good friend, Jytte Cartright, the Danish lady who had been in Ghana for a number of years advised her against it. Jytte asked her to give the most serious thought to this change as the loss of one's original nationality was a grave matter. As Ghana did not recognise dual nationality, upon her becoming a citizen. But she was determined that her nationality affairs should be governed by the same laws as governed mine. I myself was not too happy about the prospective change. But it was not a point which I thought I could press too hard without making myself suspect of some ulterior motive. ┣_【*31 repetition】 The problem for me was that several Ghanaians had married alien wives who had retained their nationalities of origin. ⑆_┨ That meant that they needed a residence permit to stay in Ghana, and that permit was granted only if their Ghanaian husband verified that the spouse was indeed married and living in Ghana with those spouses. It meant also that any time that a husband wanted to terminate the stay of his wife, whether for good or ill, all he needed to do was to withdraw his consent for the wife's stay and the Ministry of Interior would withdraw her residence permit. ┣_ 【*32 repetition】 It occurred to me that it might look as if I wanted Stella to retain her foreign nationality in order to have that option to break with her when I wanted to. I never discussed my view of this with her in detail until years later when she was trying to get back her Finnish nationality and she found she could only do so if she went to live in Finland for two years before this would be granted. We were living in Europe and we both found her having to obtain a visa each time she wanted to visit her family, especially her aged mother and invalid sister, Nora. The Finnish Embassy in London was not authorised to grant even tourist visas, everything having to be referred to Helsinki, where it took a minimum of three weeks and, often, prodding enquiries by more docile members of the family and finally angry visits from her cousin who was a journalist to secure the necessary visa before our planned and paid for departure to the country of her birth. This I found most frustrating. But she took the fact that I suffered from the same disabilities as herself and, on that account, her plight was tolerable. Even when her mother died and she needed to go home urgently because she was without a valid visa at the time, she had some difficulty. We had to console ourselves that we were being given special treatment when there came the time when we were given two yearly renewable visas to visit. It was not only going to Finland which would have been easy for her during our stay in Europe but also moving round the whole of Europe would have been easier and she would not have been regarded with the same suspicion as all Ghanaians were regarded from the 1980s onwards. But then all this was some twenty years ahead. [297] para .part: body @@ -4374,10 +4400,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 305 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 15B28E0E78F0C1C2BD34EB81A3AD31E3096BDDE748FBA12278B7378A849601CE +.sha256: 94C00BF0AE5748321EF156F9B0D2B94C044DDEA8291CEFC02823B70E9DB04CF0 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s6 .segment_epub_is: s6 -| Apart from appeal cases, I was involved in odd assignments which landed on the Department. I thought that I had escaped being sent to the Congo by Geoffrey Bing during the Congo crisis in 1960 by being away in Finland. But I did not escape the fall-out from the Congo crisis altogether. My connection with it was in Ghana after our soldiers who had been serving there had mutinied in ⑆_┨Tskikapa┣_~[ Tshikapa suggested, check ]~ and had almost killed their commander, Brigadier (he subsequently became an Admiral of the Ghana Navy) David Animle Hansen. Of course, I had heard the news of the mutiny but I did not know that I was to have any involvement in it until I was, as usual, summoned by Bing. He told me that I should go to Burma Camp and see General Alexander, who was in command of the Ghana Armed Forces, who needed my assistance. The General, when I saw him, was seething with anger. He had the reputation of being the youngest officer appointed to the rank of General in the British Army and that did not make him popular with a number of people. In this regard, I must confess that I had some sympathy for him as I suffered from the same syndrome. The cause of his anger was not difficult to fathom and this was soon confirmed by the British officers under his command whom I saw soon after; the mutiny of his troops had at last blotted his copy-book. He told me that there had been the mutiny in ⑆_┨Tsikapa┣_;~[ Tshikapa, (Uncle Roger thinks) ]~ that this was a most disgraceful thing to happen in an army; and he wanted a quick court-martial to deal with the case so that the ring-leaders involved could be shot. That, he said, would restore discipline among the troops. I was impressed that he had decided the result of the contemplated court martial already. I asked him of the evidence which indicated who was involved in the mutiny. That was why he needed me, I should find the evidence from those soldiers who had been involved and organise a court martial for their trial and sentence. +| Apart from appeal cases, I was involved in odd assignments which landed on the Department. I thought that I had escaped being sent to the Congo by Geoffrey Bing during the Congo crisis in 1960 by being away in Finland. But I did not escape the fall-out from the Congo crisis altogether. My connection with it was in Ghana after our soldiers who had been serving there had mutinied in ⑆_┨Tskikapa┣_【*33 Tshikapa suggested, check】 and had almost killed their commander, Brigadier (he subsequently became an Admiral of the Ghana Navy) David Animle Hansen. Of course, I had heard the news of the mutiny but I did not know that I was to have any involvement in it until I was, as usual, summoned by Bing. He told me that I should go to Burma Camp and see General Alexander, who was in command of the Ghana Armed Forces, who needed my assistance. The General, when I saw him, was seething with anger. He had the reputation of being the youngest officer appointed to the rank of General in the British Army and that did not make him popular with a number of people. In this regard, I must confess that I had some sympathy for him as I suffered from the same syndrome. The cause of his anger was not difficult to fathom and this was soon confirmed by the British officers under his command whom I saw soon after; the mutiny of his troops had at last blotted his copy-book. He told me that there had been the mutiny in ⑆_┨Tsikapa┣_;【*34 Tshikapa, (Uncle Roger thinks)】 that this was a most disgraceful thing to happen in an army; and he wanted a quick court-martial to deal with the case so that the ring-leaders involved could be shot. That, he said, would restore discipline among the troops. I was impressed that he had decided the result of the contemplated court martial already. I asked him of the evidence which indicated who was involved in the mutiny. That was why he needed me, I should find the evidence from those soldiers who had been involved and organise a court martial for their trial and sentence. [318] para .part: body @@ -4386,10 +4413,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 305 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 4322E8E18ACD8D52E9DFE0694AB7098B0FED0754A0638DA532D99646DB32FC83 +.sha256: D9A60B0545FD1283067782037B500A96C5971D7908D2AC33969E785DBDC57401 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s6 .segment_epub_is: s6 -| I got out of the General's office thinking of how to approach this problem. I decided that I should use the same method of evidence gathering which I had used in the Akim-Abuakwa enquiry in this case. I summoned the officers who were at ⑆_┨Tsikapa┣_ with the troops as soon after the interview with General Alexander as possible that morning. They had by now been repatriated to Ghana. The second in command to Brigadier Hansen, ⑆_┨later Admiral Hansen of the Ghana Navy,┣_~[ repetition earlier ]~ was Major Murphy(?), a British army officer serving with the Ghana forces. There were other British officers, one of whom was a Welshman, Captain Watkin-Williams. There were some Ghanaian officers under them. I asked them whether any preliminary investigation had been done into the causes and cause of the mutiny. None had been made. I asked them to each write out for me his movements, or lack thereof, on the day leading to the mutiny and what he did during the course of the mutiny until it was over. They asked when their efforts at essay-writing should be submitted. I knew of the General's desire to have a quick court-martial, I had been shocked at the fact that no preliminary enquiry had been made by anybody since the events in the Congo and the repatriation of the soldiers to Ghana. I told them that I wanted the statements the very first thing in the morning when I came back. There was consternation among the officers. They had not thought of devoting the afternoon to any serious work. Some of them, especially the expatriate officers had promised to take their wives to the beach that afternoon. I gathered then that in the afternoons, the officers did no work but occupied themselves as they wished. I was unrelenting; I asked those with commitments to their wives to apologise to them and to explain that there was an emergency and I wanted the statements by the morning. They knew I had the backing of the General and they demurred. I left them looking quite unhappy. +| I got out of the General's office thinking of how to approach this problem. I decided that I should use the same method of evidence gathering which I had used in the Akim-Abuakwa enquiry in this case. I summoned the officers who were at ⑆_┨Tsikapa┣_ with the troops as soon after the interview with General Alexander as possible that morning. They had by now been repatriated to Ghana. The second in command to Brigadier Hansen, ⑆_┨later Admiral Hansen of the Ghana Navy,┣_【*35 repetition earlier】 was Major Murphy(?), a British army officer serving with the Ghana forces. There were other British officers, one of whom was a Welshman, Captain Watkin-Williams. There were some Ghanaian officers under them. I asked them whether any preliminary investigation had been done into the causes and cause of the mutiny. None had been made. I asked them to each write out for me his movements, or lack thereof, on the day leading to the mutiny and what he did during the course of the mutiny until it was over. They asked when their efforts at essay-writing should be submitted. I knew of the General's desire to have a quick court-martial, I had been shocked at the fact that no preliminary enquiry had been made by anybody since the events in the Congo and the repatriation of the soldiers to Ghana. I told them that I wanted the statements the very first thing in the morning when I came back. There was consternation among the officers. They had not thought of devoting the afternoon to any serious work. Some of them, especially the expatriate officers had promised to take their wives to the beach that afternoon. I gathered then that in the afternoons, the officers did no work but occupied themselves as they wished. I was unrelenting; I asked those with commitments to their wives to apologise to them and to explain that there was an emergency and I wanted the statements by the morning. They knew I had the backing of the General and they demurred. I left them looking quite unhappy. [319] para .part: body @@ -4398,10 +4426,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 305 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 43744737BDA4BF986AB6560799602BA95A8E28637931357CF07C9BA2EBB9EAF9 +.sha256: 9B7528CF280F435EAADD1E0C90D411218549E41625893A2E24141D4FDB1B3F33 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s6 .segment_epub_is: s6 -| Back in the A.G.'s office, I sought assistance for taking the statements of the ordinary ranks and I got some Police Officers assigned to me. The next day, I was impressed that the statements of the army officers were ready. I started with my assistants taking the statements of the soldiers and piecing together the evidence of officers and other ranks. The story which emerged was that the soldiers had been stationed in ⑆_┨Tsikapa┣_ in the K***~[ Kasu suggested by Uncle Roger ]~ Province of the Congo, where there was not much for them to do. They were trained men who understood when they left Ghana that they were going to fight in the Congo. But here they were, there was no battle to fight; they were at this post with practically nothing to do; they had money which some of them used in purchasing hemp; because they had money, the local women gathered round their camp and were smuggled into the camp, with some of them staying overnight. There was some evidence that venereal disease was on the increase. Brigadier Hansen who was in command of the troops there, was a great disciplinarian who wanted to keep his soldiers on the alert at all times. He wanted to stop the smuggling of the women into the camp and to reduce, if not stamp out, the incidence of venereal disease. In the conditions in which the soldiers saw themselves, they did not appreciate the point of this discipline. With regard to the women who came into the camp, there were stories from the soldiers of the Brigadier walking into their tents in the middle of the night to find out which of them were with women and punishing them for it. Resentment gradually mounted against the Brigadier. +| Back in the A.G.'s office, I sought assistance for taking the statements of the ordinary ranks and I got some Police Officers assigned to me. The next day, I was impressed that the statements of the army officers were ready. I started with my assistants taking the statements of the soldiers and piecing together the evidence of officers and other ranks. The story which emerged was that the soldiers had been stationed in ⑆_┨Tsikapa┣_ in the K***【*36 Kasu suggested by Uncle Roger】 Province of the Congo, where there was not much for them to do. They were trained men who understood when they left Ghana that they were going to fight in the Congo. But here they were, there was no battle to fight; they were at this post with practically nothing to do; they had money which some of them used in purchasing hemp; because they had money, the local women gathered round their camp and were smuggled into the camp, with some of them staying overnight. There was some evidence that venereal disease was on the increase. Brigadier Hansen who was in command of the troops there, was a great disciplinarian who wanted to keep his soldiers on the alert at all times. He wanted to stop the smuggling of the women into the camp and to reduce, if not stamp out, the incidence of venereal disease. In the conditions in which the soldiers saw themselves, they did not appreciate the point of this discipline. With regard to the women who came into the camp, there were stories from the soldiers of the Brigadier walking into their tents in the middle of the night to find out which of them were with women and punishing them for it. Resentment gradually mounted against the Brigadier. [320] para .part: body @@ -4458,10 +4487,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 305 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 5FD7BCBB1AF3085E4583CDA51001355A05BDEF8FB79CFAFF483C388A66DFD1FC +.sha256: 657693FFC782335584FB7D2C1E49ABFD4DD7B9745FB0BAC3A6BA0476E16EF9A1 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s6 .segment_epub_is: s6 -| ⑆-┨I went down to meet them.┣- ~[repetition]~ Geoffrey greeted me breezily and told me that I had to go to Geneva. When was this, I asked. Tomorrow, he said. Your passage is already booked and all arrangements had been made. He spent a little time telling me what it was all about. Once more the Ministry of Foreign Affairs had messed up things. Bing had for some time been waging a battle with the Ministry to keep the Attorney-General's Office informed of matters which were likely to have legal implications and, generally, for the A.G.'s Office to act as the Ministry's legal advisers just as they acted in that same capacity for all the other Ministries. But the Ministry of Foreign Affairs had always played things close to its chest, only calling on the AG when, according to him, the Ministry needed to be rescued from situations which were almost beyond retrieval. This mission on which I was being sent was one such example. Ghana, he explained, had charged Portugal with forced labour practices before the International Labour Organization. The charge was laid by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs without notice to the Attorney-General. The ILO then had appointed a high-powered Committee, consisting of M. Max Ruegger, a former President of the International Red Cross; M. Amand Ugon, a Uruguayan who had served on the International Court of Justice, and; Isaak Forster, a Chief Justice of Senegal, who was also later to serve on the ICJ, to hear the charge. ⑆-┨The case was being heard at the very moment by the ILO Committee in Geneva.┣- ~[ deletion suggested check ]~ The Ghana case was being conducted by the Ambassador to Switzerland, Major Seth Anthony, with support from his Ministry. Major Anthony had had a brilliant military career during the Second World War. He had fought in Burma, where he became a legend to his troops. He had risen to the highest rank that a citizen of the Gold Coast attained during the war. He later was one of the earliest administrative officers after Dr. Busia and Mr. A.L. Adu to the Gold Coast Civil Service. But he was not a lawyer. When Ghana, the State preferring the charges against Portugal, was called upon to call its witnesses, Ghana was not ready with any. Our position, apparently was that we had levelled the charge, after ⑆-┨complaints had been made by┣- a number of Angolan and Mozambican freedom fighters, had complained to the Ghana Government. They had faithfully promised to appear to bear witness if any tribunal was set up by the ILO to enquire into the matter. But by the time they were required for the enquiry, according to our Foreign Ministry, they had all disappeared, having been given scholarships to study in American academic institutions. That was why we had not been able to produce any witnesses. The Committee adopted the unusual practice of then calling upon Portugal to call its witnesses to refute the charge. Some witnesses had already been called; but Portugal was about to close its case either on the following Monday or Tuesday, because it had only about two more witnesses to call and the Committee had indicated that at the close of the case for Portugal, if Ghana's witnesses were not available, the hearing would be closed. In desperation, Ambassador Anthony had called for assistance from the Attorney General, that was why I had to go. Geoffrey then handed me a Presidential Authority empowering me to deal with the case as I saw fit and to call any witness from any part of the world and to incur any necessary expense to bring him before the Committee. It was signed by Tawiah Adamafio, then Minister for Presidential Affairs. My ticket for Geneva would be given to me by Nettey. Then he left the two of us so that Nettey would brief me in greater detail about the case, and I could study the files, quite heavy which Nettey had with him. Nettey left me with the files and necessary papers. +| ⑆-┨I went down to meet them.┣- 【*37 repetition】 Geoffrey greeted me breezily and told me that I had to go to Geneva. When was this, I asked. Tomorrow, he said. Your passage is already booked and all arrangements had been made. He spent a little time telling me what it was all about. Once more the Ministry of Foreign Affairs had messed up things. Bing had for some time been waging a battle with the Ministry to keep the Attorney-General's Office informed of matters which were likely to have legal implications and, generally, for the A.G.'s Office to act as the Ministry's legal advisers just as they acted in that same capacity for all the other Ministries. But the Ministry of Foreign Affairs had always played things close to its chest, only calling on the AG when, according to him, the Ministry needed to be rescued from situations which were almost beyond retrieval. This mission on which I was being sent was one such example. Ghana, he explained, had charged Portugal with forced labour practices before the International Labour Organization. The charge was laid by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs without notice to the Attorney-General. The ILO then had appointed a high-powered Committee, consisting of M. Max Ruegger, a former President of the International Red Cross; M. Amand Ugon, a Uruguayan who had served on the International Court of Justice, and; Isaak Forster, a Chief Justice of Senegal, who was also later to serve on the ICJ, to hear the charge. ⑆-┨The case was being heard at the very moment by the ILO Committee in Geneva.┣- 【*38 deletion suggested check】 The Ghana case was being conducted by the Ambassador to Switzerland, Major Seth Anthony, with support from his Ministry. Major Anthony had had a brilliant military career during the Second World War. He had fought in Burma, where he became a legend to his troops. He had risen to the highest rank that a citizen of the Gold Coast attained during the war. He later was one of the earliest administrative officers after Dr. Busia and Mr. A.L. Adu to the Gold Coast Civil Service. But he was not a lawyer. When Ghana, the State preferring the charges against Portugal, was called upon to call its witnesses, Ghana was not ready with any. Our position, apparently was that we had levelled the charge, after ⑆-┨complaints had been made by┣- a number of Angolan and Mozambican freedom fighters, had complained to the Ghana Government. They had faithfully promised to appear to bear witness if any tribunal was set up by the ILO to enquire into the matter. But by the time they were required for the enquiry, according to our Foreign Ministry, they had all disappeared, having been given scholarships to study in American academic institutions. That was why we had not been able to produce any witnesses. The Committee adopted the unusual practice of then calling upon Portugal to call its witnesses to refute the charge. Some witnesses had already been called; but Portugal was about to close its case either on the following Monday or Tuesday, because it had only about two more witnesses to call and the Committee had indicated that at the close of the case for Portugal, if Ghana's witnesses were not available, the hearing would be closed. In desperation, Ambassador Anthony had called for assistance from the Attorney General, that was why I had to go. Geoffrey then handed me a Presidential Authority empowering me to deal with the case as I saw fit and to call any witness from any part of the world and to incur any necessary expense to bring him before the Committee. It was signed by Tawiah Adamafio, then Minister for Presidential Affairs. My ticket for Geneva would be given to me by Nettey. Then he left the two of us so that Nettey would brief me in greater detail about the case, and I could study the files, quite heavy which Nettey had with him. Nettey left me with the files and necessary papers. [325] para .part: body @@ -4626,10 +4656,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 305 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 1522AEC666B147814C3B2E84B5335B1E5E26E2424F6F40B0F18CEC1B111E9576 +.sha256: 9C1C00BE9FC60A942B7D43F1935E3A15C1BF54FB106475CAA0E32A2451FECDE2 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s6 .segment_epub_is: s6 -| He created the drafting section of the Department which has trained so many draftsmen for so many countries in the developing Commonwealth countries. Today, the legal draftsmen of Botswana, Swaziland, Mauritius, Uganda, The Virgin Islands are all products of that section. He brought some interesting people to work in the Department. After independence, he brought out the United Kingdom First Parliamentary Counsel, Sir Granville Ram(?),~[* check ]~ to Ghana to advise on the setting up of a Parliamentary Counsel's office. There was a recommendation that this office should be set up as part of the Speaker's Office in Parliament. This, of course, did not please Bing, who would, in that case have lost control of the legal drafting which the Attorney General had been responsible for, even if this function was discharged by one legal draftsman, since the first decade of the century when he took it over from the Chief Justice. On that recommendation, he fought for and won a delay. But other recommendations of the First Parliamentary Counsel led to the assignment of Anthony Stainton, later himself to become First Parliamentary Counsel in England, and to receive a knighthood, to set up a Parliamentary drafting section in the Attorney General's Department and to train Ghanaians in the craft of drafting. With the establishment of that section, Charles Crabbe, who is now in charge of the training of legal draftsmen on behalf of the Commonwealth Secretariat, was assigned to it. Anthony Stainton was followed by Francis Bennion, also from the Parliamentary Draftsman's Office in England. Francis Bennion was largely responsible for the drafting of the 1960 Republican Constitution of Ghana. He wrote a book on it but shortly after publication, the coup of 1966 took place and the Constitution was suspended. It was never re-instated. He, in turn, was succeeded by Ian Evans, my former tutor at Oxford. But although Bing recruited Ian, by the time he arrived, Bing had been succeeded as Attorney General by George Commey Mills Odoi and Ian's functions were practically confined to the drafting of subsidiary legislation. Ian was the last of the line of these draftsmen. +| He created the drafting section of the Department which has trained so many draftsmen for so many countries in the developing Commonwealth countries. Today, the legal draftsmen of Botswana, Swaziland, Mauritius, Uganda, The Virgin Islands are all products of that section. He brought some interesting people to work in the Department. After independence, he brought out the United Kingdom First Parliamentary Counsel, Sir Granville Ram(?),【*39 check】 to Ghana to advise on the setting up of a Parliamentary Counsel's office. There was a recommendation that this office should be set up as part of the Speaker's Office in Parliament. This, of course, did not please Bing, who would, in that case have lost control of the legal drafting which the Attorney General had been responsible for, even if this function was discharged by one legal draftsman, since the first decade of the century when he took it over from the Chief Justice. On that recommendation, he fought for and won a delay. But other recommendations of the First Parliamentary Counsel led to the assignment of Anthony Stainton, later himself to become First Parliamentary Counsel in England, and to receive a knighthood, to set up a Parliamentary drafting section in the Attorney General's Department and to train Ghanaians in the craft of drafting. With the establishment of that section, Charles Crabbe, who is now in charge of the training of legal draftsmen on behalf of the Commonwealth Secretariat, was assigned to it. Anthony Stainton was followed by Francis Bennion, also from the Parliamentary Draftsman's Office in England. Francis Bennion was largely responsible for the drafting of the 1960 Republican Constitution of Ghana. He wrote a book on it but shortly after publication, the coup of 1966 took place and the Constitution was suspended. It was never re-instated. He, in turn, was succeeded by Ian Evans, my former tutor at Oxford. But although Bing recruited Ian, by the time he arrived, Bing had been succeeded as Attorney General by George Commey Mills Odoi and Ian's functions were practically confined to the drafting of subsidiary legislation. Ian was the last of the line of these draftsmen. [339] para .part: body @@ -4794,10 +4825,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 305 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 1AE263D4E7614669666D7B9AD8D51456C62EF2FA20C94A50434AB4AAC987144B +.sha256: B6B34B2BF4E626E4B38C2B34CF7A437B4A15E9FF8B91CD63A0B7D19C5C03B27A +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s6 .segment_epub_is: s6 -| In my research division, I continued to do odd jobs, mainly researching for the Minister. I had little responsibility for other members of staff. I saw little of the Attorney-General. Before the enactment of the Public Property (Protection) and Corrupt Practices (Prevention) Act, 1962 (Act 121) the Minister asked me to advise him on the adoption of provisions in the Russian Criminal Law on poor management and responsibility for theft of Governmental and Public Property. I opened my advice by saying, “Minister, there is no reason why provisions similar to the Russian Criminal Law provisions on 'Poor Management' and 'Responsibility for Theft of Governmental and Public Property' (attached hereto) should, if thought necessary, not be introduced into our law but, to fit them in, different treatment would be called for.” I had no objection to the introduction of the concept of management of State property in a manner which leads to its dissipation or of protection of State property should not be introduced into our law. There was enough evidence of the necessity of such a law. But I was anxious that we should not start formulating laws which were not in consonance with the traditions which we had so far developed. I went on to discuss the provisions of our existing laws which were akin to though not covering, the whole of the area he was considering and to suggest the manner in which our Criminal and Criminal Procedure Codes could be amended to take care of his concerns. He did not choose the method I had advised but went for a completely new Act with a dramatic title. But it remained on the statute book more as a threat than anything else because I do not recall it being used during the Nkrumah regime. Later on, when I was Director of Public Prosecutions, I had the Act reconstructed with the assistance of Kofi Tetteh under the title of ****.~[* fix ]~ The major concern that I had with Minister Ofori Attah's Act was that it established, as the procedure, an enquiry procedure which went into an allegation of corruption. Then upon an adverse finding by the enquiry, the person adversely affected was made liable to punishment. But this, I thought, was not enough protection for the person accused. The enquiry may have come to its conclusion without giving him an opportunity of cross-examining witnesses or of hearing him. It could have made its findings based solely on hearsay evidence. The Act made no fine distinctions in such matters, any finding of a commission or committee of enquiry was sufficient. In the restructured enactment that I had passed, the findings of the enquiry together with the evidence in support became prima facie evidence against the person affected in a criminal trial. The prosecution did not have to call witnesses all over again to make such a prima facie case. The accused at the criminal trial is then called upon to make his defence, which could consist of the submission followed by evidence that he was not heard at the enquiry or not allowed to cross-examine witnesses or not invited to call or make available witnesses to support his case or that the enquiry finding was based on nothing else but hearsay evidence or, indeed, any defence he wished to make. The finding of the criminal trial court would be based on the totality of the evidence, namely, the enquiry report and the material derived from the criminal trial. Questions like the burden of proof in criminal trials remained unaffected. But even this improved statute remained more as a threat than an operative instrument during the reign of Nkrumah. One of the many sins I am supposed to have committed in the Office during Geoffrey Bing's Attorney-Generalship was that, some time in 1961, Bing recruited Ian Evans, my tutor at Jesus College, Oxford, as a legal drafting advisor in succession to Francis Bennion. I had not discussed Ian prior to his recruitment by Bing. I had not been in touch with Ian since I left Oxford. I knew he had left Oxford the year I graduated but I did not know what had happened to him. But then, other people were not to know this. I got to know that Ian was coming to replace Bennion when Bing ran into me on the Office verandah one day and told me that he had succeeded in getting a replacement for Bennion. I knew he had had difficulty in finding a replacement for Bennion as the accommodation granted him by the First Parliamentary Counsel in seconding one of the members of his small staff had come to an end. Naturally, I asked who the new recruit was. He said one Evans who was working in the British Treasury Solicitor's Department. The Treasury Solicitor in Britain is the top Civil Service lawyer who advises Government on all legal matters other than criminal cases which were not dealt with by the Attorney General or Solicitor General and who instructs counsel to appear for Government in cases before the courts. His staff also draft most of the subsidiary legislation made under the Acts which had been drafted by the First Parliamentary Counsel's Office. Although Evans is a common Welsh name, even one of my ancestors bore that name, I had a momentary inspiration and asked him what was the first name of this Evans he had recruited. He tried to recall but soon confessed that he had forgotten. He remembered, however, that this Evans had a string of initials. So I asked him whether those initials were I.M.P? He said yes, how do you know. I told him that I. M. P. Evans was my tutor at Oxford. I was, indeed, delighted that I was to meet Ian again. But I knew he was going to have a difficult time as his position would be questioned on the ground that his recruitment was an additional acknowledgement of the inability of Ghanaians to discharge functions for which they were capable. +| In my research division, I continued to do odd jobs, mainly researching for the Minister. I had little responsibility for other members of staff. I saw little of the Attorney-General. Before the enactment of the Public Property (Protection) and Corrupt Practices (Prevention) Act, 1962 (Act 121) the Minister asked me to advise him on the adoption of provisions in the Russian Criminal Law on poor management and responsibility for theft of Governmental and Public Property. I opened my advice by saying, “Minister, there is no reason why provisions similar to the Russian Criminal Law provisions on 'Poor Management' and 'Responsibility for Theft of Governmental and Public Property' (attached hereto) should, if thought necessary, not be introduced into our law but, to fit them in, different treatment would be called for.” I had no objection to the introduction of the concept of management of State property in a manner which leads to its dissipation or of protection of State property should not be introduced into our law. There was enough evidence of the necessity of such a law. But I was anxious that we should not start formulating laws which were not in consonance with the traditions which we had so far developed. I went on to discuss the provisions of our existing laws which were akin to though not covering, the whole of the area he was considering and to suggest the manner in which our Criminal and Criminal Procedure Codes could be amended to take care of his concerns. He did not choose the method I had advised but went for a completely new Act with a dramatic title. But it remained on the statute book more as a threat than anything else because I do not recall it being used during the Nkrumah regime. Later on, when I was Director of Public Prosecutions, I had the Act reconstructed with the assistance of Kofi Tetteh under the title of ****.【*40 fix】 The major concern that I had with Minister Ofori Attah's Act was that it established, as the procedure, an enquiry procedure which went into an allegation of corruption. Then upon an adverse finding by the enquiry, the person adversely affected was made liable to punishment. But this, I thought, was not enough protection for the person accused. The enquiry may have come to its conclusion without giving him an opportunity of cross-examining witnesses or of hearing him. It could have made its findings based solely on hearsay evidence. The Act made no fine distinctions in such matters, any finding of a commission or committee of enquiry was sufficient. In the restructured enactment that I had passed, the findings of the enquiry together with the evidence in support became prima facie evidence against the person affected in a criminal trial. The prosecution did not have to call witnesses all over again to make such a prima facie case. The accused at the criminal trial is then called upon to make his defence, which could consist of the submission followed by evidence that he was not heard at the enquiry or not allowed to cross-examine witnesses or not invited to call or make available witnesses to support his case or that the enquiry finding was based on nothing else but hearsay evidence or, indeed, any defence he wished to make. The finding of the criminal trial court would be based on the totality of the evidence, namely, the enquiry report and the material derived from the criminal trial. Questions like the burden of proof in criminal trials remained unaffected. But even this improved statute remained more as a threat than an operative instrument during the reign of Nkrumah. One of the many sins I am supposed to have committed in the Office during Geoffrey Bing's Attorney-Generalship was that, some time in 1961, Bing recruited Ian Evans, my tutor at Jesus College, Oxford, as a legal drafting advisor in succession to Francis Bennion. I had not discussed Ian prior to his recruitment by Bing. I had not been in touch with Ian since I left Oxford. I knew he had left Oxford the year I graduated but I did not know what had happened to him. But then, other people were not to know this. I got to know that Ian was coming to replace Bennion when Bing ran into me on the Office verandah one day and told me that he had succeeded in getting a replacement for Bennion. I knew he had had difficulty in finding a replacement for Bennion as the accommodation granted him by the First Parliamentary Counsel in seconding one of the members of his small staff had come to an end. Naturally, I asked who the new recruit was. He said one Evans who was working in the British Treasury Solicitor's Department. The Treasury Solicitor in Britain is the top Civil Service lawyer who advises Government on all legal matters other than criminal cases which were not dealt with by the Attorney General or Solicitor General and who instructs counsel to appear for Government in cases before the courts. His staff also draft most of the subsidiary legislation made under the Acts which had been drafted by the First Parliamentary Counsel's Office. Although Evans is a common Welsh name, even one of my ancestors bore that name, I had a momentary inspiration and asked him what was the first name of this Evans he had recruited. He tried to recall but soon confessed that he had forgotten. He remembered, however, that this Evans had a string of initials. So I asked him whether those initials were I.M.P? He said yes, how do you know. I told him that I. M. P. Evans was my tutor at Oxford. I was, indeed, delighted that I was to meet Ian again. But I knew he was going to have a difficult time as his position would be questioned on the ground that his recruitment was an additional acknowledgement of the inability of Ghanaians to discharge functions for which they were capable. [353] para .part: body @@ -4854,10 +4886,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 305 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: BA8BBCAD22AA19E19B2814F0F807765C4534FDB7598C444AF60554947F60B480 +.sha256: 5AF2C875295431ECBED96E9230143678C3949BAC2E662E34CA5023703C5BFFDC +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s6 .segment_epub_is: s6 -| Ian left for England on 30 November 1963. He continued for some time with the Treasury Solicitor but later joined British Steel Corporation as its Legal Adviser and Secretary until his retirement. Politically, the country had been moving decidedly towards the east. There had been charges starting soon after independence that Ghana was moving towards the Soviet block. Ghana's role as a radical African country, finding itself often criticising the role of the west in international affairs and moves to detach itself from common approach adopted by the west were pointed at as evidence of Ghana's leftward lurch. I did not accept at the time that we were necessarily turning eastward. Even the change to Republicanism from the British monarchy as the Head of State was numbered as one of the supporting pieces of evidence. I had always maintained a sceptical attitude in such arguments because, as I saw it, the Gold Coast had been a part of the British colonial empire for such a long time that any move it could make as an independent country was bound to be away from that status and bound to be interpreted by some as a move against the west. However, after Ghana became a Republic and, especially after a grenade was thrown at Nkrumah in 1961(?)~[* 1963? suggested ]~ at Kulungugu in the Upper region on his return by land from a visit to Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso), the feeling he must have entertained that the west was trying to get rid of him must have intensified and he increased the level of security protection he had from the east. +| Ian left for England on 30 November 1963. He continued for some time with the Treasury Solicitor but later joined British Steel Corporation as its Legal Adviser and Secretary until his retirement. Politically, the country had been moving decidedly towards the east. There had been charges starting soon after independence that Ghana was moving towards the Soviet block. Ghana's role as a radical African country, finding itself often criticising the role of the west in international affairs and moves to detach itself from common approach adopted by the west were pointed at as evidence of Ghana's leftward lurch. I did not accept at the time that we were necessarily turning eastward. Even the change to Republicanism from the British monarchy as the Head of State was numbered as one of the supporting pieces of evidence. I had always maintained a sceptical attitude in such arguments because, as I saw it, the Gold Coast had been a part of the British colonial empire for such a long time that any move it could make as an independent country was bound to be away from that status and bound to be interpreted by some as a move against the west. However, after Ghana became a Republic and, especially after a grenade was thrown at Nkrumah in 1961(?)【*41 1963? suggested】 at Kulungugu in the Upper region on his return by land from a visit to Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso), the feeling he must have entertained that the west was trying to get rid of him must have intensified and he increased the level of security protection he had from the east. [358] para .part: body @@ -4902,10 +4935,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 305 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: C29AAD99DE50894623A487F0CDBF0392E096B023F1019B90A4F1D918CB0344A7 +.sha256: B4597CFD5E09302F73906FCBFD9524DC22A44B50D081AB4E9402D3BF1907B900 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s6 .segment_epub_is: s6 -| After the speeches, we had lunch and parted company. This was followed by meetings in the Ministries to which officers of the rank of Principal Secretary and its equivalent, which included the Solicitor General, Director of Public Prosecutions and all Principal State Attorneys were summoned for discussions. We were summoned to one of these meetings in the early afternoon of 18(?)~[* date? ]~ July 1962. I walked across from our Office to the meeting with Dua Sakyi, the DPP, and sat by him. The meeting was delayed for some time because, as we learnt later, we were waiting for I. K. Impraim, the Deputy Secretary to the Cabinet. When he eventually arrived, he made straight for Dua Sakyi and myself, handed him a letter and another to me. It was totally unexpected. I opened mine gingerly to see what it was all about. It merely said that I had been promoted DPP as from the following day and added congratulations. I turned round to Dua Sakyi and asked him what his letter had said. There was a look of puzzlement on his face. He showed it to me. It was an exact copy of my letter except that instead of promotion as DPP, it said he had been appointed Principal State Attorney. Our positions had been switched. I was terribly embarrassed. Dua Sakyi was my friend. Since our Oxford days, we had regarded him as our elder. He was a mature student when he went up. I asked him what was the meaning of this and he said he did not know. But he looked very shaken. The ensuing meaning did not have any relevance to either of us. I left the meeting in a daze and as I approached the AG's Office, I was met by Ian Evans and he asked anxiously what was wrong as I looked disturbed. I confessed that I had just received a letter saying that I was promoted DPP as from the following day. He said, why, that is a cause for congratulations. For the first time, I saw that there was another side to the occurrence. +| After the speeches, we had lunch and parted company. This was followed by meetings in the Ministries to which officers of the rank of Principal Secretary and its equivalent, which included the Solicitor General, Director of Public Prosecutions and all Principal State Attorneys were summoned for discussions. We were summoned to one of these meetings in the early afternoon of 18(?)【*42 date?】 July 1962. I walked across from our Office to the meeting with Dua Sakyi, the DPP, and sat by him. The meeting was delayed for some time because, as we learnt later, we were waiting for I. K. Impraim, the Deputy Secretary to the Cabinet. When he eventually arrived, he made straight for Dua Sakyi and myself, handed him a letter and another to me. It was totally unexpected. I opened mine gingerly to see what it was all about. It merely said that I had been promoted DPP as from the following day and added congratulations. I turned round to Dua Sakyi and asked him what his letter had said. There was a look of puzzlement on his face. He showed it to me. It was an exact copy of my letter except that instead of promotion as DPP, it said he had been appointed Principal State Attorney. Our positions had been switched. I was terribly embarrassed. Dua Sakyi was my friend. Since our Oxford days, we had regarded him as our elder. He was a mature student when he went up. I asked him what was the meaning of this and he said he did not know. But he looked very shaken. The ensuing meaning did not have any relevance to either of us. I left the meeting in a daze and as I approached the AG's Office, I was met by Ian Evans and he asked anxiously what was wrong as I looked disturbed. I confessed that I had just received a letter saying that I was promoted DPP as from the following day. He said, why, that is a cause for congratulations. For the first time, I saw that there was another side to the occurrence. [362] para .part: body @@ -4914,10 +4948,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 305 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 81D29424E46970337523E99C402A720BB60CDAE6D854FDF3C0A4DDA6A6B5F7D0 +.sha256: 84B8EDD6F344DD1AE5B71CBE30B3EB2579416CCC972195E3172E60F49597F2A4 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s6 .segment_epub_is: s6 -| Dua Sakyi must have gone through very agonising times. Aaron Ofori Attah was our Minister. They were quite close as they both came from Akim Abuakwa and it was through Aaron that he had joined the Office late in life in his senior position. But Dua Sakyi had no advance warning of the catastrophe and Aaron was not able to help him afterwards to reduce his agony by having him shifted somewhere else after the change. He eventually resigned from the service shortly after. I lost somebody~[* someone ]~ I considered a friend because he never really talked to me again. I need hardly say that I could not have had anything to do with his fall. I did not follow his career as DPP closely, so I did not know how he was discharging his duties. I was, on the other hand, enjoying myself in my division of research carrying on all sorts of odd assignments. He was the friend of the Minister whom I never visited socially. The switch in offices had come from the President's Office and there was no doubt that it was made at the instance of the President himself. But apart from public functions to which I was invited, I never met the President. I had no line to him. What could have happened? One explanation I later got was that the change was made upon a complaint levelled by Chief Justice Korsah. He was then close to Nkrumah. As the explanation went, he and his Supreme Court had been dissatisfied with Dua Sakyi for some time. On the morning of the eventful day, some conduct of Dua Sakyi had angered the Court so much that the Chief Justice got in touch with the President and laid his complaint. He thought Dua Sakyi ought to be removed. Thereafter, the President asked around his confidants about who could discharge the functions of DPP properly. My information was that I was suggested by Kwaw-Swanzy, then in private practice and quite close to Nkrumah. He was later to become my Attorney-General. Impraim was asked to write the letters, which he did while the meeting was waiting for him. +| Dua Sakyi must have gone through very agonising times. Aaron Ofori Attah was our Minister. They were quite close as they both came from Akim Abuakwa and it was through Aaron that he had joined the Office late in life in his senior position. But Dua Sakyi had no advance warning of the catastrophe and Aaron was not able to help him afterwards to reduce his agony by having him shifted somewhere else after the change. He eventually resigned from the service shortly after. I lost somebody【*43 someone】 I considered a friend because he never really talked to me again. I need hardly say that I could not have had anything to do with his fall. I did not follow his career as DPP closely, so I did not know how he was discharging his duties. I was, on the other hand, enjoying myself in my division of research carrying on all sorts of odd assignments. He was the friend of the Minister whom I never visited socially. The switch in offices had come from the President's Office and there was no doubt that it was made at the instance of the President himself. But apart from public functions to which I was invited, I never met the President. I had no line to him. What could have happened? One explanation I later got was that the change was made upon a complaint levelled by Chief Justice Korsah. He was then close to Nkrumah. As the explanation went, he and his Supreme Court had been dissatisfied with Dua Sakyi for some time. On the morning of the eventful day, some conduct of Dua Sakyi had angered the Court so much that the Chief Justice got in touch with the President and laid his complaint. He thought Dua Sakyi ought to be removed. Thereafter, the President asked around his confidants about who could discharge the functions of DPP properly. My information was that I was suggested by Kwaw-Swanzy, then in private practice and quite close to Nkrumah. He was later to become my Attorney-General. Impraim was asked to write the letters, which he did while the meeting was waiting for him. [363] para .part: body @@ -5016,10 +5051,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 305 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: D681886B22DD5E7B806BFF1243B8FBB5CDEE0902E98F78738B0B553BB124A556 +.sha256: 4E89EC75754470D56C1E78F4A1E378AF3C986CA782EC8853A999100432E2B3F5 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s6 .segment_epub_is: s6 -| Incidentally the Ofei Awere whom he mentioned was Lawyer Awere who was my godfather. He later became the Paramount Chief of Akwapem State under the Stool name of Nana Kwadade II(?).~[* name check? ]~ I remember that the last time I saw him was when we, in the primary class 4 and 5 at Achimota primary school based at Aburi, walked from Aburi to Dodowa to observe the proceedings of the Joint Provincial Council of Chiefs. I think he was presiding over the Council on that day. I was then about 12 years old and was quite proud to point him out as my godfather. He explained the proceedings of the Council to us after they closed. Then Johnny Quashie-Idun and I had a little time with him before our walk back to Aburi. Unfortunately, he died early and I did not have further opportunity of developing a relationship with him. In later years, his son, Daniel Awere, was a school friend and fellow horse racing enthusiast at Achimota. +| Incidentally the Ofei Awere whom he mentioned was Lawyer Awere who was my godfather. He later became the Paramount Chief of Akwapem State under the Stool name of Nana Kwadade II(?).【*44 name check?】 I remember that the last time I saw him was when we, in the primary class 4 and 5 at Achimota primary school based at Aburi, walked from Aburi to Dodowa to observe the proceedings of the Joint Provincial Council of Chiefs. I think he was presiding over the Council on that day. I was then about 12 years old and was quite proud to point him out as my godfather. He explained the proceedings of the Council to us after they closed. Then Johnny Quashie-Idun and I had a little time with him before our walk back to Aburi. Unfortunately, he died early and I did not have further opportunity of developing a relationship with him. In later years, his son, Daniel Awere, was a school friend and fellow horse racing enthusiast at Achimota. [371] para .part: body @@ -5130,10 +5166,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 305 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 43955FA0F35FFE6AB656E6148D6E09982D4E85DFA9B572FED5B59C0C337EAFF3 +.sha256: 87900DFCF59F9B370F36AEFC4E5A5FE883F4A8EA40FEA9DC24BAF67A295A317C +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s6 .segment_epub_is: s6 -| Even before I became DPP, I had started on a career which was to play a major part of my life later on. I became a part-time law lecturer, in both the Law Faculty of the University of Ghana and the Law School. The Law Faculty in the University of Ghana was established at a late stage, as law was considered by the colonial administration as an unnecessary and provocative profession. Soon thereafter, at the instigation of Geoffrey Bing, the Law School behind the Supreme Court building was established. I remember the opening of the Law School by Nkrumah. I have no doubt that his speech that day was written by Bing. He sat by me and as Nkrumah read that speech, I could see in him the anxiety of the composer who is hearing his work played for the first time. There was that look of relief when the difficult passages were executed effectively by the player. It was in that speech that Nkrumah called for the abolition of the wig and gown, describing the wig as that “ridiculous headgear” which had been foisted on us by our colonial masters. I understand that after that speech there was a meeting of the General Legal Council to consider the matter. Lawyers are very conservative and they would normally not like to shed apparel which distinguished them from the ordinary man in the street. But in this instance some were incensed that the suggestion for abolition of the cherished apparel did not come from any of them but from an outsider. They refused to accede to Nkrumah's appeal. The story goes that as the meeting went on, there were agents of the famous wig and gown makers Ede and Ravenscroft of London pacing up and down the corridor, prepared, if Nkrumah's objection was to a blind copying of the English off-white wig and a black gown, to offer us a grey wig and gown as substitutes. That story may have been apocryphal. But anyway, when the Law School was established, Bing brought John Lang, who had up till that time been the Deputy Solicitor of ICI in England to hold the Chair of Professor at the Law Faculty in the University and Head of the Law School. ⑆-┨ Lang had been relieved of his post because his wife was supposed to be a communist, and the British Government was threatening to withdraw valuable contracts from the conglomerate if Lang continued in his position. ┣- ~[* repetition, check on ]~ Lang was subsequently succeeded by Professor Harvey, the American. Harvey had chosen another American, Robert Seidman, to lecture in Criminal Law. But Bob Seidman was not in Ghana at the time, and I was asked to lecture in the meantime in Criminal Law at the University and in Criminal Procedure at the Law School. I started this, but when Bob Seidman came he took over the Criminal Law lectures and I continued with the Criminal Procedure. It was an experience which was to prove most rewarding. I enjoyed teaching. But throughout my teaching life, I could never relax over it. Each time, I had to read over my notes for the lecture before appearing at the lecture. It did not matter that I had been doing the same thing for years, and the procedure was the same; I could never feel confident about how the lecture was going to go otherwise. +| Even before I became DPP, I had started on a career which was to play a major part of my life later on. I became a part-time law lecturer, in both the Law Faculty of the University of Ghana and the Law School. The Law Faculty in the University of Ghana was established at a late stage, as law was considered by the colonial administration as an unnecessary and provocative profession. Soon thereafter, at the instigation of Geoffrey Bing, the Law School behind the Supreme Court building was established. I remember the opening of the Law School by Nkrumah. I have no doubt that his speech that day was written by Bing. He sat by me and as Nkrumah read that speech, I could see in him the anxiety of the composer who is hearing his work played for the first time. There was that look of relief when the difficult passages were executed effectively by the player. It was in that speech that Nkrumah called for the abolition of the wig and gown, describing the wig as that “ridiculous headgear” which had been foisted on us by our colonial masters. I understand that after that speech there was a meeting of the General Legal Council to consider the matter. Lawyers are very conservative and they would normally not like to shed apparel which distinguished them from the ordinary man in the street. But in this instance some were incensed that the suggestion for abolition of the cherished apparel did not come from any of them but from an outsider. They refused to accede to Nkrumah's appeal. The story goes that as the meeting went on, there were agents of the famous wig and gown makers Ede and Ravenscroft of London pacing up and down the corridor, prepared, if Nkrumah's objection was to a blind copying of the English off-white wig and a black gown, to offer us a grey wig and gown as substitutes. That story may have been apocryphal. But anyway, when the Law School was established, Bing brought John Lang, who had up till that time been the Deputy Solicitor of ICI in England to hold the Chair of Professor at the Law Faculty in the University and Head of the Law School. ⑆-┨ Lang had been relieved of his post because his wife was supposed to be a communist, and the British Government was threatening to withdraw valuable contracts from the conglomerate if Lang continued in his position. ┣- 【*45 repetition, check on】 Lang was subsequently succeeded by Professor Harvey, the American. Harvey had chosen another American, Robert Seidman, to lecture in Criminal Law. But Bob Seidman was not in Ghana at the time, and I was asked to lecture in the meantime in Criminal Law at the University and in Criminal Procedure at the Law School. I started this, but when Bob Seidman came he took over the Criminal Law lectures and I continued with the Criminal Procedure. It was an experience which was to prove most rewarding. I enjoyed teaching. But throughout my teaching life, I could never relax over it. Each time, I had to read over my notes for the lecture before appearing at the lecture. It did not matter that I had been doing the same thing for years, and the procedure was the same; I could never feel confident about how the lecture was going to go otherwise. [380] heading :1 .part: body @@ -5187,10 +5224,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 380 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 3340F12D3F5B1C9B72A6021C8169A02A5A391FBCA7E4C47C44EE6DA1010FDDB4 +.sha256: D2D4E4BDA35D3B5FA9411212BC3EFAC1CC9B00D2D659E2D44FFA4D992A035EDD +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s7 .segment_epub_is: s7 -| Kwaw also had a sense of humour. I remember the advice which he gave Ben Dorkenoo, when Ben had got his first job with the United Nations and he had applied for permission to leave Ghana to take up the appointment. It was during the time that any Ghanaian leaving Ghana needed to have an exit permit. Kwaku Boateng was then Minister of Interior and, as such, was responsible for the grant of these permits. Ben Dorkenoo had made his application but had got no approval for quite some time. He was getting anxious because the time for him to assume duties was fast approaching and, if he was not able to meet it, the offer of appointment would be withrawn. He knew Kweku~[ Kwaku (Uncle Roger asks) ]~ Boateng and had asked him about it. Kwaku Boateng denied seeing the application; the implication being that the application had got caught in the bureaucratic logjam. But an enquiry from the Principal Secretary had elicited the information that the application had been on the desk of the Minister for some time. Ben came to see Kwaw in the latter's house. What Ben really wanted was for Kwaw to either intercede with Kwaku Boateng or to let Nkrumah, whom Kwaw was supposed to be close to, know about the problem to get Kwaku Boateng to act. After Ben had finished telling his story, Kwaw came up with this surprising advice. He said the best advice he could give Ben was for him to hire a gang of thugs to waylay Kwaku Boateng and to beat him up severely because that is the only way that Nkrumah would recognise that people did not like Kwaku Boateng. However much one tried otherwise to convey the message to Nkrumah, he would not hear of it. Ben left in despair. He eventually managed to get to his post at the UN through Lome and stayed a UN Civil Servant for many years thereafter. +| Kwaw also had a sense of humour. I remember the advice which he gave Ben Dorkenoo, when Ben had got his first job with the United Nations and he had applied for permission to leave Ghana to take up the appointment. It was during the time that any Ghanaian leaving Ghana needed to have an exit permit. Kwaku Boateng was then Minister of Interior and, as such, was responsible for the grant of these permits. Ben Dorkenoo had made his application but had got no approval for quite some time. He was getting anxious because the time for him to assume duties was fast approaching and, if he was not able to meet it, the offer of appointment would be withrawn. He knew Kweku【*46 Kwaku (Uncle Roger asks)】 Boateng and had asked him about it. Kwaku Boateng denied seeing the application; the implication being that the application had got caught in the bureaucratic logjam. But an enquiry from the Principal Secretary had elicited the information that the application had been on the desk of the Minister for some time. Ben came to see Kwaw in the latter's house. What Ben really wanted was for Kwaw to either intercede with Kwaku Boateng or to let Nkrumah, whom Kwaw was supposed to be close to, know about the problem to get Kwaku Boateng to act. After Ben had finished telling his story, Kwaw came up with this surprising advice. He said the best advice he could give Ben was for him to hire a gang of thugs to waylay Kwaku Boateng and to beat him up severely because that is the only way that Nkrumah would recognise that people did not like Kwaku Boateng. However much one tried otherwise to convey the message to Nkrumah, he would not hear of it. Ben left in despair. He eventually managed to get to his post at the UN through Lome and stayed a UN Civil Servant for many years thereafter. [384] para .part: body @@ -5199,10 +5237,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 380 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: A954EA606F25F07E59CFD530FBB5BA1D781C4E83B879BF16D0ADA1A8D9592082 +.sha256: 3BA02FD8FDD796018BC9567002C611E18825D7F96F959DAA4C19DB8B24E1CF3D +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s7 .segment_epub_is: s7 -| I met quite a number of people, some of them of the intelligence fraternity, at Kwaw's house. It was there that I first met Eric Otu, then supposed to be co-ordinating security for Nkrumah. I also met the mysterious Major General Hassan from time to time at his house. These were all social occasions. Occasionally, Kwame Sarbah was present. Always, Kwaw was generous with his drinks. Sometimes my visit was for work but often not. I had an easy relationship with him. It was on one of the working sessions in 1963 that I acquired a reputation which Sarbah teased me about for years afterwards. It was about lunch-time but we were in the middle of a discussion which we could not break immediately. The earth began to rumble and the building began to shake. It was an earthquake. My first reaction was to reach for Kwaw's telephone to phone Stella at home to find out how she and Ralph were. I thought it was natural. I could never hear the end of this act,~[* fact? ]~ at least not from Kwame Sarbah. +| I met quite a number of people, some of them of the intelligence fraternity, at Kwaw's house. It was there that I first met Eric Otu, then supposed to be co-ordinating security for Nkrumah. I also met the mysterious Major General Hassan from time to time at his house. These were all social occasions. Occasionally, Kwame Sarbah was present. Always, Kwaw was generous with his drinks. Sometimes my visit was for work but often not. I had an easy relationship with him. It was on one of the working sessions in 1963 that I acquired a reputation which Sarbah teased me about for years afterwards. It was about lunch-time but we were in the middle of a discussion which we could not break immediately. The earth began to rumble and the building began to shake. It was an earthquake. My first reaction was to reach for Kwaw's telephone to phone Stella at home to find out how she and Ralph were. I thought it was natural. I could never hear the end of this act,【*47 fact?】 at least not from Kwame Sarbah. [385] para .part: body @@ -5247,10 +5286,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 380 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: F9B05ED193EEEF65AD43330621A0A4B1D4B8B3BAAFC77DD271CAD4C1C0FD8823 +.sha256: 0BE46C8EC01FB82A8BEB1EDAF41D53FC120F28716EB8B290B70D70728C8416C7 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s7 .segment_epub_is: s7 -| Indeed, one thing I did which caused me great satisfaction while I was the DPP was to write a homily on the consequences of indiscriminate detentions without justifiable cause. When the Preventive Detention Act was first enacted, those detained were given some notice of the grounds on which they were detained. The grounds were quite general and wide, often alleging action against the security of the State over a lengthy period of time without giving specific dates or specific actions. The Act called for this notice to enable the detained person to make representations against his detention. But the need to follow a recognised procedure must have acted as a restraint on the freedom to issue these detention orders. But by the time I became DPP the practice of serving detainees with the grounds of their detention had fallen into disuse. By then, detention without trial had become a common thing which several Police Officers, taking advantage of the lack of enforcement of the requirement for the service of grounds, indulged in, whether because they ordered the detention at a time when they thought there was a case against the detainee, or because they were acting on the instructions of a third person who had a grudge to settle. I was aware that one officer in Ashanti had developed his own system of detention which involved a common printed form ordering the detention of a person, whose name was left blank and the signature of the officer and the date were also left blank. All he had to do was to insert the name and sign and date the document and there was a detention order on which the Police of the region acted. It was not really preventive detention under the Act but that was what preventive detention, with its indefinite term and lack of judicial scrutiny had led the public to accept. It seemed to me that, even if there was cause for the detention of the person, often after investigation when it was found that the original complaint which led to the detention had no substance, instead of releasing the detained person, which probably would, in their minds, amount to an admission of error, the Police found it easier to forget about him to languish in custody. I first asked the Criminal Investigation Department with which worked I closely to supply me with a list of all persons held in Police custody, the date they were arrested, the charges against them and the status of the investigation. The returns I received was~[* constituted? ]~ an embarrassing document. A large number of persons were held in custody, some over a long period of time, against whom the charge for their detention was “unspecified”. That was the time when I wrote the homily. It dealt with the powers of arrest recognised by the law and tried to analyse in each case the procedures which ought to be followed. I pointed out the obvious that there was no recognised procedure under the law for the arrest and detention of any person for a reason that cannot be specified. I wrote about the number of people affected by illegal arrests and the disaffection which was bound to arise from such action. I later learnt that this letter had led to a number of people being released. I had written directly to the Police on what I thought was a confidential matter. But Ghana being what it is, not long after that, Victor Owusu, one of the leaders of the Opposition, told me that he had heard that I had been writing to the Police about illegal arrests and detentions. One other consequence followed from this address to the Police which I shall presently relate. +| Indeed, one thing I did which caused me great satisfaction while I was the DPP was to write a homily on the consequences of indiscriminate detentions without justifiable cause. When the Preventive Detention Act was first enacted, those detained were given some notice of the grounds on which they were detained. The grounds were quite general and wide, often alleging action against the security of the State over a lengthy period of time without giving specific dates or specific actions. The Act called for this notice to enable the detained person to make representations against his detention. But the need to follow a recognised procedure must have acted as a restraint on the freedom to issue these detention orders. But by the time I became DPP the practice of serving detainees with the grounds of their detention had fallen into disuse. By then, detention without trial had become a common thing which several Police Officers, taking advantage of the lack of enforcement of the requirement for the service of grounds, indulged in, whether because they ordered the detention at a time when they thought there was a case against the detainee, or because they were acting on the instructions of a third person who had a grudge to settle. I was aware that one officer in Ashanti had developed his own system of detention which involved a common printed form ordering the detention of a person, whose name was left blank and the signature of the officer and the date were also left blank. All he had to do was to insert the name and sign and date the document and there was a detention order on which the Police of the region acted. It was not really preventive detention under the Act but that was what preventive detention, with its indefinite term and lack of judicial scrutiny had led the public to accept. It seemed to me that, even if there was cause for the detention of the person, often after investigation when it was found that the original complaint which led to the detention had no substance, instead of releasing the detained person, which probably would, in their minds, amount to an admission of error, the Police found it easier to forget about him to languish in custody. I first asked the Criminal Investigation Department with which worked I closely to supply me with a list of all persons held in Police custody, the date they were arrested, the charges against them and the status of the investigation. The returns I received was【*48 constituted?】 an embarrassing document. A large number of persons were held in custody, some over a long period of time, against whom the charge for their detention was “unspecified”. That was the time when I wrote the homily. It dealt with the powers of arrest recognised by the law and tried to analyse in each case the procedures which ought to be followed. I pointed out the obvious that there was no recognised procedure under the law for the arrest and detention of any person for a reason that cannot be specified. I wrote about the number of people affected by illegal arrests and the disaffection which was bound to arise from such action. I later learnt that this letter had led to a number of people being released. I had written directly to the Police on what I thought was a confidential matter. But Ghana being what it is, not long after that, Victor Owusu, one of the leaders of the Opposition, told me that he had heard that I had been writing to the Police about illegal arrests and detentions. One other consequence followed from this address to the Police which I shall presently relate. [389] para .part: body @@ -5283,10 +5323,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 380 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: A1BF41F4AA84FC65BD5456464B072538E40C05382524EB04374A38E1F84C059F +.sha256: E1C6A7A623599CECA437C47EE309175AB3BC5C2D5EA1C993582F90A041AC7ED1 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s7 .segment_epub_is: s7 -| With the case nullified, all the accused were kept in custody. The Special Criminal Division of the High Court was reconstituted:~[* originally “reformed” ]~ instead of three judges, it was to have one judge who was to sit with a jury. The jury was to be specially selected. The trial judge was obliged, at the end of the prosecution case, to call upon the defence to make its case. The decision of guilt or otherwise had to be left to the jury. The court, unlike the previous one, was to sit in camera. Justice Sarkodee Adoo succeeded Korsah as the Chief Justice. The treason case against the same accused persons was brought before him sitting with the special jury. The trial was held in camera at Christiansborg Castle. Kwaw Swanzy again led for the prosecution. This time I was not called upon to assist. Kobina Taylor was his most senior assistant. All the accused persons were convicted by the jury and they were duly sentenced. +| With the case nullified, all the accused were kept in custody. The Special Criminal Division of the High Court was reconstituted:【*49 originally “reformed”】 instead of three judges, it was to have one judge who was to sit with a jury. The jury was to be specially selected. The trial judge was obliged, at the end of the prosecution case, to call upon the defence to make its case. The decision of guilt or otherwise had to be left to the jury. The court, unlike the previous one, was to sit in camera. Justice Sarkodee Adoo succeeded Korsah as the Chief Justice. The treason case against the same accused persons was brought before him sitting with the special jury. The trial was held in camera at Christiansborg Castle. Kwaw Swanzy again led for the prosecution. This time I was not called upon to assist. Kobina Taylor was his most senior assistant. All the accused persons were convicted by the jury and they were duly sentenced. [392] para .part: body @@ -5295,10 +5336,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 380 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: AEF5EC5E4339A90C05F2C53A8EFBFAB25E05790153DDBA285549DBE06F1B4413 +.sha256: 7DE3EE794BED9F11FC17EC9AA5CA7C5D1857F55335B8D8B77F896370E9BD0E9C +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s7 .segment_epub_is: s7 -| It was ironical that Chief Justice Korsah's tenure of office should have been terminated over his court's acquittal of Tawia Adamafio and Ako Adjei. Some time before then, an attempt had been made by a faction of the Government which no doubt included Ako Adjei and reputedly had the backing of Tawia Adamafio, to get rid of him. The election of a judge of the International Court of Justice normally starts by a nomination by a body called the National Committee(?)~[* consider ]~ formed by judges, lawyers and other international personalities distinguished in international affairs. The nomination is then put forward by the State which folllows up by promoting the candidature of the nominee until the elections by the United Nations General Assembly. A National Committee was formed mainly by Government nominees consisting of the Minister of Justice, the Attorney General, the Minister for Foreign Affairs, who was then Ako Adjei and the Chief Justice (Korsah). I was appointed the Secretary of the Committee. Its task was to select a candidate for election as a judge of the ICJ. When the meeting was called to order and its business was announced, Ako Adjei immediately nominated Chief Justice Korsah as the candidate. The Chief Justice protested. He had not expected to be nominated, he said; he himself had come to nominate Justice Van Lare. The Chief Justice had not planned to leave the Ghana bench at the time. His embarrassment may have been due to the fact that he had discussed the matter with Justice Van Lare before and had suggested that he was going to nominate Van Lare. So there was some difficulty over having to explain to Justice Van Lare, that instead of him, the person who was to have nominated him had rather been nominated. But Chief Justice Korsah's nomination was quickly approved. After the meeting I was seeing him off when he said, he repeated that he had not expected this result. He then asked me what the terms of appointment of a judge of the ICJ were. I told him that he held office for nine years to begin with and was eligible for re-election. The salary was by any Ghanaian standards astronomical. +| It was ironical that Chief Justice Korsah's tenure of office should have been terminated over his court's acquittal of Tawia Adamafio and Ako Adjei. Some time before then, an attempt had been made by a faction of the Government which no doubt included Ako Adjei and reputedly had the backing of Tawia Adamafio, to get rid of him. The election of a judge of the International Court of Justice normally starts by a nomination by a body called the National Committee(?)【*50 consider】 formed by judges, lawyers and other international personalities distinguished in international affairs. The nomination is then put forward by the State which folllows up by promoting the candidature of the nominee until the elections by the United Nations General Assembly. A National Committee was formed mainly by Government nominees consisting of the Minister of Justice, the Attorney General, the Minister for Foreign Affairs, who was then Ako Adjei and the Chief Justice (Korsah). I was appointed the Secretary of the Committee. Its task was to select a candidate for election as a judge of the ICJ. When the meeting was called to order and its business was announced, Ako Adjei immediately nominated Chief Justice Korsah as the candidate. The Chief Justice protested. He had not expected to be nominated, he said; he himself had come to nominate Justice Van Lare. The Chief Justice had not planned to leave the Ghana bench at the time. His embarrassment may have been due to the fact that he had discussed the matter with Justice Van Lare before and had suggested that he was going to nominate Van Lare. So there was some difficulty over having to explain to Justice Van Lare, that instead of him, the person who was to have nominated him had rather been nominated. But Chief Justice Korsah's nomination was quickly approved. After the meeting I was seeing him off when he said, he repeated that he had not expected this result. He then asked me what the terms of appointment of a judge of the ICJ were. I told him that he held office for nine years to begin with and was eligible for re-election. The salary was by any Ghanaian standards astronomical. [393] para .part: body @@ -5487,10 +5529,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 380 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 5338152C1DC4569A58FF3BFD85964F4FA088B096E1B2082B531BA37152F33CFC +.sha256: DE7BB74C1F93B3FF65B1F6DA5ACD043C1639BA5D570137F99E401407894D6123 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s7 .segment_epub_is: s7 -| Ghana was of some importance in the calculation of the international community around this time because it was then full of young diplomats who later rose high in the service of their own countries. It must have been taken as the training ground for promising young diplomats. Bill himself became Ambassador to Mozambique and later to Bangladesh, where he won the presidential order of merit in the service twice and, for many years later, the chairman of the Inspector~[* Inspectorate? ]~ of the US Embassies. He was unlucky to have been adversely noticed after Mozambique by the ultra-right Senator Jesse Helms, who was for many years a power in the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Senate responsible for approving ambassadorial appointments. Under Bill in the Political Section of the American Embassy served Jack Matlock, who later became the US Ambassador to Yugoslavia and then for many years the Ambassador to the Soviet Union, followed by a seat in the National Security Council advising the President of the US. Jack's and Rebecca's parties were characterised by games requiring a high degree of intellectual concentration. The Dutch sent a succession of young diplomats who occupied very high positions in later life. There were Wim and Aneke van Ekelen, who staged a memorable treasure hunt; Wim later rose to become his country's Minister of Defence, followed by the Secretary General of the Western European Union. They were soon succeeded by Joris and Yvone Vos; Joris later became Ambassador to Australia, to the Soviet Union followed by an ambassadorship to Russia and a number of the successor States of the disintegrated Union, and later of the United States. Dieter and Hildegard Schaad were in the German Embassy; they hosted the fancy dress party at which General Ankrah appeared some five days before Ankrah became Head of State; Dieter later ended up as Ambassador to the International Organisations in Austria. Mahen and Mona Mahendran were in the Sri Lanka High Commission; Mahen became his country's Ambassador successively to China and Japan and was, afterwards, adviser to the President on Foreign Affairs. The Ambassadors themselves were often people of quality. There was Franklin Williams, the American Ambassador who later took on the task of black education with the Phelps-Stokes Foundation. Jamsheed and Diana Marker represented Pakistan. Jamsheed was later Ambassador in Switzerland, then the United Nations and the US. Over thirty years later, he was still active as the UN Secretary-General's special representative on East Timor on its relations with Indonesia. Unfortunately, the Australian High Commissioner of the time, John Ryan, who was in Ghana with Pat, his wife, and who, after being among other things, High Commissioner to Canada, became head of the Australian intelligence services, died early after some of his staff had bungled a sensitive mission. Sending people of high quality to serve in the diplomatic corps in Ghana continued for some time after this. +| Ghana was of some importance in the calculation of the international community around this time because it was then full of young diplomats who later rose high in the service of their own countries. It must have been taken as the training ground for promising young diplomats. Bill himself became Ambassador to Mozambique and later to Bangladesh, where he won the presidential order of merit in the service twice and, for many years later, the chairman of the Inspector【*51 Inspectorate?】 of the US Embassies. He was unlucky to have been adversely noticed after Mozambique by the ultra-right Senator Jesse Helms, who was for many years a power in the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Senate responsible for approving ambassadorial appointments. Under Bill in the Political Section of the American Embassy served Jack Matlock, who later became the US Ambassador to Yugoslavia and then for many years the Ambassador to the Soviet Union, followed by a seat in the National Security Council advising the President of the US. Jack's and Rebecca's parties were characterised by games requiring a high degree of intellectual concentration. The Dutch sent a succession of young diplomats who occupied very high positions in later life. There were Wim and Aneke van Ekelen, who staged a memorable treasure hunt; Wim later rose to become his country's Minister of Defence, followed by the Secretary General of the Western European Union. They were soon succeeded by Joris and Yvone Vos; Joris later became Ambassador to Australia, to the Soviet Union followed by an ambassadorship to Russia and a number of the successor States of the disintegrated Union, and later of the United States. Dieter and Hildegard Schaad were in the German Embassy; they hosted the fancy dress party at which General Ankrah appeared some five days before Ankrah became Head of State; Dieter later ended up as Ambassador to the International Organisations in Austria. Mahen and Mona Mahendran were in the Sri Lanka High Commission; Mahen became his country's Ambassador successively to China and Japan and was, afterwards, adviser to the President on Foreign Affairs. The Ambassadors themselves were often people of quality. There was Franklin Williams, the American Ambassador who later took on the task of black education with the Phelps-Stokes Foundation. Jamsheed and Diana Marker represented Pakistan. Jamsheed was later Ambassador in Switzerland, then the United Nations and the US. Over thirty years later, he was still active as the UN Secretary-General's special representative on East Timor on its relations with Indonesia. Unfortunately, the Australian High Commissioner of the time, John Ryan, who was in Ghana with Pat, his wife, and who, after being among other things, High Commissioner to Canada, became head of the Australian intelligence services, died early after some of his staff had bungled a sensitive mission. Sending people of high quality to serve in the diplomatic corps in Ghana continued for some time after this. [409] para .part: body @@ -5511,10 +5554,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 380 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: F2D4FA237FD6EA16A1D59ECE92A8B6D7CAD238A9111B4FAD9B8A27FC04E4CC48 +.sha256: E21AF9D996DC3214E45CC75240BCF256AA279A208E88A7BDFAA6622537DD7C74 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s7 .segment_epub_is: s7 -| The trial was before Justice A. A. Akainyah, who had been appointed a judge in 1964.~[* fixed by Uncle Roger from note 127 at p.195 of “Contribution of the Courts to Govt.” ]~ I remember clearly when he returned from England as a qualified lawyer, because I was then in 1949 about to leave to England for further education and my father bought his black and grey herringbone great coat second-hand for me to take. Unfortunately, Akainyah was a much larger man than myself and I was saddled with this ill-fitting coat for a while. The defence was led by Victor Owusu. The original charges which came before the Magistrate's Court for committal had been drafted by me. But by the time the case came for trial these charges had, on the advise of Bing, been referred to the lawyers in England for review and they had made some modifications to the substance of the charges. Victor knew how this had come about and he paid me a compliment by saying that he was going to challenge the new charges and, in an aside, said the charges I had originally drafted were the correct ones. +| The trial was before Justice A. A. Akainyah, who had been appointed a judge in 1964.【*52 fixed by Uncle Roger from note 127 at p.195 of “Contribution of the Courts to Govt.”】 I remember clearly when he returned from England as a qualified lawyer, because I was then in 1949 about to leave to England for further education and my father bought his black and grey herringbone great coat second-hand for me to take. Unfortunately, Akainyah was a much larger man than myself and I was saddled with this ill-fitting coat for a while. The defence was led by Victor Owusu. The original charges which came before the Magistrate's Court for committal had been drafted by me. But by the time the case came for trial these charges had, on the advise of Bing, been referred to the lawyers in England for review and they had made some modifications to the substance of the charges. Victor knew how this had come about and he paid me a compliment by saying that he was going to challenge the new charges and, in an aside, said the charges I had originally drafted were the correct ones. [411] para .part: body @@ -5559,10 +5603,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 380 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 4D1A163D6CD02EFBAC4E0E49FE519565CB58A1C6146E6669DD27753344BA8C9B +.sha256: FD61D3CFFACBBFE56936A6F76DD1F4481B2740C17D8AF5B7C040DF18514F2D27 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s7 .segment_epub_is: s7 -| David Effah was the member of the Bar chosen. He turned out to be a congenial travelling companion. David and I flew from Ghana first to Rome, where we joined a flight from London to Australia on which Fred was. It was a long flight which we broke in Singapore. We arrived in Australia on the morning the conference started. Lord Gardiner, the Labour Lord Chancellor, was most impressive in his opening address, as indeed was Sir Elwyn Jones, the Attorney General. Among the dignitaries who then spoke was Sir Samuel Quashie-Idun (Uncle Okai). He was then on the East African Court of Appeal. Through him, I got an introduction to the Chief Justice of Nigeria, Sir Adetokumbo Ademola, and to Justice Udo Udoma, who was also on the East African Court. The Australian organisers, led by John Kerr, had put on an impressive programme of discussions and entertainment, which went off very well. I believe he was knighted afterwards. He later became Governor General of Australia and made history by sacking Gough Whitlam, the Labour Prime Minister. The conference organisers assigned groups of foreign Commonwealth lawyers to Australian lawyer hosts. Mine was Biddulph, who went around in very simple clothes but had a home which exuded wealth. He and his wife were most generous hosts. The name Biddulph was not common but I had been at St. Bees School with one Jim Biddulph and I asked my host whether he was connected. Of course, it was a wild enquiry; he thought their name was so unusual that they must be distantly related but he did not know my school-mate or his immediate family. Years later, Biddulph was to act as an equally generous host to my brother, Sonny, when he visited Australia. I was also invited by Justice and Mrs. Fox for dinner. Mrs. Fox had the practice of making her dinner guests sign their names on the table cloth used, which she afterwards embroidered. I had the good fortune to be invited by them again ten years later and was surprised to be shown the table cloth which we used in 1965. My pupil-master, Tom Kellock, wrote a paper and participated in the panel discussion arising from it, which made me quite proud by association. The Ghanaian contingent were put up at a motel in Wolomoloo, which apparently is not one of the best areas of Sydney. But the organisers must have been pressed to find sufficient accommodation for the large number of participants who turned up. I was dumbstruck by the breakfasts served at the motel. It consisted, among other things, of a large plate of lamb chops every morning. Obviously, the Australians being hard-working outdoor people, needed a hefty breakfast in the mornings. But such a hearty breakfast came as a surprise for someone who had been led to believe that eggs and bacon or kippers were the heaviest meal that a person should endure early in the morning.~[* sentence modified ]~ I was, however, taken by the general beauty of Sydney, especially the Middle Harbour area and its architecture, and wondered why my friend Winky Scott, the architect, had left the city for Ghana as a young man. +| David Effah was the member of the Bar chosen. He turned out to be a congenial travelling companion. David and I flew from Ghana first to Rome, where we joined a flight from London to Australia on which Fred was. It was a long flight which we broke in Singapore. We arrived in Australia on the morning the conference started. Lord Gardiner, the Labour Lord Chancellor, was most impressive in his opening address, as indeed was Sir Elwyn Jones, the Attorney General. Among the dignitaries who then spoke was Sir Samuel Quashie-Idun (Uncle Okai). He was then on the East African Court of Appeal. Through him, I got an introduction to the Chief Justice of Nigeria, Sir Adetokumbo Ademola, and to Justice Udo Udoma, who was also on the East African Court. The Australian organisers, led by John Kerr, had put on an impressive programme of discussions and entertainment, which went off very well. I believe he was knighted afterwards. He later became Governor General of Australia and made history by sacking Gough Whitlam, the Labour Prime Minister. The conference organisers assigned groups of foreign Commonwealth lawyers to Australian lawyer hosts. Mine was Biddulph, who went around in very simple clothes but had a home which exuded wealth. He and his wife were most generous hosts. The name Biddulph was not common but I had been at St. Bees School with one Jim Biddulph and I asked my host whether he was connected. Of course, it was a wild enquiry; he thought their name was so unusual that they must be distantly related but he did not know my school-mate or his immediate family. Years later, Biddulph was to act as an equally generous host to my brother, Sonny, when he visited Australia. I was also invited by Justice and Mrs. Fox for dinner. Mrs. Fox had the practice of making her dinner guests sign their names on the table cloth used, which she afterwards embroidered. I had the good fortune to be invited by them again ten years later and was surprised to be shown the table cloth which we used in 1965. My pupil-master, Tom Kellock, wrote a paper and participated in the panel discussion arising from it, which made me quite proud by association. The Ghanaian contingent were put up at a motel in Wolomoloo, which apparently is not one of the best areas of Sydney. But the organisers must have been pressed to find sufficient accommodation for the large number of participants who turned up. I was dumbstruck by the breakfasts served at the motel. It consisted, among other things, of a large plate of lamb chops every morning. Obviously, the Australians being hard-working outdoor people, needed a hefty breakfast in the mornings. But such a hearty breakfast came as a surprise for someone who had been led to believe that eggs and bacon or kippers were the heaviest meal that a person should endure early in the morning.【*53 sentence modified】 I was, however, taken by the general beauty of Sydney, especially the Middle Harbour area and its architecture, and wondered why my friend Winky Scott, the architect, had left the city for Ghana as a young man. [415] para .part: body @@ -5607,10 +5652,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 380 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: B256B76198CCDAE078087CB43D829DDE1131524F91925E191E20BB3F798CA653 +.sha256: 828CE78490E4E96C4CCE00BD6B83343B4FFAC47A76C65F2A09FAE1CDFDA423F0 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s7 .segment_epub_is: s7 -| On arrival at San Francisco Airport, I found a surprise invitation waiting for me. Just before I left Accra, I had seen Dick Davis who was with VALCO, the Kaiser Aluminum and Reynolds subsidiary, which had been established to buy the major part of the electricity generated by the Akosombo Dam in order to make the project viable. Dick was sorry he had not known earlier of my intended visit to San Francisco because he would otherwise have arranged for me to meet Virginia De Friest (nicknamed “Quig” standing for “the Quinby Girl”) as both her father and brother were lawyers in San Francisco. I regretted this fact but it was too late then to do anything about it. But there at the San Francisco Airport was a letter from Mr. James Quinby, Virginia's father, inviting me to phone him so that he or Carter, Virginia's brother could pick me up and drive me to his home in Palo Alto. I had never met Virginia but this, I thought, was an opportunity not to be missed. I had six days in San Francisco before moving to Washington D.C. for the next conference and I had no special programme for those days. So I phoned Quinby Senior, and we arranged that he would pick me up and take me to Palo Alto, which he did. I met Virginia's mother, Catherine, and later Carter and wife joined us for dinner. Carter, was in the same firm of Quinby, ***~[* missing name ]~ and Tweedt with his father, who had an admiralty practice, and was good company during my stay in San Francisco. I slept in Virginia's room, which was still furnished with her old cot and had her childhood dolls, that night. To her family, I was an old friend of Virginia's who had come visiting from Ghana and they treated me as such. Quinby Senior took me round the campus of Stanford University nearby and gave me a bit of its history. I met Virginia and her husband, Jim De Friest, who was with Mobil Oil in Ghana, when I returned from my American visit. +| On arrival at San Francisco Airport, I found a surprise invitation waiting for me. Just before I left Accra, I had seen Dick Davis who was with VALCO, the Kaiser Aluminum and Reynolds subsidiary, which had been established to buy the major part of the electricity generated by the Akosombo Dam in order to make the project viable. Dick was sorry he had not known earlier of my intended visit to San Francisco because he would otherwise have arranged for me to meet Virginia De Friest (nicknamed “Quig” standing for “the Quinby Girl”) as both her father and brother were lawyers in San Francisco. I regretted this fact but it was too late then to do anything about it. But there at the San Francisco Airport was a letter from Mr. James Quinby, Virginia's father, inviting me to phone him so that he or Carter, Virginia's brother could pick me up and drive me to his home in Palo Alto. I had never met Virginia but this, I thought, was an opportunity not to be missed. I had six days in San Francisco before moving to Washington D.C. for the next conference and I had no special programme for those days. So I phoned Quinby Senior, and we arranged that he would pick me up and take me to Palo Alto, which he did. I met Virginia's mother, Catherine, and later Carter and wife joined us for dinner. Carter, was in the same firm of Quinby, ***【*54 missing name】 and Tweedt with his father, who had an admiralty practice, and was good company during my stay in San Francisco. I slept in Virginia's room, which was still furnished with her old cot and had her childhood dolls, that night. To her family, I was an old friend of Virginia's who had come visiting from Ghana and they treated me as such. Quinby Senior took me round the campus of Stanford University nearby and gave me a bit of its history. I met Virginia and her husband, Jim De Friest, who was with Mobil Oil in Ghana, when I returned from my American visit. [419] para .part: body @@ -5691,10 +5737,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 380 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 483361E3DC21CA5573054B8FF26A6C5A38ECA55E532574EBF3D96A17742A975D +.sha256: 1B91CE5084DDAA91B64D8743301358E1A69711C7DA87DC0FE40561A50B786C2E +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s7 .segment_epub_is: s7 -| The atmosphere in Ghana was not so rosy. Tension had been mounting since the Kulungugu bomb was thrown in 1961, the political and security tensions increased continuously. Kulungugu was followed by the throwing of bombs at public meetings to create an sense of fear and insecurity among the Ghanaian people. Komla Agbeli Gbedema, who had been one of Nkrumah's right hand men from the inception of the CPP and who had been a capable Minister of Finance in the early years of independence, had broken with Nkrumah, escaped from the country and papers were being sent through the post ostensibly under his hand denouncing Nkrumah and threatening an overthrow of the regime. Nkrumah, who must have thought that the Kulungugu bomb was inspired by Western nations who wanted to get rid of him, had dispensed with earlier security advice from the West and was increasingly relying on Soviet protection and assistance. After Ametewee had shot at the President and killed Salifu Dagarti, the top echelon of the Police was arrested and detained. This included R. T. Madjitey, the first Ghanaian Head of the Police, who was then Inspector General, S. D. Amaning, one of his Deputies, and T. O. Adjirakor. The Security Services were re-organised in order to bring about what was supposed to be a rational and unified structure. But it was difficult to bring everything under one structure. It was for example, difficult to fit in Military Intelligence with the rest of the civilian structure. Nkrumah was accused of relying mainly on people of his Nzima tribe for his protection. This was supported by the closeness to him of his eminence ⑆_┨grise,┣_~[* grace??? ]~ Ambrose Yankey. But there was still the group of Anlogas from the Keta area in Special Branch even after John Harlley left Special Branch to become Inspector General of Police. It is also true that Ben Forjoe (Uncle Ben), who had succeeded Harlley as the head of Special Branch, was Nzima. But he was not under the control of Ambrose Yankey. Indeed, during this time, Special Branch had information that Ambrose Yankey's son, who apparently worked in his father's outfit, was going round the Lebanese community extorting money. Uncle Ben organised the arrest of Yankey junior while he was allegedly with one of these Lebanese victims who had handed him money prepared in a parcel by Special Branch. The case was taken to court. The papers were sent to me and I was asked to depute a State Attorney to prosecute. At about this time, Nkrumah went on one of his holiday meditation sessions in Western Ghana. Ambrose Yankey was with him. Shortly after that, Uncle Ben visited me at home one morning before I left for work to tell me that he had been instructed that a nolle prosequi should be entered in the case. I did. A British MI5 agent who had been attached to their High Commission, but who had been involved in the training of Special Branch personnel for the previous 9 years or so, was withdrawn from Ghana. +| The atmosphere in Ghana was not so rosy. Tension had been mounting since the Kulungugu bomb was thrown in 1961, the political and security tensions increased continuously. Kulungugu was followed by the throwing of bombs at public meetings to create an sense of fear and insecurity among the Ghanaian people. Komla Agbeli Gbedema, who had been one of Nkrumah's right hand men from the inception of the CPP and who had been a capable Minister of Finance in the early years of independence, had broken with Nkrumah, escaped from the country and papers were being sent through the post ostensibly under his hand denouncing Nkrumah and threatening an overthrow of the regime. Nkrumah, who must have thought that the Kulungugu bomb was inspired by Western nations who wanted to get rid of him, had dispensed with earlier security advice from the West and was increasingly relying on Soviet protection and assistance. After Ametewee had shot at the President and killed Salifu Dagarti, the top echelon of the Police was arrested and detained. This included R. T. Madjitey, the first Ghanaian Head of the Police, who was then Inspector General, S. D. Amaning, one of his Deputies, and T. O. Adjirakor. The Security Services were re-organised in order to bring about what was supposed to be a rational and unified structure. But it was difficult to bring everything under one structure. It was for example, difficult to fit in Military Intelligence with the rest of the civilian structure. Nkrumah was accused of relying mainly on people of his Nzima tribe for his protection. This was supported by the closeness to him of his eminence ⑆_┨grise,┣_【*55 grace???】 Ambrose Yankey. But there was still the group of Anlogas from the Keta area in Special Branch even after John Harlley left Special Branch to become Inspector General of Police. It is also true that Ben Forjoe (Uncle Ben), who had succeeded Harlley as the head of Special Branch, was Nzima. But he was not under the control of Ambrose Yankey. Indeed, during this time, Special Branch had information that Ambrose Yankey's son, who apparently worked in his father's outfit, was going round the Lebanese community extorting money. Uncle Ben organised the arrest of Yankey junior while he was allegedly with one of these Lebanese victims who had handed him money prepared in a parcel by Special Branch. The case was taken to court. The papers were sent to me and I was asked to depute a State Attorney to prosecute. At about this time, Nkrumah went on one of his holiday meditation sessions in Western Ghana. Ambrose Yankey was with him. Shortly after that, Uncle Ben visited me at home one morning before I left for work to tell me that he had been instructed that a nolle prosequi should be entered in the case. I did. A British MI5 agent who had been attached to their High Commission, but who had been involved in the training of Special Branch personnel for the previous 9 years or so, was withdrawn from Ghana. [426] para .part: body @@ -5787,10 +5834,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 380 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 016100FDB81A7F3199E20F860F19DC918FA134CE519A0DE97C8783BF7ADC2C58 +.sha256: B1A186DDD9322A576002EDBD830E1FEEBC2B1CF7D50952A0B4662C2D21E5817E +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s7 .segment_epub_is: s7 -| In January 1966, the Nigerian Government of Prime Minister Abubakar~[* check original name written was Abubakir ]~ Tafawa Balewa was overthrown by a coup. He and his Finance Minister, Chief Okotie Eboh, were killed. So was the Premier of Northern Nigeria, the Sardauna of Sokoto, who had always regarded Tafawa Balewa as his surrogate in the central government. The coup took place after a Commonwealth heads of government meeting in Lagos. There was talk of Prime Minister Wilson having information of the impending coup and inviting Tafawa Balewa to join him on his plane to England, an invitation which Tafawa Balewa declined. Nkrumah made an ungenerous remark about Tafawa Balewa being swept away by forces which he did not understand. He was to be reminded of this remark just one month later. In the unsettled situation created by the Nigerian coup, travel there was not easy. ⑆-┨ David Garrick was a director of Gulf Oil in Nigeria, and organised her transportation to Warri in the company's private aircraft. ┣- ~[* repeated a few paragraphs earlier ]~ +| In January 1966, the Nigerian Government of Prime Minister Abubakar【*56 check original name written was Abubakir】 Tafawa Balewa was overthrown by a coup. He and his Finance Minister, Chief Okotie Eboh, were killed. So was the Premier of Northern Nigeria, the Sardauna of Sokoto, who had always regarded Tafawa Balewa as his surrogate in the central government. The coup took place after a Commonwealth heads of government meeting in Lagos. There was talk of Prime Minister Wilson having information of the impending coup and inviting Tafawa Balewa to join him on his plane to England, an invitation which Tafawa Balewa declined. Nkrumah made an ungenerous remark about Tafawa Balewa being swept away by forces which he did not understand. He was to be reminded of this remark just one month later. In the unsettled situation created by the Nigerian coup, travel there was not easy. ⑆-┨ David Garrick was a director of Gulf Oil in Nigeria, and organised her transportation to Warri in the company's private aircraft. ┣- 【*57 repeated a few paragraphs earlier】 [434] para .part: body @@ -5928,10 +5976,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 436 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 518595F08157DCD1D9C5E01A2153B03720470C648804D775AB641FD7E492464D +.sha256: F9BABC311EE4EF418FFF7B6CB813411D74BAE33F2836360C8F750DB7A459D121 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s8 .segment_epub_is: s8 -| Eric Kwamena Otoo also came into the conference room. He was clearly worried. I had not seen him since the strange telephone call terminated the discussion between himself, Robert Hayfron-Benjamin and myself in his office on the other side of the wall around Flagstaff House on the problems and consequences of preventive detention. As he had unconsciously suggested the meaning of that call might be that things would get worse instead of getting better as we had both hoped. Ametewee, the police guard at Flagstaff House, had thereafter been arrested for attempting to assassinate Nkrumah and succeeding in killing the security officer, Salifu Dagarti. He was given a trial and convicted of murder. But a number of top police officers, inluding the IGP, Madjitey, one of his Deputies, S. D. Amaning, and Adjirakor were merely detained without trial for a long time as a result of Ametewee's failure in marksmanship. Eric now came and sat by me at the table and asked quietly whether I could tell the soldiers and policemen in charge of the affairs of the country that he was not really a bad man but that he had been followed around all day by soldiers brandishing guns who threatened to shoot him. When I got the opportunity, I passed Eric's concern on to Ankrah and Harlley. I did not have to explain what I thought of him. They knew. Indeed, Harlley had an assessment of all public servants who had been holding high office in the Nkrumah regime. They asked me to assure Eric that he would be all right from then on. It was Harlley then who told me that, in his position as the co-ordinator of security for Nkrumah, Eric had done a lot of good.~[* might prefer: “Eric had done a lot of good in his position as the co-ordinator of security”]~ According to Harlley, after the Second Treason Trial judgment had been given, Nkrumah, in his anger, ordered Eric that Chief Justice Korsah be detained. Eric merely accepted the order but did nothing about it. Apparently Nkrumah sometimes gave orders when upset by a person or situation. If one knew him well and thought that the order was ill-considered, one could risk not executing the order in the hope that after reflection, Nkrumah would countermand that order. Eric took that risk on that occasion and disappeared from Nkrumah's sight for a couple of days. When they next met, Nkrumah asked Eric what he had done about the order. Eric replied that he thought Nkrumah was not really serious about the order. Nkrumah did not pursue the matter any more. From Harlley's account, this was not an isolated occasion. Eric was given protection from unruly soldiers after that and he gave many years of invaluable service to Ghana at various times as head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ambassador to Bonn and Washington and a member of the Council of State under the Constitution of 1992. +| Eric Kwamena Otoo also came into the conference room. He was clearly worried. I had not seen him since the strange telephone call terminated the discussion between himself, Robert Hayfron-Benjamin and myself in his office on the other side of the wall around Flagstaff House on the problems and consequences of preventive detention. As he had unconsciously suggested the meaning of that call might be that things would get worse instead of getting better as we had both hoped. Ametewee, the police guard at Flagstaff House, had thereafter been arrested for attempting to assassinate Nkrumah and succeeding in killing the security officer, Salifu Dagarti. He was given a trial and convicted of murder. But a number of top police officers, inluding the IGP, Madjitey, one of his Deputies, S. D. Amaning, and Adjirakor were merely detained without trial for a long time as a result of Ametewee's failure in marksmanship. Eric now came and sat by me at the table and asked quietly whether I could tell the soldiers and policemen in charge of the affairs of the country that he was not really a bad man but that he had been followed around all day by soldiers brandishing guns who threatened to shoot him. When I got the opportunity, I passed Eric's concern on to Ankrah and Harlley. I did not have to explain what I thought of him. They knew. Indeed, Harlley had an assessment of all public servants who had been holding high office in the Nkrumah regime. They asked me to assure Eric that he would be all right from then on. It was Harlley then who told me that, in his position as the co-ordinator of security for Nkrumah, Eric had done a lot of good.【*58 might prefer: “Eric had done a lot of good in his position as the co-ordinator of security”】 According to Harlley, after the Second Treason Trial judgment had been given, Nkrumah, in his anger, ordered Eric that Chief Justice Korsah be detained. Eric merely accepted the order but did nothing about it. Apparently Nkrumah sometimes gave orders when upset by a person or situation. If one knew him well and thought that the order was ill-considered, one could risk not executing the order in the hope that after reflection, Nkrumah would countermand that order. Eric took that risk on that occasion and disappeared from Nkrumah's sight for a couple of days. When they next met, Nkrumah asked Eric what he had done about the order. Eric replied that he thought Nkrumah was not really serious about the order. Nkrumah did not pursue the matter any more. From Harlley's account, this was not an isolated occasion. Eric was given protection from unruly soldiers after that and he gave many years of invaluable service to Ghana at various times as head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ambassador to Bonn and Washington and a member of the Council of State under the Constitution of 1992. [445] para .part: body @@ -5976,10 +6025,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 436 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 50AAABCDDE094D8E96020A9854D0979312578772AB37CEAEB39BB3B3E64CAA97 +.sha256: 7D181F2FE37D8059E4C255F72242F590E03CDBB2EC0C4C26C9C338657FE495BB +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s8 .segment_epub_is: s8 -| On the day of the coup, a Commission of Enquiry was set up into Nkrumah's properties. There had been a great deal of rumour about the extent of his wealth and about moneys stashed away in Swiss banks and other places. His old lieutenants, W. Q. M. Halm, first Ghanaian Governor of the Bank of Ghana and former Ambassador to the United States, and E. Ayeh-Kumi, a businessman who was a friend and economic adviser to Nkrumah, were rumoured as the agents who had dealt with the money. Obviously, if the allegation was true that Nkrumah had vast wealth stored abroad, this would destroy his reputation for honesty and betray the socialist principles which he avowed. It was an important commission and I made sure that it was presided over by one of the best judges that Ghana had ever produced, Fred Apaloo. Another Commission with S. Azu-Crabbe as Chairman on ***~[* ? ]~ was constituted. At this rate, if further commissions were to be appointed with judges as chairmen, they would soon exhaust the best talent on the bench. I was naive enough to think that the NLC would appoint only a few such commissions because random commissions, appointed into every aspect of life under Nkrumah's regime, would soon diminish the importance of the system of commissions and reduce the quality of the tribunal. But the setting up of these commissions could acquire a life of their own. As I later learnt, at such times of political change, especially by a sudden coup d'etat, all kinds of advisers spring up with suggestions to their new friends in government. So more suggestions were made as time wore on for more commissions of enquiry to be appointed and more were appointed. There came the time when some of the lawyer chairmen selected were so unqualified for the work that some of them did not realise that adverse findings should not be made against persons who had not been given an opportunity of being heard. But by then many months had passed and I no more had any advisory relationship with the NLC. +| On the day of the coup, a Commission of Enquiry was set up into Nkrumah's properties. There had been a great deal of rumour about the extent of his wealth and about moneys stashed away in Swiss banks and other places. His old lieutenants, W. Q. M. Halm, first Ghanaian Governor of the Bank of Ghana and former Ambassador to the United States, and E. Ayeh-Kumi, a businessman who was a friend and economic adviser to Nkrumah, were rumoured as the agents who had dealt with the money. Obviously, if the allegation was true that Nkrumah had vast wealth stored abroad, this would destroy his reputation for honesty and betray the socialist principles which he avowed. It was an important commission and I made sure that it was presided over by one of the best judges that Ghana had ever produced, Fred Apaloo. Another Commission with S. Azu-Crabbe as Chairman on ***【*59 ?】 was constituted. At this rate, if further commissions were to be appointed with judges as chairmen, they would soon exhaust the best talent on the bench. I was naive enough to think that the NLC would appoint only a few such commissions because random commissions, appointed into every aspect of life under Nkrumah's regime, would soon diminish the importance of the system of commissions and reduce the quality of the tribunal. But the setting up of these commissions could acquire a life of their own. As I later learnt, at such times of political change, especially by a sudden coup d'etat, all kinds of advisers spring up with suggestions to their new friends in government. So more suggestions were made as time wore on for more commissions of enquiry to be appointed and more were appointed. There came the time when some of the lawyer chairmen selected were so unqualified for the work that some of them did not realise that adverse findings should not be made against persons who had not been given an opportunity of being heard. But by then many months had passed and I no more had any advisory relationship with the NLC. [449] para .part: body @@ -6288,10 +6338,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 436 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 8A4C8CA7B5C68F090181253B87D7C3A7C8362B22C0958EF3228DB4E5C48EC44F +.sha256: 8E2E1CB7FFBC3A214FE1A02F66BE1C2B22505314569FF699886945C328DDA58C +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s8 .segment_epub_is: s8 -| A major assignment was a case of extradition in reverse. The NLC wanted Kwesi Armah, former High Commissioner to Britain and, at the time of the coup, the Minister for External Trade, to be returned from Britain to Ghana to face trial for corruption charges. Extradition from Britain generally depends on the establishment of a prima facie case, which is placed before a Magistrate to consider. Thereafter, the matter went through the appeal processes, if put in motion. At the time, Britain drew a distinction between extraditions requested by Commonwealth countries, which were governed by the ***~[* missing ]~ Act, which covered a larger number of offences including political crimes and did not accept a defence that the motive for pursuing the offence was political rather than purely criminal, as would be the case in extraditions requested by countries outside the Commonwealth. They were governed by the Extradition Act, ***.~[* year missing ]~ I personally drafted and swore to the affidavit of the law of Ghana on the subject. I had had some experience of the type of affidavit required as I did the one for the extradition of Henry K. Djaba, which proved unnecessary as Djaba eventually agreed to return without going through the court process. The case went all the way up to the House of Lords. Ghana, at first, briefed Maurice Finer Q.C., to present its case. Unfortunately, a misunderstanding arose between Ghana's representatives and Mr. Finer and he withdrew. The case was thereafter handled by Robin Dunn Q.C., who later on became a judge of the High Court. Kwesi Armah was represented by my old pupil-master, Tom Kellock, now a Q.C. He saw it as a battle between the two of us. The English Court of Appeal had ruled in Ghana's favour. But Tom won in the end because although the law, as it stood at the time, was on our side, the House of Lords made history in the course of the case by issuing a practice direction that it was no more bound, as it had previously been, by its own previous decisions and then used the opportunity to decide by majority against the surrender of Kwesi Armah. Having worked so hard on the case, I felt terribly disappointed. +| A major assignment was a case of extradition in reverse. The NLC wanted Kwesi Armah, former High Commissioner to Britain and, at the time of the coup, the Minister for External Trade, to be returned from Britain to Ghana to face trial for corruption charges. Extradition from Britain generally depends on the establishment of a prima facie case, which is placed before a Magistrate to consider. Thereafter, the matter went through the appeal processes, if put in motion. At the time, Britain drew a distinction between extraditions requested by Commonwealth countries, which were governed by the ***【*60 missing】 Act, which covered a larger number of offences including political crimes and did not accept a defence that the motive for pursuing the offence was political rather than purely criminal, as would be the case in extraditions requested by countries outside the Commonwealth. They were governed by the Extradition Act, ***.【*61 year missing】 I personally drafted and swore to the affidavit of the law of Ghana on the subject. I had had some experience of the type of affidavit required as I did the one for the extradition of Henry K. Djaba, which proved unnecessary as Djaba eventually agreed to return without going through the court process. The case went all the way up to the House of Lords. Ghana, at first, briefed Maurice Finer Q.C., to present its case. Unfortunately, a misunderstanding arose between Ghana's representatives and Mr. Finer and he withdrew. The case was thereafter handled by Robin Dunn Q.C., who later on became a judge of the High Court. Kwesi Armah was represented by my old pupil-master, Tom Kellock, now a Q.C. He saw it as a battle between the two of us. The English Court of Appeal had ruled in Ghana's favour. But Tom won in the end because although the law, as it stood at the time, was on our side, the House of Lords made history in the course of the case by issuing a practice direction that it was no more bound, as it had previously been, by its own previous decisions and then used the opportunity to decide by majority against the surrender of Kwesi Armah. Having worked so hard on the case, I felt terribly disappointed. [475] para .part: body @@ -6300,10 +6351,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 436 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: BD06DEFF8EE88F716E3ABF1A5C98B67243329707DABD2AB5E3E1D24D39A56B56 +.sha256: 0C0129E3939853C0C287001D0E4E78B5660917CD2C221DB282FAB6D857582819 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s8 .segment_epub_is: s8 -| In Ghana, however, the old law which I had crafted with the help of Kofi Tetteh, years before, on corruption cases was revived. That was the legislation which modified Minister Aaron Ofori Atta's original Public Property (Protection) and Corrupt Practices (Prevention) Act against the dissipation of public property and corruption. It will be recalled that the reconstructed Act required that first there should be a commission of enquiry which, upon its making findings of fact against a person, resulted in a subsequent prosecution in which the prosecution would not be required to commence all over again to call witnesses against the accused but the findings of the commission together with the facts upon which they were based were taken as the prima facie evidence. The accused would then be called upon to make his defence on that basis. With the proliferation of commissions of enquiry into all aspects of the Nkrumah administration, the ****~[* missing ]~ Act, was brought into play. Indeed some of the enquiry findings fell foul of my suspicions that they would be made against persons without their being heard or given an opportunity to be heard. There were, as was to be expected, all grades of quality in the reports produced. Those written by our leading judges, such as Justices Ollennu, Azu Crabbe and Apaloo, were of the high quality that judicial experience determined. At the other end of the scale were a number of indifferent quality. Several prosecutions were brought under the Act. Lawyers whose clients were affected complained of the injustice in the Act which deprived the accused of his right to plead. When it was pointed out to them that the clients suffered no prejudice as they were all treated as if they had pleaded not guilty, one advanced the argument that it was nevertheless prejudicial in that it deprived the accused of his right formally to plead guilty. But nothing could be simpler than the accused, in his statement to the trial court, saying that he accepted the findings of the enquiry. Other lawyers said that it was prejudicial because it had a limited number of defences, which were stated in the Act. Again, a careful reading of the Act, would show that the defences therein stated were by way of examples and in no way limiting of the rights of the accused. Akufo Addo, when Chief Justice, thought that it was one of the most brilliant procedural statutes crafted. But having regard to Chief Justice Akufo Addo's political stance and the fact that the prosecutions after the coup were of his political opponents, the compliment cannot be accepted without qualification. A more unbiased compliment was paid to it some thirty years after the coup by the former Chief Justice Apaloo, who in the course of preparing a lecture on criminal procedure, without being solicited, repeated the compliment. He did not know that I had given the instruction and the guidance for it to be prepared. He thought it was one of Geoffrey Bing's better efforts, until I disabused his mind of that belief. +| In Ghana, however, the old law which I had crafted with the help of Kofi Tetteh, years before, on corruption cases was revived. That was the legislation which modified Minister Aaron Ofori Atta's original Public Property (Protection) and Corrupt Practices (Prevention) Act against the dissipation of public property and corruption. It will be recalled that the reconstructed Act required that first there should be a commission of enquiry which, upon its making findings of fact against a person, resulted in a subsequent prosecution in which the prosecution would not be required to commence all over again to call witnesses against the accused but the findings of the commission together with the facts upon which they were based were taken as the prima facie evidence. The accused would then be called upon to make his defence on that basis. With the proliferation of commissions of enquiry into all aspects of the Nkrumah administration, the ****【*62 missing】 Act, was brought into play. Indeed some of the enquiry findings fell foul of my suspicions that they would be made against persons without their being heard or given an opportunity to be heard. There were, as was to be expected, all grades of quality in the reports produced. Those written by our leading judges, such as Justices Ollennu, Azu Crabbe and Apaloo, were of the high quality that judicial experience determined. At the other end of the scale were a number of indifferent quality. Several prosecutions were brought under the Act. Lawyers whose clients were affected complained of the injustice in the Act which deprived the accused of his right to plead. When it was pointed out to them that the clients suffered no prejudice as they were all treated as if they had pleaded not guilty, one advanced the argument that it was nevertheless prejudicial in that it deprived the accused of his right formally to plead guilty. But nothing could be simpler than the accused, in his statement to the trial court, saying that he accepted the findings of the enquiry. Other lawyers said that it was prejudicial because it had a limited number of defences, which were stated in the Act. Again, a careful reading of the Act, would show that the defences therein stated were by way of examples and in no way limiting of the rights of the accused. Akufo Addo, when Chief Justice, thought that it was one of the most brilliant procedural statutes crafted. But having regard to Chief Justice Akufo Addo's political stance and the fact that the prosecutions after the coup were of his political opponents, the compliment cannot be accepted without qualification. A more unbiased compliment was paid to it some thirty years after the coup by the former Chief Justice Apaloo, who in the course of preparing a lecture on criminal procedure, without being solicited, repeated the compliment. He did not know that I had given the instruction and the guidance for it to be prepared. He thought it was one of Geoffrey Bing's better efforts, until I disabused his mind of that belief. [476] para .part: body @@ -6324,10 +6376,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 436 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: F7B5A1400EDDEACAAA17E1E3FCD83F11FE45B512045F4BDEBF5EC71E5F0E8BA1 +.sha256: 911A2143FD1957E8E763231BB4EB7E753A46314C297FFD50004F54FDE342CF3B +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s8 .segment_epub_is: s8 -| The committee appointed to review all judges duly reported with their observations on each of the Judges of the Superior Courts and of the Circuit Courts. From the Supreme Court, they recommended the removal of Chief Justice Sarkodie Adoo, Justices Bruce Lyle and Prempeh. From the High Court, it recommended the removal of a number, including Justice Okyere Darko.~[* [Author's note] “check on others in The Contribution” ]~ The removal was for different reasons. A number of places became vacant, and Akufo Addo and I had to consider who to recommend for appointment to fill the vacancies. He consulted widely among the lawyers at the Bar whom he knew. I wanted to see good lawyers like Joe Reindorf, Victor Owusu, Bernard da Rocha, David Effah and Tom Totoe appointed to the Bench. Except in the case of Victor Owusu, Akufo Addo found it difficult to persuade them to leave the Bar. Akufo Addo also tried, unsuccessfully, to persuade Justice Kofi Adumuah Bossman, in my opinion, one of the most learned judges Ghana had produced, who was removed from the Bench during the changes made after Nkrumah had secured the power to remove judges for whatever reason he deemed fit, to return to the Bench. I also spoke to Justice Adumuah Bossman, who was my father's good friend. But he said that once he had come off the Bench, he thought it better to stay off. On the Bench, he had tended to write lengthy judgements but they always showed scholarship and industry. His loss was a serious blow. He, however, accepted appointment as the Chairman of the Chieftaincy Commission. +| The committee appointed to review all judges duly reported with their observations on each of the Judges of the Superior Courts and of the Circuit Courts. From the Supreme Court, they recommended the removal of Chief Justice Sarkodie Adoo, Justices Bruce Lyle and Prempeh. From the High Court, it recommended the removal of a number, including Justice Okyere Darko.【*63 [Author's note] “check on others in The Contribution”】 The removal was for different reasons. A number of places became vacant, and Akufo Addo and I had to consider who to recommend for appointment to fill the vacancies. He consulted widely among the lawyers at the Bar whom he knew. I wanted to see good lawyers like Joe Reindorf, Victor Owusu, Bernard da Rocha, David Effah and Tom Totoe appointed to the Bench. Except in the case of Victor Owusu, Akufo Addo found it difficult to persuade them to leave the Bar. Akufo Addo also tried, unsuccessfully, to persuade Justice Kofi Adumuah Bossman, in my opinion, one of the most learned judges Ghana had produced, who was removed from the Bench during the changes made after Nkrumah had secured the power to remove judges for whatever reason he deemed fit, to return to the Bench. I also spoke to Justice Adumuah Bossman, who was my father's good friend. But he said that once he had come off the Bench, he thought it better to stay off. On the Bench, he had tended to write lengthy judgements but they always showed scholarship and industry. His loss was a serious blow. He, however, accepted appointment as the Chairman of the Chieftaincy Commission. [478] para .part: body @@ -6551,10 +6604,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 491 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 64830C43D785091B3D755AB19FA64CDC7B6ED4E6891569C58CD3F7121DF5B3FE +.sha256: BA4685B98B96CCA986CF8D0ED7D68B3615FE4869FBE9CA354944F712AA601152 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s9 .segment_epub_is: s9 -| I also sat in the High Court on the cases involving the Italians Carlo de Cocci and Mario Chiavelli. They had gone into business together but, later on, with one trying to outsmart the other, they fell apart and started using the courts to secure advantages over each other. I gave a series of judgments or rulings in these matters. Some twenty years later, after I had retired from the Ghana bench and joined the Botswana Court of Appeal, the President of the Botswana Court of Appeal, the great South African advocate, Israel (Isie)~[* Issie?, please check, Uncle Roger notes ]~ Maisels, mentioned casually to me that he was advising in a case involving an Italian millionaire, Chiavelli, whom he thought was a crook and that he understood that the man had passed through Ghana before. He had apparently made his money helping break the oil sanctions against South Africa, where he now had a huge and much talked about mansion. Isie needed material which could discredit him. I told Isie that the man came before me in Ghana at a time when he was not such a wealthy man. Of course, my judgments were just what he needed, and I was able to send him photocopies. I later heard that the case had been settled to the satisfaction of Isie's client. Isie paid me a small fee for my help. +| I also sat in the High Court on the cases involving the Italians Carlo de Cocci and Mario Chiavelli. They had gone into business together but, later on, with one trying to outsmart the other, they fell apart and started using the courts to secure advantages over each other. I gave a series of judgments or rulings in these matters. Some twenty years later, after I had retired from the Ghana bench and joined the Botswana Court of Appeal, the President of the Botswana Court of Appeal, the great South African advocate, Israel (Isie)【*64 Issie?, please check, Uncle Roger notes】 Maisels, mentioned casually to me that he was advising in a case involving an Italian millionaire, Chiavelli, whom he thought was a crook and that he understood that the man had passed through Ghana before. He had apparently made his money helping break the oil sanctions against South Africa, where he now had a huge and much talked about mansion. Isie needed material which could discredit him. I told Isie that the man came before me in Ghana at a time when he was not such a wealthy man. Of course, my judgments were just what he needed, and I was able to send him photocopies. I later heard that the case had been settled to the satisfaction of Isie's client. Isie paid me a small fee for my help. [496] para .part: body @@ -6563,10 +6617,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 491 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: BF886D418F5ABF877C5C17C0400ED1485633D85BE2F0B3C61CCEF37F193CDA4D +.sha256: 6D8040DB9483D20CB8553BBFCDD445A15D899BEF6C3D4D3E5A7D9695628D2090 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s9 .segment_epub_is: s9 -| The first time I sat with my brothers of the Court of Appeal, was on a case to decide between two competing earlier decisions of the highest Courts of the land. It was the case of ***.~[* provide date ]~ The Court was constituted by five judges, including the Chief Justice. The Chief Justice wrote a judgment which was concurred in by the majority of the Court. Apaloo and I wrote separate short judgments expressing our disquiet at the reasoning but we, eventually, caved in and concurred. I have often been told that from the tenor of my contribution, I should have had the courage of my convictions and dissented. That may be right. But the decision set the tone of the Court. It was not going to be a Court in which judges just concurred; different views would be expressed. That was exciting. +| The first time I sat with my brothers of the Court of Appeal, was on a case to decide between two competing earlier decisions of the highest Courts of the land. It was the case of ***.【*65 provide date】 The Court was constituted by five judges, including the Chief Justice. The Chief Justice wrote a judgment which was concurred in by the majority of the Court. Apaloo and I wrote separate short judgments expressing our disquiet at the reasoning but we, eventually, caved in and concurred. I have often been told that from the tenor of my contribution, I should have had the courage of my convictions and dissented. That may be right. But the decision set the tone of the Court. It was not going to be a Court in which judges just concurred; different views would be expressed. That was exciting. [497] para .part: body @@ -6635,10 +6690,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 491 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: B564C1B46818552A18929AF347AFD05C32031B9E6444506139568FE6163B40FC +.sha256: DAA9B1696002A6463F907B54067041C23C136242FCD4E99090C9EEDBF4244A48 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s9 .segment_epub_is: s9 -| ---- [see Akufo Addo and Others v. Quashie-Idun and Others [1968] G.L.R.667 ~[* missing insert ]~ +| ---- [see Akufo Addo and Others v. Quashie-Idun and Others [1968] G.L.R.667 【*66 missing insert】 [503] para .part: body @@ -6755,10 +6811,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 491 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: AFBDE99A1035EBDB2F15412723788CFECD67D55047A4AE03DC06AA2D7C29D7D6 +.sha256: FAA45C227ACAFA6257EAFAEC6F5F868D06DE9A996FD6E05E50F33AA452082072 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s9 .segment_epub_is: s9 -| I met a completely different set of inhabitants of this world in this tax treaty Group: people who had devoted their lives mainly to the intricacies of direct taxation. It was a small Group of about fifteen or so experts, selected according to the tax systems from which they came. Most of them were heads of their direct taxation administrations. From the developed countries, the United States was on the first occasion represented by Professor Stanley Surrey, who was then the outgoing Assistant Secretary of their Treasury, and Mr. Nathan Gordon, one of the most senior Treasury Officials; the United Kingdom was represented by Mr. Johnston, the head of direct taxation who shared his country's tax administration with his wife who was at the time the head of the indirect taxation; France was represented by Monsieur Kerlan, the head of direct taxation; Germany, by Debatin; Switzerland by Dr. Locher, shortly thereafter to be replaced by Mr. Widmer; and Japan by Mr. ***.~[* name missing ]~ From the developing countries, India was represented first by Mr. Sundera Rajan but was shortly thereafter replaced by Mr. Shah as the latter replaced him as the head of direct taxation; Brazil by Mr. Donerllis, the head of direct taxation, who for a brief period was to become Minister of Finance; Israel by Mr. Simcha Gafney, who had been once the head of the direct taxation department but was retired at the time and was the head of one of the Israeli commercial banks, which resulted in him being one of the longest lasting members of the Group; Philippines by Mr. Linna, who always brought special Filipino cigars for distribution among hi colleagues at every session; Turkey by Mr. Kafaoglu; Argentina by Madam Casanegra, who shortly afterwards got a permanent job with one of the international organisations; Sudan by Mr. Merghani, a former Minister of Finance; and I represented Ghana. The observers from the IMF, were at first Professor Leif Muten, the youngest Professor of Law which Sweden had produced, and Mr. Olav Snellingen, who became deputy General Counsel of the IMF and its sole representative at the meetings. Some of the personnel changed with changes in their home departments; additions were made, like Mr. Sittampalam of Sri Lanka, who joined us as a member of the developing countries group. Pakistan also became a member. Nigeria was also given observer status which was usually taken by the head of Income Tax. Lesotho also sent an observer at a later stage. When Stanley Surrey ceased to be Assistant Secretary of the U. S. Treasury, he was made the rapporteur and stayed in that capacity until I lost touch with the Committee after it had been reorganised. Nathan Gordon continued to represent the US until he died several years later. Merghani was elected Chairman and Karol Krcmery of Czechoslovakia was the most senior UN official looking after the Committee. +| I met a completely different set of inhabitants of this world in this tax treaty Group: people who had devoted their lives mainly to the intricacies of direct taxation. It was a small Group of about fifteen or so experts, selected according to the tax systems from which they came. Most of them were heads of their direct taxation administrations. From the developed countries, the United States was on the first occasion represented by Professor Stanley Surrey, who was then the outgoing Assistant Secretary of their Treasury, and Mr. Nathan Gordon, one of the most senior Treasury Officials; the United Kingdom was represented by Mr. Johnston, the head of direct taxation who shared his country's tax administration with his wife who was at the time the head of the indirect taxation; France was represented by Monsieur Kerlan, the head of direct taxation; Germany, by Debatin; Switzerland by Dr. Locher, shortly thereafter to be replaced by Mr. Widmer; and Japan by Mr. ***.【*67 name missing】 From the developing countries, India was represented first by Mr. Sundera Rajan but was shortly thereafter replaced by Mr. Shah as the latter replaced him as the head of direct taxation; Brazil by Mr. Donerllis, the head of direct taxation, who for a brief period was to become Minister of Finance; Israel by Mr. Simcha Gafney, who had been once the head of the direct taxation department but was retired at the time and was the head of one of the Israeli commercial banks, which resulted in him being one of the longest lasting members of the Group; Philippines by Mr. Linna, who always brought special Filipino cigars for distribution among hi colleagues at every session; Turkey by Mr. Kafaoglu; Argentina by Madam Casanegra, who shortly afterwards got a permanent job with one of the international organisations; Sudan by Mr. Merghani, a former Minister of Finance; and I represented Ghana. The observers from the IMF, were at first Professor Leif Muten, the youngest Professor of Law which Sweden had produced, and Mr. Olav Snellingen, who became deputy General Counsel of the IMF and its sole representative at the meetings. Some of the personnel changed with changes in their home departments; additions were made, like Mr. Sittampalam of Sri Lanka, who joined us as a member of the developing countries group. Pakistan also became a member. Nigeria was also given observer status which was usually taken by the head of Income Tax. Lesotho also sent an observer at a later stage. When Stanley Surrey ceased to be Assistant Secretary of the U. S. Treasury, he was made the rapporteur and stayed in that capacity until I lost touch with the Committee after it had been reorganised. Nathan Gordon continued to represent the US until he died several years later. Merghani was elected Chairman and Karol Krcmery of Czechoslovakia was the most senior UN official looking after the Committee. [513] para .part: body @@ -6791,10 +6848,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 491 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 5254B5148FCE97CB632F2FCE28B7930865A6C005732C1874C183A293F3B48E1C +.sha256: AF4F897DBF94B3BB81FA3E228E7666C0FE70A74077B407D3CBA20D510B1FA4CB +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s9 .segment_epub_is: s9 -| I do not recall any objection from the Chief Justice when, in 1968, I was invited by Patrick Anin, then Commissioner for Foreign Affairs to join his delegation to the OAU Heads of States Meeting in Algiers. There was a question of refugees which had bedevilled the OAU for some time coming up and Patrick thought I could be helpful to him on the subject. Neither General Afrifa, who was the Head of State at the time, nor any other member of the NLC was attending as the Head of State. So that Patrick was spending the first week in Algiers at the preparatory meeting of Foreign Ministers and following that up for the scheduled few days of the following week in place of the Head of State of Ghana at the meeting of the Heads. Harry Amonoo was the senior political adviser of the Ghana delegation. Our journey there and back was a sufficient adverse commentary on communications between African States at the time which had not been redressed thirty years later. To get to Algiers on time, we had to travel through Rome. I stayed with Patrick at a hotel in the centre of Rome. Our good Canadian friend, Jean Steckle, was there working for the FAO and this gave me the opportunity to visit her. We had either to return the same was or to travel via Paris. As Patrick had to inspect the Ghana Embassy in Paris on the return journey, we were booked through Paris. In Algeria, we stayed at the Club du Pins, a beautiful enclave near Algiers, which was supposed to be a high class holiday resort but well suited for conferences of this nature. The Acting Ambassador, ***,~[* name missing ]~ and his wife entertained us well. Patrick was very kind to me. He asked me to share the house which he was allocated as Foreign Minister and we ate, discussed and went about together. We found that the Algerians ate a lot of mutton. The food prepared for us, almost invariably, was mutton either with couscous or rice washed down with some Algerian red wine. The wine we found quite good. We ate so much mutton that we got a bit fed up with it. I remember an occasion when we went round the neighbouring villages, looking for sardines which we, Achimotans, were quite fond of. I believe it was in the village of Stauli, where we also got some Algerian shirts, that we bought the sardines. When the staff who served us our meals appeared that day, we told them that they need not bring us anything with our rice, we would provide our own accompaniment. They were astonished to find us eating rice with sardines which they must have considered far inferior to the mutton sauce they had prepared for us. We were quite happy, like old school children to eat our sardines for a change. For the few days that Patrick stayed in the Head of State's allocated accommodation, I continued to stay at the Foreign Minister's. The Algerians, I found were fond of horse riding and gun-fire. We were entertained to a tattoo which had a series of horsemen and gun-firing that I got a bit tired of them. +| I do not recall any objection from the Chief Justice when, in 1968, I was invited by Patrick Anin, then Commissioner for Foreign Affairs to join his delegation to the OAU Heads of States Meeting in Algiers. There was a question of refugees which had bedevilled the OAU for some time coming up and Patrick thought I could be helpful to him on the subject. Neither General Afrifa, who was the Head of State at the time, nor any other member of the NLC was attending as the Head of State. So that Patrick was spending the first week in Algiers at the preparatory meeting of Foreign Ministers and following that up for the scheduled few days of the following week in place of the Head of State of Ghana at the meeting of the Heads. Harry Amonoo was the senior political adviser of the Ghana delegation. Our journey there and back was a sufficient adverse commentary on communications between African States at the time which had not been redressed thirty years later. To get to Algiers on time, we had to travel through Rome. I stayed with Patrick at a hotel in the centre of Rome. Our good Canadian friend, Jean Steckle, was there working for the FAO and this gave me the opportunity to visit her. We had either to return the same was or to travel via Paris. As Patrick had to inspect the Ghana Embassy in Paris on the return journey, we were booked through Paris. In Algeria, we stayed at the Club du Pins, a beautiful enclave near Algiers, which was supposed to be a high class holiday resort but well suited for conferences of this nature. The Acting Ambassador, ***,【*68 name missing】 and his wife entertained us well. Patrick was very kind to me. He asked me to share the house which he was allocated as Foreign Minister and we ate, discussed and went about together. We found that the Algerians ate a lot of mutton. The food prepared for us, almost invariably, was mutton either with couscous or rice washed down with some Algerian red wine. The wine we found quite good. We ate so much mutton that we got a bit fed up with it. I remember an occasion when we went round the neighbouring villages, looking for sardines which we, Achimotans, were quite fond of. I believe it was in the village of Stauli, where we also got some Algerian shirts, that we bought the sardines. When the staff who served us our meals appeared that day, we told them that they need not bring us anything with our rice, we would provide our own accompaniment. They were astonished to find us eating rice with sardines which they must have considered far inferior to the mutton sauce they had prepared for us. We were quite happy, like old school children to eat our sardines for a change. For the few days that Patrick stayed in the Head of State's allocated accommodation, I continued to stay at the Foreign Minister's. The Algerians, I found were fond of horse riding and gun-fire. We were entertained to a tattoo which had a series of horsemen and gun-firing that I got a bit tired of them. [516] para .part: body @@ -6875,10 +6933,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 491 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 3B805DCBD7CE6452C4D56E0491E0E543D19DEC63693A27ED1BC0BFF02986BA7A +.sha256: F313C73CD02CFADF4C4E3451D8505115C1584D19E4F673EE24A4B2FED4283EBB +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s9 .segment_epub_is: s9 -| Upon the new Constitution establishing the Supreme Court as the top court, the first judges were appointed in 1970. New judges were appointed to it. E. A. L. Bannerman, who was at the time in charge of the Law School was eventually appointed Chief Justice. My childhood memory of him was of a lawyer dressed immaculately in his white shirt and tabs, and trouser-line~[* word “trouseline” replaced ]~ and black jacket walking regularly down the Boundary Road (now Kojo Thompson Avenue) from Adabraka to the Courts. I recall that he had, before I went to England to study, done some work for the then Attorney General's Office and had been a good Senior Magistrate. I had appeared before him once when Kow Swanzy and I were prosecuting a case of illegal possession of diamonds. The diamonds in question were a number of small, dirty off-white stones (almost like pieces from a broken bottle) in a small medicine bottle. He made no mistake that I could complain of in that case. He had subsequently been sent to Tanzania upon the recommendation of Chief Justice Sarkodie Adoo when Tanzania requested a High Court judge from Ghana. The matter had come before the General Legal Council, of which I was then a member, and the Chief Justice had made it clear that Bannerman was the only person he could spare. I heard reports of Tanzania's displeasure at Ghana sending them someone who had never been a High Court judge when they asked for such a judge. Justice E. A. L Bannerman was, no doubt, a very senior lawyer. He was called to the English Bar on 26 January 1939 and enrolled as a practitioner in the Gold Coast on 20 July 1939. He was indeed senior in the profession to Mr. Koi Larbi, who was called to the English Bar on 25 January, 1942 and was enrolled in the Gold Coast on 28 June 1946; to Justice Siriboe, who was called to the English Bar on 17 November 1949 and enrolled with the Gold Coast Bar on 3 February 1950; and to Justice V. C. R. A. C. Crabbe, who was called to the English Bar on 8 February 1955 and enrolled in Ghana on 3 June 1955. Some may argue from the basis that the very fact that he had not achieved preferment on the Superior Court benches in Ghana before must have been due to prejudice against him. I, however, knew little more about his ability to hold the high office to which he was shortly to be appointed. The 1969 Constitution came into force on or about 29 August 1969. The first appointments to the new Supreme Court, were made on 5 August 1970. The only member of the existing Court of Appeal, then the highest Court in the land, who found favour with the appointing authorities was Justice J. B. Siriboe. The other appointments were Justices Bannerman, Koi Larbi and VCRAC Crabbe. There were questions asked about the omission of three members of the Court of Appeal, namely, Justices Ollennu, Azu Crabbe and Fred Apaloo. Personally, I would consider any of those three a better lawyer and judge than any of the appointees. Justice Bannerman was made to act as Chief Justice from the group of judges appointed and on 26 March 1971, he was confirmed as Chief Justice. Thereafter, on 5 April 1971, other appointments to the Court were announced: Justices H. K. Prempeh, was brought in from retirement imposed on 1 March 1964, to join the Court, and Justices Azu Crabbe and Fred Apaloo were promoted from the Court of Appeal bench. The final apointments to the Supreme Court were Justices K. Bentsi-Enchill and P. D. Anin. For some reason, Justice Ollennu continued to be shunned. With the promotions from the Court of Appeal, fresh appointments were made to that Court, including E.P.L. (Sonny) Sowah, Archer and Annie Jiaggie. +| Upon the new Constitution establishing the Supreme Court as the top court, the first judges were appointed in 1970. New judges were appointed to it. E. A. L. Bannerman, who was at the time in charge of the Law School was eventually appointed Chief Justice. My childhood memory of him was of a lawyer dressed immaculately in his white shirt and tabs, and trouser-line【*69 word “trouseline” replaced】 and black jacket walking regularly down the Boundary Road (now Kojo Thompson Avenue) from Adabraka to the Courts. I recall that he had, before I went to England to study, done some work for the then Attorney General's Office and had been a good Senior Magistrate. I had appeared before him once when Kow Swanzy and I were prosecuting a case of illegal possession of diamonds. The diamonds in question were a number of small, dirty off-white stones (almost like pieces from a broken bottle) in a small medicine bottle. He made no mistake that I could complain of in that case. He had subsequently been sent to Tanzania upon the recommendation of Chief Justice Sarkodie Adoo when Tanzania requested a High Court judge from Ghana. The matter had come before the General Legal Council, of which I was then a member, and the Chief Justice had made it clear that Bannerman was the only person he could spare. I heard reports of Tanzania's displeasure at Ghana sending them someone who had never been a High Court judge when they asked for such a judge. Justice E. A. L Bannerman was, no doubt, a very senior lawyer. He was called to the English Bar on 26 January 1939 and enrolled as a practitioner in the Gold Coast on 20 July 1939. He was indeed senior in the profession to Mr. Koi Larbi, who was called to the English Bar on 25 January, 1942 and was enrolled in the Gold Coast on 28 June 1946; to Justice Siriboe, who was called to the English Bar on 17 November 1949 and enrolled with the Gold Coast Bar on 3 February 1950; and to Justice V. C. R. A. C. Crabbe, who was called to the English Bar on 8 February 1955 and enrolled in Ghana on 3 June 1955. Some may argue from the basis that the very fact that he had not achieved preferment on the Superior Court benches in Ghana before must have been due to prejudice against him. I, however, knew little more about his ability to hold the high office to which he was shortly to be appointed. The 1969 Constitution came into force on or about 29 August 1969. The first appointments to the new Supreme Court, were made on 5 August 1970. The only member of the existing Court of Appeal, then the highest Court in the land, who found favour with the appointing authorities was Justice J. B. Siriboe. The other appointments were Justices Bannerman, Koi Larbi and VCRAC Crabbe. There were questions asked about the omission of three members of the Court of Appeal, namely, Justices Ollennu, Azu Crabbe and Fred Apaloo. Personally, I would consider any of those three a better lawyer and judge than any of the appointees. Justice Bannerman was made to act as Chief Justice from the group of judges appointed and on 26 March 1971, he was confirmed as Chief Justice. Thereafter, on 5 April 1971, other appointments to the Court were announced: Justices H. K. Prempeh, was brought in from retirement imposed on 1 March 1964, to join the Court, and Justices Azu Crabbe and Fred Apaloo were promoted from the Court of Appeal bench. The final apointments to the Supreme Court were Justices K. Bentsi-Enchill and P. D. Anin. For some reason, Justice Ollennu continued to be shunned. With the promotions from the Court of Appeal, fresh appointments were made to that Court, including E.P.L. (Sonny) Sowah, Archer and Annie Jiaggie. [523] para .part: body @@ -6983,10 +7042,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 491 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: E766C5570978C4C4FCF922F668B34346128C31CF4EF1C02FD7604984E120DFDE +.sha256: EED64FA0F2B9C61E2F761D58BC43A3133C8A8F87A06D3E11FA551C0D9A817ED1 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s9 .segment_epub_is: s9 -| But the tone of the Busia Government was for me set by the case of *** HERE TAKE IN WRITING IN THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE COURTS~[* HERE TAKE IN WRITING IN THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE COURTS ]~ +| But the tone of the Busia Government was for me set by the case of *** HERE TAKE IN WRITING IN THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE COURTS【*70 HERE TAKE IN WRITING IN THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE COURTS】 [532] heading :1 .part: body @@ -7028,10 +7088,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 532 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: AC2137E3D29B5CD7801EE3A1A88A7CE2955FE3EB9811D23A63DC344D8B0E0F08 +.sha256: B41FD8780940E9F68C372CDC98983557BCB89F2926D112453905398E1C98CC07 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s10 .segment_epub_is: s10 -| When I left Ghana on my tour in September, 1969, it was not direct to the United States. I passed through England, where I stayed as a guest of my old College. Dr. Habbakuk was then the Principal of the College. I met some of the dons who were in residence at the time, including the West Indian law don, ***.~[* name missing ]~ There was a seminar of the English Law Commission being held in All Souls College, to which I had been invited. The seminar was to discuss strict liability in torts. Lords Diplock and Pearce were present, as were the Law Commissioners, like Norman Marsh, who was teaching at Oxford in my student days. Patrick Atiyah was also present, and was at his best in demolishing the arguments of their Lordships. Observing his manner, I understood what Jim Gower said about Patrick's attitude which put interviewers off him when they met. In connection with the seminar, there was a cocktail party at All Souls College in the evening, where I met Professor Rupert Cross. I found that the Oxford-Legon relationship was well known in Oxford. It was during my visit to Oxford at that time that I realised that there was something wrong with my stomach, which after a great deal of trial and error back in Ghana, was eventually diagnosed as hiatus hernia. +| When I left Ghana on my tour in September, 1969, it was not direct to the United States. I passed through England, where I stayed as a guest of my old College. Dr. Habbakuk was then the Principal of the College. I met some of the dons who were in residence at the time, including the West Indian law don, ***.【*71 name missing】 There was a seminar of the English Law Commission being held in All Souls College, to which I had been invited. The seminar was to discuss strict liability in torts. Lords Diplock and Pearce were present, as were the Law Commissioners, like Norman Marsh, who was teaching at Oxford in my student days. Patrick Atiyah was also present, and was at his best in demolishing the arguments of their Lordships. Observing his manner, I understood what Jim Gower said about Patrick's attitude which put interviewers off him when they met. In connection with the seminar, there was a cocktail party at All Souls College in the evening, where I met Professor Rupert Cross. I found that the Oxford-Legon relationship was well known in Oxford. It was during my visit to Oxford at that time that I realised that there was something wrong with my stomach, which after a great deal of trial and error back in Ghana, was eventually diagnosed as hiatus hernia. [535] para .part: body @@ -7063,10 +7124,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 532 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 541D65ECD1DD0C43309E17C0D105956C4DB7220BD0E9AB4ED9FAC4D0A44EC2D0 +.sha256: 0DA206C590692454A013C3D29F2EAD046B3C0015A9A07D3ACA08A15C60A5E685 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s10 .segment_epub_is: s10 -| I arrived in Washington D.C. to stay with Kodwo Debrah over a week end,~[* check sequence, un-accounted for discrete mark made by Uncle Roger ]~ and he took me to see the Washington Redskins win a game of American football. It was during the heydey of the Redskins when they had people like Jurgensen playing for them. Kodwo Debrah had a difficult assignment in the US at this time, especially with American blacks. Kwame Nkrumah was their hero and his overthrow was not taken kindly by them. Where most Ghanaians would avoid debates with them over the overthrow, Debrah gained a lot of respect for taking them on, meeting and discussing matters with them. In New York, I had a permanent invitation to stay with Franklin and Shirley Williams. They were in their West 69th(?)~[* any way to check address and remove question mark? ]~ Street home the redecoration of which Shirley had spent months away from Accra supervising. The result was very good. The Williamses~[* changed from Franklin home ]~ home was not only convenient because one was with friends, it was also convenient because it was only a few blocks away from Columbia Law School where I was to spend practically the whole of my working visit to New York. The Williamses took me to Lincoln Centre for a musical evening and introduced me to Broadway by taking me to a show there. +| I arrived in Washington D.C. to stay with Kodwo Debrah over a week end,【*72 check sequence, un-accounted for discrete mark made by Uncle Roger】 and he took me to see the Washington Redskins win a game of American football. It was during the heydey of the Redskins when they had people like Jurgensen playing for them. Kodwo Debrah had a difficult assignment in the US at this time, especially with American blacks. Kwame Nkrumah was their hero and his overthrow was not taken kindly by them. Where most Ghanaians would avoid debates with them over the overthrow, Debrah gained a lot of respect for taking them on, meeting and discussing matters with them. In New York, I had a permanent invitation to stay with Franklin and Shirley Williams. They were in their West 69th(?)【*73 any way to check address and remove question mark?】 Street home the redecoration of which Shirley had spent months away from Accra supervising. The result was very good. The Williamses【*74 changed from Franklin home】 home was not only convenient because one was with friends, it was also convenient because it was only a few blocks away from Columbia Law School where I was to spend practically the whole of my working visit to New York. The Williamses took me to Lincoln Centre for a musical evening and introduced me to Broadway by taking me to a show there. [537] para .part: body @@ -7122,10 +7184,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 532 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 48FF03DF002E412A4849DB97CC1AF5A101F34A2BB5E41159F945E4B3E1DBF341 +.sha256: A72C177FEEB4825B6E6062B41061B4BE04B1608E6F1BAC18BD3CD6D30D3008AB +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s10 .segment_epub_is: s10 -| Otherwise, I was left to get on with the administration of the Law Faculty. I found University life most congenial. I had some excellent colleagues. Tommy Mensah, who in later life was to become the President of the International Maritime Tribunal based in Hamburg, was away during the time that I was Dean. Among my colleagues was Kwamena Bentsi-Enchil, who had been in active private practice until the early 1960s, when he left to pursue an academic life which took him to the Universities of Chicago and Harvard(?),~[* how to check, author's question mark ]~ and subsequently became Dean of the Law Faculty of the University of Zambia. He returned to Ghana in 1970 and was attached to the Law Faculty as Research Professor. Other colleagues who were in the Faculty during my tenure included Kofi Date-Bah, who specialised in Contracts and Torts, and eventually found himself in the Commonwealth Secretariat as a Senior Adviser in commercial legal matters; Albert Fiadjoe, who specialised in Company Law and left in the 1980s for the University of the West Indies, at one time becoming the Dean of the Law Faculty operating from the Barbados campus; Kofi Dei-Anang, who specialised in Contracts and was for many years later the General Counsel of the African Development Bank; Kwame Afreh, who specialised in Criminal Law and Procedure and after a spate of service in the Attorney General's Office became a judge, at the time of writing of the Court of Appeal dealing with commercial matters in the Courts; Ekow Daniels, the constitutional lawyer who is now in private practice in Accra; Sam Gyandoh, also a specialist in Constitutional Law, who left later Legon for the American Temple University; the late Ago Simmonds, the specialist in International Law, who later spent some time in the diplomatic service and later in the Attorney General's Office in Zimbabwe; Aki Sawyerr, son of my father's contemporary, Akilapka Sawyerr and one of the lawyer fraternity which lived in Tudu in Accra, an all rounder who later on became Vice-Chancellor of the University; Kludze, who was for a brief period teaching Land Law in the Faculty but later transferred his services to the United States; Ekua Kuenyehia, who later became the Dean of the Faculty and has remained in the Faculty to keep Police Officers to their proper duties; Turkson, who later went to East Africa to work; and Kwesi Botchwey, who was for many years the Minister of Finance of the Rawlings Administration and now a pundit at Harvard University. +| Otherwise, I was left to get on with the administration of the Law Faculty. I found University life most congenial. I had some excellent colleagues. Tommy Mensah, who in later life was to become the President of the International Maritime Tribunal based in Hamburg, was away during the time that I was Dean. Among my colleagues was Kwamena Bentsi-Enchil, who had been in active private practice until the early 1960s, when he left to pursue an academic life which took him to the Universities of Chicago and Harvard(?),【*75 how to check, author's question mark】 and subsequently became Dean of the Law Faculty of the University of Zambia. He returned to Ghana in 1970 and was attached to the Law Faculty as Research Professor. Other colleagues who were in the Faculty during my tenure included Kofi Date-Bah, who specialised in Contracts and Torts, and eventually found himself in the Commonwealth Secretariat as a Senior Adviser in commercial legal matters; Albert Fiadjoe, who specialised in Company Law and left in the 1980s for the University of the West Indies, at one time becoming the Dean of the Law Faculty operating from the Barbados campus; Kofi Dei-Anang, who specialised in Contracts and was for many years later the General Counsel of the African Development Bank; Kwame Afreh, who specialised in Criminal Law and Procedure and after a spate of service in the Attorney General's Office became a judge, at the time of writing of the Court of Appeal dealing with commercial matters in the Courts; Ekow Daniels, the constitutional lawyer who is now in private practice in Accra; Sam Gyandoh, also a specialist in Constitutional Law, who left later Legon for the American Temple University; the late Ago Simmonds, the specialist in International Law, who later spent some time in the diplomatic service and later in the Attorney General's Office in Zimbabwe; Aki Sawyerr, son of my father's contemporary, Akilapka Sawyerr and one of the lawyer fraternity which lived in Tudu in Accra, an all rounder who later on became Vice-Chancellor of the University; Kludze, who was for a brief period teaching Land Law in the Faculty but later transferred his services to the United States; Ekua Kuenyehia, who later became the Dean of the Faculty and has remained in the Faculty to keep Police Officers to their proper duties; Turkson, who later went to East Africa to work; and Kwesi Botchwey, who was for many years the Minister of Finance of the Rawlings Administration and now a pundit at Harvard University. [541] para .part: body @@ -7182,10 +7245,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 532 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 2C1BC89BB741AE28187F5A22019693DD0E0C3598CE11942DA1657204E591578B +.sha256: B19944FA3DDB8115AEC9FDB7C9CB4056F0500ABF9611E5880CDA40CEB9636B8C +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s10 .segment_epub_is: s10 -| Help for the Legon Law Faculty also came from the International Legal Center (ILC) of New York in the form of books and lecturers. I had always thought that American law courses were much broader than the English courses we knew. Law is, after all, a gloss on many basic disciplines. A knowledge of economics and sociology will definitely be helpful to a study of Contract and Torts. The English training totally divorced the study of law from the basic studies on which it depends. By the same token, there were subjects which American Law Schools taught their students and which as a result made their students specialise in that area of study which the English training did not care about. One such area was taxation, which had become in England a field of specialisation of accountants, with the majority of lawyers totally innocent of its effect or impact on the society. I thought that this should be corrected. We got Robert Halliwell, the American tax law teacher, to visit Legon over a period of time to interest students in the subject. I am not sure how successful he was. He was followed by Professor Speight(?),~[* author indicates name needs to be checked ]~ of Stanford Law School. He, at least managed to inspire one student who went to Stanford and did his doctorate there. He returned to Legon to teach tax law, not during the time I was Dean but while I was still teaching there. Later, he became a Professor, then combined his teaching duties with an appointment as the Commissioner of Internal Revenue. Now he is Vice President of Ghana. He is Atta Mills. But I had a problem with the help of organisations like the ILC. They often offered money for programmes that they thought should be pursued at the Faculty and not programmes that I or the Faculty really wanted. Population studies, for example, were the in-thing with Americans at about this time. There was a lot of money available for that. I was keener on a programme of a comparative study in the laws of Ghana and our neighbouring States. I asked the ILC for money for this. No, there was no money available; but if I wanted money for a population study, there was some available. I said no thanks to that. I did not want the ILC or any other American institution to determine the agenda or priorities for the Faculty. +| Help for the Legon Law Faculty also came from the International Legal Center (ILC) of New York in the form of books and lecturers. I had always thought that American law courses were much broader than the English courses we knew. Law is, after all, a gloss on many basic disciplines. A knowledge of economics and sociology will definitely be helpful to a study of Contract and Torts. The English training totally divorced the study of law from the basic studies on which it depends. By the same token, there were subjects which American Law Schools taught their students and which as a result made their students specialise in that area of study which the English training did not care about. One such area was taxation, which had become in England a field of specialisation of accountants, with the majority of lawyers totally innocent of its effect or impact on the society. I thought that this should be corrected. We got Robert Halliwell, the American tax law teacher, to visit Legon over a period of time to interest students in the subject. I am not sure how successful he was. He was followed by Professor Speight(?),【*76 author indicates name needs to be checked】 of Stanford Law School. He, at least managed to inspire one student who went to Stanford and did his doctorate there. He returned to Legon to teach tax law, not during the time I was Dean but while I was still teaching there. Later, he became a Professor, then combined his teaching duties with an appointment as the Commissioner of Internal Revenue. Now he is Vice President of Ghana. He is Atta Mills. But I had a problem with the help of organisations like the ILC. They often offered money for programmes that they thought should be pursued at the Faculty and not programmes that I or the Faculty really wanted. Population studies, for example, were the in-thing with Americans at about this time. There was a lot of money available for that. I was keener on a programme of a comparative study in the laws of Ghana and our neighbouring States. I asked the ILC for money for this. No, there was no money available; but if I wanted money for a population study, there was some available. I said no thanks to that. I did not want the ILC or any other American institution to determine the agenda or priorities for the Faculty. [546] para .part: body @@ -7194,10 +7258,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 532 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 44BF95453DD88F9FDE48FA51795C67CB107052B4FE4C7F0F13375744258F65BC +.sha256: 9F092E8B54E96AAB0A3DBA41735F38DF78033EF10AEDCCB8FFE1D8B1BC19A4FE +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s10 .segment_epub_is: s10 -| We also established a relationship with the University of Leiden in Holland. From Leiden we had Cees Flinterman(?)~[* author indicates name needs to be checked ]~ who worked with Sam Gyandoh on Constitutional Law matters. A mission was sent from Leiden headed by Professor ***,~[* name missing ]~ who subsequently became a judge of the European Court to study the Faculty's needs and the best mode of co-operation. +| We also established a relationship with the University of Leiden in Holland. From Leiden we had Cees Flinterman(?)【*77 author indicates name needs to be checked】 who worked with Sam Gyandoh on Constitutional Law matters. A mission was sent from Leiden headed by Professor ***,【*78 name missing】 who subsequently became a judge of the European Court to study the Faculty's needs and the best mode of co-operation. [547] para .part: body @@ -7314,10 +7379,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 532 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 973FB32A8AB4DA04E060F52A666A6D31565D4414A8D608C85AA77A311025246D +.sha256: E626AEA0C1F0845490CD529803412678CBE4AF5587BF9FB20C2E023A6AC3288E +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s10 .segment_epub_is: s10 -| But my years after 1966 were not all work. I was attached to Mensa Sarah Hall at Legon. I thought, how appropriate. John Mensah Sarbah was the first indigene to qualify in Britain as a lawyer and was, no doubt, a learned man who left behind a tome on Fanti Customary Law. I enjoyed the dinners that I attended there. We saw friends, especially Frank (Kojo), who was Professor of Chemistry; Iris (Naawaa) Torto; my sister, Mildred and; her husband, my old classmate, Ebenezer (Yosi) Laing, who was Professor of Botany. Through Ralph, we met Judy Grayson who was at the Ghana International School with him. Through Judy, we met her family, the Graysons. Leslie Grayson was a member of the Harvard Group of academics who were advising the Ministry of Finance on economic matters. They worked with Nii Noi Omaboe. We saw a lot of the four Graysons: that is Leslie, wife and mother, Olivia, and Judy's elder sister, Carol and Judy. Les has a dry sense of humour, which threw me into fits of laughter. They derived a great deal of fun from Rafiu, the little son of their cook-steward, whom they spoilt terribly. Ghanaians are fond of the expression “Let's go”. This, Rafiu turned into “Les go”, which he repeated any time he was waiting for the family to take him to the beach. Les was always looking forward to the time some sixteen years ahead when Rafiu would become a “campus militant” at University. The Graysons became regular members of our Saturday “club”. That was the arrangement which we started with Mungo Franklin from the days that he used to visit us in Kumasi. Our greatest event during this period, however, occurred before I became Dean. That was the birth of our third child, Juliet on 16 February, 1968. I remember that Stella had, as gynecologist at the time, my old School Senior Prefect and later room-mate and benefactor at Hans Crescent in London, K. K. Korsah. When Stella was admitted into Korle Bu Hospital on the 16 February, she was seen by K. K. who said that she was not going to have the baby before the next morning. I then went off to Legon to have dinner with the Tortos. I came home that evening to hear that there had been a call from Korle Bu that Stella had had the baby. I rushed there. But it was not the same as being available when Stella wanted me. Juliet was so different from ⑆_┨Tossan.┣_~[* pointed out that Tossan's name is spelt differently earlier, explain ]~ Juliet had practically no hair for a long time, and she was so serious. Because of this sombre look, Les Grayson named her “the Bishop”. +| But my years after 1966 were not all work. I was attached to Mensa Sarah Hall at Legon. I thought, how appropriate. John Mensah Sarbah was the first indigene to qualify in Britain as a lawyer and was, no doubt, a learned man who left behind a tome on Fanti Customary Law. I enjoyed the dinners that I attended there. We saw friends, especially Frank (Kojo), who was Professor of Chemistry; Iris (Naawaa) Torto; my sister, Mildred and; her husband, my old classmate, Ebenezer (Yosi) Laing, who was Professor of Botany. Through Ralph, we met Judy Grayson who was at the Ghana International School with him. Through Judy, we met her family, the Graysons. Leslie Grayson was a member of the Harvard Group of academics who were advising the Ministry of Finance on economic matters. They worked with Nii Noi Omaboe. We saw a lot of the four Graysons: that is Leslie, wife and mother, Olivia, and Judy's elder sister, Carol and Judy. Les has a dry sense of humour, which threw me into fits of laughter. They derived a great deal of fun from Rafiu, the little son of their cook-steward, whom they spoilt terribly. Ghanaians are fond of the expression “Let's go”. This, Rafiu turned into “Les go”, which he repeated any time he was waiting for the family to take him to the beach. Les was always looking forward to the time some sixteen years ahead when Rafiu would become a “campus militant” at University. The Graysons became regular members of our Saturday “club”. That was the arrangement which we started with Mungo Franklin from the days that he used to visit us in Kumasi. Our greatest event during this period, however, occurred before I became Dean. That was the birth of our third child, Juliet on 16 February, 1968. I remember that Stella had, as gynecologist at the time, my old School Senior Prefect and later room-mate and benefactor at Hans Crescent in London, K. K. Korsah. When Stella was admitted into Korle Bu Hospital on the 16 February, she was seen by K. K. who said that she was not going to have the baby before the next morning. I then went off to Legon to have dinner with the Tortos. I came home that evening to hear that there had been a call from Korle Bu that Stella had had the baby. I rushed there. But it was not the same as being available when Stella wanted me. Juliet was so different from ⑆_┨Tossan.┣_【*79 pointed out that Tossan's name is spelt differently earlier, explain】 Juliet had practically no hair for a long time, and she was so serious. Because of this sombre look, Les Grayson named her “the Bishop”. [557] para .part: body @@ -7443,10 +7509,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 565 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: E23891FD5CD4E24FBF7E3DC5C3A73D0DB5AAE0B30CD82595F8ED9EEBC858E4F2 +.sha256: 0EEE57198AC7F27A5A844AF541E733B8FCD4782F65E8238791DCD60737C3024F +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s11 .segment_epub_is: s11 -| We arrived at Dulles Airport, Washington D.C., on 2 January 1973. Washington is 7 hours behind Finland. We had gone from Kimito to Helsinki Airport the same morning, so had started from there at about 5 am. By the time we arrived in the afternoon of 2 January, we had been on the road or in the air for nearly twenty four hours. We were tired but a whole afternoon and evening lay ahead of us in America. We were met at Dulles Airport in Washington D.C. by Bill and Beppy De Pree, who invited us to stay with them for as long as we liked while looking for a place of our own. The second day, after reporting to the Woodrow Wilson Center which is in the old Smithsonian Institution Castle in Jefferson Avenue, we started, with Bill driving us round, looking at likely places for accommodation. They themselves lived in Bethesda, Maryland, but we thought that area would be too expensive for us. Our searches were, however, confined to the Maryland and Virginia suburbs of Washington D.C. This was because of the education of the children. Washington D.C. itself had a reputation for poor quality publicly funded schools; classes were too large and teachers were too few per student. If the children were not to be sent to the publicly funded schools, we would find the private schools too expensive. But in Silver Springs and adjoining counties of Maryland and in Fairfax County of Virginia, the publicly funded education system was supposed to be the best in the country. We had to look for a place in which to reside, which would automatically entitle us to free public school education for the children. We did not find anything suitable on the second day. When Bill suggested that we do the same thing on the third day, I asked him whether he was not going to work. He had taken ten days off at the State Department to help us find accommodation. Leif Muten, our Swedish friend working with the IMF, who had visited us a few times in Accra on IMF missions and who lived in the Lake Barcroft area of Virginia, suggested that we take and look after the house of a friend who was away for a number of months, I believe, in California. We were sceptical about taking on the furnished accommodation of another, especially with our small children. We did not know how we could explain or replace anything that we broke or destroyed. But succumbing to Leif's persuasion, we went with him to see the house. It was, indeed, a beautiful house, large and beautifully furnished with all kinds of personal items. We immediately took fright and told Leif that we could not, under any circumstances, take it. We eventually found an apartment in the newly developed area of Reston in Fairfax County, Virginia to which Bill took us. Reston was then a few years old. It had quite a number of middle ranking government officials working in Washington D.C. The environment reminded us of a Scandinavian countryside. It was quite acceptable. With the help of Leif and ***~[* ask mum ]~ Muten,~[* double check Mutein? ]~ we moved into the apartment. +| We arrived at Dulles Airport, Washington D.C., on 2 January 1973. Washington is 7 hours behind Finland. We had gone from Kimito to Helsinki Airport the same morning, so had started from there at about 5 am. By the time we arrived in the afternoon of 2 January, we had been on the road or in the air for nearly twenty four hours. We were tired but a whole afternoon and evening lay ahead of us in America. We were met at Dulles Airport in Washington D.C. by Bill and Beppy De Pree, who invited us to stay with them for as long as we liked while looking for a place of our own. The second day, after reporting to the Woodrow Wilson Center which is in the old Smithsonian Institution Castle in Jefferson Avenue, we started, with Bill driving us round, looking at likely places for accommodation. They themselves lived in Bethesda, Maryland, but we thought that area would be too expensive for us. Our searches were, however, confined to the Maryland and Virginia suburbs of Washington D.C. This was because of the education of the children. Washington D.C. itself had a reputation for poor quality publicly funded schools; classes were too large and teachers were too few per student. If the children were not to be sent to the publicly funded schools, we would find the private schools too expensive. But in Silver Springs and adjoining counties of Maryland and in Fairfax County of Virginia, the publicly funded education system was supposed to be the best in the country. We had to look for a place in which to reside, which would automatically entitle us to free public school education for the children. We did not find anything suitable on the second day. When Bill suggested that we do the same thing on the third day, I asked him whether he was not going to work. He had taken ten days off at the State Department to help us find accommodation. Leif Muten, our Swedish friend working with the IMF, who had visited us a few times in Accra on IMF missions and who lived in the Lake Barcroft area of Virginia, suggested that we take and look after the house of a friend who was away for a number of months, I believe, in California. We were sceptical about taking on the furnished accommodation of another, especially with our small children. We did not know how we could explain or replace anything that we broke or destroyed. But succumbing to Leif's persuasion, we went with him to see the house. It was, indeed, a beautiful house, large and beautifully furnished with all kinds of personal items. We immediately took fright and told Leif that we could not, under any circumstances, take it. We eventually found an apartment in the newly developed area of Reston in Fairfax County, Virginia to which Bill took us. Reston was then a few years old. It had quite a number of middle ranking government officials working in Washington D.C. The environment reminded us of a Scandinavian countryside. It was quite acceptable. With the help of Leif and ***【*80 ask mum】 Muten,【*81 double check Mutein?】 we moved into the apartment. [567] para .part: body @@ -7479,10 +7546,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 565 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: D58D5857E5C66D0E0C70EE19F051D711F9E5367B504813FD2B0C00131912E286 +.sha256: 548B8B68821C19A968D97305B9E6A569A11F264057E656E722A7E8E1355C176D +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s11 .segment_epub_is: s11 -| I was welcomed to the Woodrow Wilson Center by Fran Hunter at the reception desk. It was she who had made me aware that I was late in taking up my fellowship by asking me where I had been all this time. She was a gem and we soon became good friends. The Director of the Center was Jim Read, who had worked at some earlier point in life with Franklin Williams. He was a very courteous and sympathetic man whom I was to see from time to time as he was interested in my progress on my project. He, however, did not last very long in that position while I was there and was succeeded by James Billington, whom Stella remembered as a contemporary in Oxford. I was soon introduced to the ways of the Center. I had an office in one of the turrets of the Castle. I was given secretarial assistance, access to the Center's library, which was not large at the time, and to the Library of Congress. If I needed a book or material on a long-term basis, it could be borrowed or photo-copied for me from the Library of Congress or from one of the libraries on the inter-library exchange system, which was of an extensive nature. I was then simply invited to get along with my project. The scholars at the Centre constituted a formidable array of talent, promise and achievement. My neighbour was Dick Smyser, who was later to accompany Henry Kissinger, when the Secretary of State, on his first visit to China. I visited them from time to time to clear my head of befuddlement whenever reading or writing became too difficult. The Center was then quite new. It had about 35 scholars, of whom slightly more than half were American and the remainder from other countries. Some of the foreigners came from Europe, Latin America, Asia; the other African was the Nigerian sociologist, ***.~[* name? ]~ There was a mixture of academic and practical people: politicians, both retired and current, lawyers, historians, scientists, journalists and so on. Among the scholars was the great Australian jurist, Dr. Julius Stone. Geoffrey Hodgson, the writer and observer of British contemporary scene and practices, was also there at the time although I did not see much of him at the Center. The fellow appointed to replace me when I left was Elliot Richardson, the former US Attorney General. +| I was welcomed to the Woodrow Wilson Center by Fran Hunter at the reception desk. It was she who had made me aware that I was late in taking up my fellowship by asking me where I had been all this time. She was a gem and we soon became good friends. The Director of the Center was Jim Read, who had worked at some earlier point in life with Franklin Williams. He was a very courteous and sympathetic man whom I was to see from time to time as he was interested in my progress on my project. He, however, did not last very long in that position while I was there and was succeeded by James Billington, whom Stella remembered as a contemporary in Oxford. I was soon introduced to the ways of the Center. I had an office in one of the turrets of the Castle. I was given secretarial assistance, access to the Center's library, which was not large at the time, and to the Library of Congress. If I needed a book or material on a long-term basis, it could be borrowed or photo-copied for me from the Library of Congress or from one of the libraries on the inter-library exchange system, which was of an extensive nature. I was then simply invited to get along with my project. The scholars at the Centre constituted a formidable array of talent, promise and achievement. My neighbour was Dick Smyser, who was later to accompany Henry Kissinger, when the Secretary of State, on his first visit to China. I visited them from time to time to clear my head of befuddlement whenever reading or writing became too difficult. The Center was then quite new. It had about 35 scholars, of whom slightly more than half were American and the remainder from other countries. Some of the foreigners came from Europe, Latin America, Asia; the other African was the Nigerian sociologist, ***.【*82 name?】 There was a mixture of academic and practical people: politicians, both retired and current, lawyers, historians, scientists, journalists and so on. Among the scholars was the great Australian jurist, Dr. Julius Stone. Geoffrey Hodgson, the writer and observer of British contemporary scene and practices, was also there at the time although I did not see much of him at the Center. The fellow appointed to replace me when I left was Elliot Richardson, the former US Attorney General. [570] para .part: body @@ -7623,10 +7691,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 565 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: CC4821C01B0E2C19B1C4CCB0C063F6B24C0F09A3ADFFAFD1E7B1E0FCB796AFFA +.sha256: 05E09401E4CD1E20F08C872C53EC9C2F4CDC3071555485441C46F031834F74FA +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s11 .segment_epub_is: s11 -| For the transfer from Washington D.C. to Charlottesville, we hired~[* rented? ]~ a self-drive van and packed our things into it. Bill De Pree, characteristically, offered help. So I drove the U-Haul van with him sitting by me. Just coming into Charlottesville, we had a scary moment when we were descending a hill and as we came to a curve I found that I could not reach the foot-brake to slow down the van. It was frightening. Fortunately, I managed to connect with the foot-brake in the nick of time to save us from going over the edge. It was the sort of moment to be treasured in the memory rather than talked about. People become closer to each other after such an experience. Bill helped us with the unpacking of the many things we had managed to accumulate during the year in Washington. +| For the transfer from Washington D.C. to Charlottesville, we hired【*83 rented?】 a self-drive van and packed our things into it. Bill De Pree, characteristically, offered help. So I drove the U-Haul van with him sitting by me. Just coming into Charlottesville, we had a scary moment when we were descending a hill and as we came to a curve I found that I could not reach the foot-brake to slow down the van. It was frightening. Fortunately, I managed to connect with the foot-brake in the nick of time to save us from going over the edge. It was the sort of moment to be treasured in the memory rather than talked about. People become closer to each other after such an experience. Bill helped us with the unpacking of the many things we had managed to accumulate during the year in Washington. [582] para .part: body @@ -7647,10 +7716,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 565 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 94BA4DEA961F2BAA4E469F77E1F99D4D0E74050F2DB5CBA5F1655CD4EDDA295E +.sha256: E0C5CC68D9DBA115D933DD564F59ABC5C84A7B8015C9B65B3FFA451CE94512C9 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s11 .segment_epub_is: s11 -| When I joined the Faculty of the Law School of the University of Virginia (UVA), the Dean was John Paulsen. I was given the room of John Norton Moore, the international lawyer. He was then on leave of absence advising the State Department. I had the company of another international lawyer of some distinction, Richard (“Dick) Lillich, on the Faculty. From time to time, he invited me to assess foreign students who had applied to come up to UVA. Students from some countries were made to take entrance exams, as a matter of routine while others were automatically exempted. I was happy to find that the Law Faculty of the University of Ghana was among the second list. I was struck by the distinctly different relationship between black and white students from those that I had observed at Harvard. The students at Charlottesville easily mixed amongst~[* ”between“ replaced ]~ themselves both in classes and social events. This difference intrigued me, especially as Virginia was regarded as a southern State, where segregation was bound to be more distinct. Once, when I had indicated in Legon that I might do research in Virginia, I was strongly advised by John Griffiths, an American lecturing at Legon at the time, whether I could not find some University in the northern part of the US to do the research in. Our black friends, Bobby Freeman, were in Washington D.C. at the time. I mentioned the difference I had noticed to Bobby Freeman and asked him for an explanation. He thought that whites in the northern States in the US were theoretical liberates. They loudly preached liberalism but when it came to the practice of it, they were quite intolerant. The whites of the southern States, on the other hand, had lived with blacks for a long time. They kept them segregated because they thought it was ordained by law. Once they were made to accept that the law did not support segregation, the majority were prepared to mix more with the blacks than was done by the ”liberal" whites in the north. This may have been a simplistic explanation but it, at least, gives a reason for the phenomena that I observed between black and white students at Harvard and at the University of Virginia. +| When I joined the Faculty of the Law School of the University of Virginia (UVA), the Dean was John Paulsen. I was given the room of John Norton Moore, the international lawyer. He was then on leave of absence advising the State Department. I had the company of another international lawyer of some distinction, Richard (“Dick) Lillich, on the Faculty. From time to time, he invited me to assess foreign students who had applied to come up to UVA. Students from some countries were made to take entrance exams, as a matter of routine while others were automatically exempted. I was happy to find that the Law Faculty of the University of Ghana was among the second list. I was struck by the distinctly different relationship between black and white students from those that I had observed at Harvard. The students at Charlottesville easily mixed amongst【*84 ”between“ replaced】 themselves both in classes and social events. This difference intrigued me, especially as Virginia was regarded as a southern State, where segregation was bound to be more distinct. Once, when I had indicated in Legon that I might do research in Virginia, I was strongly advised by John Griffiths, an American lecturing at Legon at the time, whether I could not find some University in the northern part of the US to do the research in. Our black friends, Bobby Freeman, were in Washington D.C. at the time. I mentioned the difference I had noticed to Bobby Freeman and asked him for an explanation. He thought that whites in the northern States in the US were theoretical liberates. They loudly preached liberalism but when it came to the practice of it, they were quite intolerant. The whites of the southern States, on the other hand, had lived with blacks for a long time. They kept them segregated because they thought it was ordained by law. Once they were made to accept that the law did not support segregation, the majority were prepared to mix more with the blacks than was done by the ”liberal" whites in the north. This may have been a simplistic explanation but it, at least, gives a reason for the phenomena that I observed between black and white students at Harvard and at the University of Virginia. [584] para .part: body @@ -7730,10 +7800,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 565 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 352C11F018B4919E1F14D3E5BD0B59A770DC8F66FC667953B4B1EF91800D8CD6 +.sha256: 9E4D0A47928AD1B733966E1077AE9C4B00BDF9677F472D67B45F881F8192CAEC +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s11 .segment_epub_is: s11 -| ⑆_┨We planned a holiday in Finland.┣_ But as I had extended my stay in the US already by five months, I thought my holiday would be short, however much longer Stella and the girls~[* “children” replaced ]~ intended to stay in Finland. Jack Wilmot was in charge at the Ghana Mission in Brussels, and as advised by Kwamena Otoo, then Ambassador in Bonn, that the best place for the purchase of duty free cars in Europe was Brussels I had asked him to order and pay for a Toyota Corolla for my collection in Brussels. Stella, the girls and I would then drive to Finland.~[* paragraph repeated, around 582 - 583 numbers have changed, with new heading ]~ +| ⑆_┨We planned a holiday in Finland.┣_ But as I had extended my stay in the US already by five months, I thought my holiday would be short, however much longer Stella and the girls【*85 “children” replaced】 intended to stay in Finland. Jack Wilmot was in charge at the Ghana Mission in Brussels, and as advised by Kwamena Otoo, then Ambassador in Bonn, that the best place for the purchase of duty free cars in Europe was Brussels I had asked him to order and pay for a Toyota Corolla for my collection in Brussels. Stella, the girls and I would then drive to Finland.【*86 paragraph repeated, around 582 - 583 numbers have changed, with new heading】 [590] para .part: body @@ -7742,10 +7813,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 565 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 4A652F6EFB3392FE4A8E58FADDF228B330BD0FFBFBEEA10C71E65EA4FEFE75F9 +.sha256: 25A1FD2ED0C5946FA3327CCC7F485E0704C847E61F1FDEF3DDC9676C437359E7 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s11 .segment_epub_is: s11 -| ⑆_┨We arrived┣_ to find Jack Wilmot on his way on some mission somewhere else and to hear the news that the car was still on the high seas, although the company promised that it would be in a couple of days. So we were welcome to stay at the residence with his wife, Ewura Esie, until the car arrived. This totally upset our calculations. But we were grateful to Jack for inviting us to stay at his residence. The two days passed with Toyota still saying that the car was on the high seas. Where, they either did not know or were reluctant to tell. They offered us other cars in their showroom. But none of them was large enough to take a family of four moving with luggage back home after a year and a half stay abroad. In desperation we came to an agreement to take a Toyota Crown, a larger car than I had bargained for which was used by their directors as advertisement for something short of the money I had deposited. We were happy to be on our way in Europe at last, driving through Germany, Denmark, Sweden to Finland. I stayed in Finland for about a couple of weeks, still conscience-stricken at my having overstayed my intended one year abroad, and started on my way back, this time driving alone through Hamburg, where I arranged for the shipment of the car from Rotterdam, and London, where I picked up Ralph on holiday after his first year in Achimota and to put him on a flight for Finland to join Stella and the girls, deposited the car in Rotterdam, and flew back to Ghana.~[* (paragraph) repetition with a few additional tidbits, see around 582 - 583 numbers have changed, with new heading ]~ +| ⑆_┨We arrived┣_ to find Jack Wilmot on his way on some mission somewhere else and to hear the news that the car was still on the high seas, although the company promised that it would be in a couple of days. So we were welcome to stay at the residence with his wife, Ewura Esie, until the car arrived. This totally upset our calculations. But we were grateful to Jack for inviting us to stay at his residence. The two days passed with Toyota still saying that the car was on the high seas. Where, they either did not know or were reluctant to tell. They offered us other cars in their showroom. But none of them was large enough to take a family of four moving with luggage back home after a year and a half stay abroad. In desperation we came to an agreement to take a Toyota Crown, a larger car than I had bargained for which was used by their directors as advertisement for something short of the money I had deposited. We were happy to be on our way in Europe at last, driving through Germany, Denmark, Sweden to Finland. I stayed in Finland for about a couple of weeks, still conscience-stricken at my having overstayed my intended one year abroad, and started on my way back, this time driving alone through Hamburg, where I arranged for the shipment of the car from Rotterdam, and London, where I picked up Ralph on holiday after his first year in Achimota and to put him on a flight for Finland to join Stella and the girls, deposited the car in Rotterdam, and flew back to Ghana.【*87 (paragraph) repetition with a few additional tidbits, see around 582 - 583 numbers have changed, with new heading】 [591] para .part: body @@ -7754,10 +7826,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 565 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: F84B6450429C7E3467BF85FC9107ACE287BA069D5DA05239791010E2AB8DB555 +.sha256: 23A3EF043F5937B200EDF655F412CC43487DE3F10F77134AFFCA16A2F422FF00 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s11 .segment_epub_is: s11 -| While I was away, Dr. Ekow Daniels had been elected Dean of the Law Faculty. Some of my friends at the Faculty spoke as if I had been stabbed in the back by certain other of my colleagues. But whether this was so or not, I never bothered to find out the details. As a result, I never knew who had said what against me at any meeting leading to the election or of the actual election of Ekow Daniels as the new Dean. I knew the terms on which I had accepted to be seconded to the Faculty. That was to hold the place until one of the permanent Faculty lecturers had gained sufficient stature to be appointed Dean. The candidate favoured by Alex Kwapong, the Vice-Chancellor, was George Ofosu-Amaah. But as I have explained in an earlier Chapter, this was not to be until much later. His acceptance of the appointment as head of Special Branch in Busia's government, changed the course of this simple academic plan. ⑆_┨I recall attending a party in London given by John Thompson,┣_~[* repetition (from here till end of paragraph) almost verbatim from an earlier chapter ]~ at which I met quite a number of officers of MI5 who had previously served in the British High Commission in Ghana. Some of the invitees were obviously embarrassed to see me there because they had behaved while in Accra as if they were ordinary diplomats. One of them always gave the story that he was only a temporary cadet in the British diplomatic service wanting to get a permanent appointment, but each time he sat an examination or was given an interview, which coincided with the periods when he had to visit London, he failed. Being a very nice person, this story generated a lot of sympathy. John Thompson, on the other hand did not take it amiss that I was there, because he thought in my position as Director of Public Prosecutions, I had known who all these people really were. I remember that when his other guests were leaving, he asked me to stay behind for a while. At that time we started discussing his guests and I mentioned the story of the one guest who passed himself off as a temporary cadet of the diplomatic course. John laughed and said he thought I knew all the time that that fellow was one of them. But the point of mentioning this story was that among John Thomson's guests that evening was a Deputy Director of MI5 who talked to me about Ghana. He knew George Ofosu-Amaah, and he knew he had been seconded from the Law Faculty, so he asked me whether I thought George would come back to the Faculty, and when I answered that the Prime Minister obviously wanted him to stay on as long as possible, he replied, “I don't think he would like to come back. He is enjoying himself too much catching Russian spies.” This was a reference to a recent expulsion of some Soviet diplomats from Ghana for spying. But George's tenure at Special Branch was involuntarily terminated by the 1972 coup, and after the usual unpleasant detention for a period went abroad and lectured in, among other places, the University of Kent at Canterbury, where the former Dean at Legon, Brian Simpson, was then a professor. He eventually, succeeded to the Deanship of the Legon Law Faculty after Ekow Daniels and other temporary holders. +| While I was away, Dr. Ekow Daniels had been elected Dean of the Law Faculty. Some of my friends at the Faculty spoke as if I had been stabbed in the back by certain other of my colleagues. But whether this was so or not, I never bothered to find out the details. As a result, I never knew who had said what against me at any meeting leading to the election or of the actual election of Ekow Daniels as the new Dean. I knew the terms on which I had accepted to be seconded to the Faculty. That was to hold the place until one of the permanent Faculty lecturers had gained sufficient stature to be appointed Dean. The candidate favoured by Alex Kwapong, the Vice-Chancellor, was George Ofosu-Amaah. But as I have explained in an earlier Chapter, this was not to be until much later. His acceptance of the appointment as head of Special Branch in Busia's government, changed the course of this simple academic plan. ⑆_┨I recall attending a party in London given by John Thompson,┣_【*88 repetition (from here till end of paragraph) almost verbatim from an earlier chapter】 at which I met quite a number of officers of MI5 who had previously served in the British High Commission in Ghana. Some of the invitees were obviously embarrassed to see me there because they had behaved while in Accra as if they were ordinary diplomats. One of them always gave the story that he was only a temporary cadet in the British diplomatic service wanting to get a permanent appointment, but each time he sat an examination or was given an interview, which coincided with the periods when he had to visit London, he failed. Being a very nice person, this story generated a lot of sympathy. John Thompson, on the other hand did not take it amiss that I was there, because he thought in my position as Director of Public Prosecutions, I had known who all these people really were. I remember that when his other guests were leaving, he asked me to stay behind for a while. At that time we started discussing his guests and I mentioned the story of the one guest who passed himself off as a temporary cadet of the diplomatic course. John laughed and said he thought I knew all the time that that fellow was one of them. But the point of mentioning this story was that among John Thomson's guests that evening was a Deputy Director of MI5 who talked to me about Ghana. He knew George Ofosu-Amaah, and he knew he had been seconded from the Law Faculty, so he asked me whether I thought George would come back to the Faculty, and when I answered that the Prime Minister obviously wanted him to stay on as long as possible, he replied, “I don't think he would like to come back. He is enjoying himself too much catching Russian spies.” This was a reference to a recent expulsion of some Soviet diplomats from Ghana for spying. But George's tenure at Special Branch was involuntarily terminated by the 1972 coup, and after the usual unpleasant detention for a period went abroad and lectured in, among other places, the University of Kent at Canterbury, where the former Dean at Legon, Brian Simpson, was then a professor. He eventually, succeeded to the Deanship of the Legon Law Faculty after Ekow Daniels and other temporary holders. [592] para .part: body @@ -7790,10 +7863,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 565 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: A29CE86349BB9C41AF8A9537F7A6731FC92CA84BBF76AD5708F30E3975256907 +.sha256: 7E222A605E0E304C2A35D1E94C45CC6B76889A8F42872448B973566592D4740D +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s11 .segment_epub_is: s11 -| ⑆_┨My secondment to the Law Faculty in 1969┣_ was approved by Chief Justice Akufo Addo. Under the 1969 Constitution which brought Busia to power, he became the President of Ghana. The Constitution created a new Supreme Court, as Akuffo Addo had always wanted. E.A.L. Bannnerman who had acted as a Crown Counsel in the days when Gold Coast nationals were kept as far as possible out of the Attorney General's Department, and a Magistrate in Ghana, and later High Court judge and had returned to teach at the Ghana Law School, succeeded Akuffo Addo as Chief Justice. Azu Crabbe and Apaloo were elevated to this Court. Charlie Crabbe and Patrick Anin were appointed to it. But when the coup of 1972 took place, the Supreme Court was first suspended and then later abolished once more, and the judges of the Court were made to revert to their previous appointments. Azu Crabbe in due course succeeded Bannerman as the Chief Justice.~[* repetition (beginning of paragraph) check ]~ The Court I rejoined on a full time basis was headed by Azu Crabbe, with Apaloo and George Lassey as my seniors. Other members of the Court were Annie Jiagge, E.N.P. Sowah, Philip Archer, Kingsley Nyinah, Dan Annan, Robert Hayfron-Benjamin and George Francois. Chief Justice Bannerman, a good lawyer but one not very popular, had been associated with the Busia regime. His tenure was brought to an end with the suspension and subsequent abolition of the Supreme Court. With the judges of the Supreme Court being required by the Military Regime to revert to their former positions, Chief Justice Bannerman, who had come to his office from private life, via the Law School, went back to private life. +| ⑆_┨My secondment to the Law Faculty in 1969┣_ was approved by Chief Justice Akufo Addo. Under the 1969 Constitution which brought Busia to power, he became the President of Ghana. The Constitution created a new Supreme Court, as Akuffo Addo had always wanted. E.A.L. Bannnerman who had acted as a Crown Counsel in the days when Gold Coast nationals were kept as far as possible out of the Attorney General's Department, and a Magistrate in Ghana, and later High Court judge and had returned to teach at the Ghana Law School, succeeded Akuffo Addo as Chief Justice. Azu Crabbe and Apaloo were elevated to this Court. Charlie Crabbe and Patrick Anin were appointed to it. But when the coup of 1972 took place, the Supreme Court was first suspended and then later abolished once more, and the judges of the Court were made to revert to their previous appointments. Azu Crabbe in due course succeeded Bannerman as the Chief Justice.【*89 repetition (beginning of paragraph) check】 The Court I rejoined on a full time basis was headed by Azu Crabbe, with Apaloo and George Lassey as my seniors. Other members of the Court were Annie Jiagge, E.N.P. Sowah, Philip Archer, Kingsley Nyinah, Dan Annan, Robert Hayfron-Benjamin and George Francois. Chief Justice Bannerman, a good lawyer but one not very popular, had been associated with the Busia regime. His tenure was brought to an end with the suspension and subsequent abolition of the Supreme Court. With the judges of the Supreme Court being required by the Military Regime to revert to their former positions, Chief Justice Bannerman, who had come to his office from private life, via the Law School, went back to private life. [595] para .part: body @@ -7802,10 +7876,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 565 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 0F02E1B8E79D438425C699E2756D2D1C3814471D6DDC472C5C7234C3C9B2645F +.sha256: 7CA1051E478C831A2782F08CACC4DFCFD57BD11A864E94630C49163428A3FA69 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s11 .segment_epub_is: s11 -| I was still Chairman of the Law Reform Commission. But I did not last very long in that position. Fred Apaloo's term as Chairman of the Council of Law Reporting came to an end some time after my return. Chief Justice Azu Crabbe, with whom Fred's relations had become somewhat strained and who, under the law had the right, by virtue of his office, to nominate the Chairman, did not feel inclined to re-nominate him and nominated me instead. I have often wondered whether part of Azu's design in my nomination as Fred's replacement was to drive a wedge between Fred, with whom I was very close, and myself. I was quite irritated by the nomination because, Azu never spoke to me about it and my becoming the Chairman of the Council gave Dr. S. K. B. Asante, then Solicitor General, or Deputy Attorney General, I forget which, the excuse to propose a new Chairman of the Law Reform Commission, a job I enjoyed immensely and in which I thought I was making a useful contribution. On that account, I even suggested to Asante that I would not mind continuing to serve on the Commission as an ordinary member. But I understood that Justice Archer, who was my successor, felt that my continued presence on the Commission would be an embarrassment to him as he was junior to me on the bench. Thus, suddenly, ended my association with the Commission.~[* a suggestion given to move ended to end of sentence ]~ One person was quite happy at my return to the Council of Law Reporting: that was my friend Kofi Tetteh, who was the Editor of the Law Reports. +| I was still Chairman of the Law Reform Commission. But I did not last very long in that position. Fred Apaloo's term as Chairman of the Council of Law Reporting came to an end some time after my return. Chief Justice Azu Crabbe, with whom Fred's relations had become somewhat strained and who, under the law had the right, by virtue of his office, to nominate the Chairman, did not feel inclined to re-nominate him and nominated me instead. I have often wondered whether part of Azu's design in my nomination as Fred's replacement was to drive a wedge between Fred, with whom I was very close, and myself. I was quite irritated by the nomination because, Azu never spoke to me about it and my becoming the Chairman of the Council gave Dr. S. K. B. Asante, then Solicitor General, or Deputy Attorney General, I forget which, the excuse to propose a new Chairman of the Law Reform Commission, a job I enjoyed immensely and in which I thought I was making a useful contribution. On that account, I even suggested to Asante that I would not mind continuing to serve on the Commission as an ordinary member. But I understood that Justice Archer, who was my successor, felt that my continued presence on the Commission would be an embarrassment to him as he was junior to me on the bench. Thus, suddenly, ended my association with the Commission.【*90 a suggestion given to move ended to end of sentence】 One person was quite happy at my return to the Council of Law Reporting: that was my friend Kofi Tetteh, who was the Editor of the Law Reports. [596] para .part: body @@ -7814,10 +7889,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 565 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 3BCAB0B920E8D31EE0AD30A9D799BB63BF40E848023D933BED4AF8286856F2B5 +.sha256: F60FBFBA03A087BE4080FEE987712F5978E288D627F1017BD3E20B3D99CDBB8F +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s11 .segment_epub_is: s11 -| Kutlu Fuad, the Director of the Legal Division of the Commonwealth Secretariat phoned soon after my return to Ghana to invite me to join a Committee to be appointed by the Secretary-General of the Commonwealth to enquire into the forms of legal co-operation between Commonwealth countries. Kutlu had met me during the period when I served as an Executive Member of the Committee of the Commonwealth Legal Education Association. His father was Judge Fuad, who had served on the High Court Bench in the Gold Coast before independence. The chairman of the Committee was Sir Roy Marshall, the legal educationalist who had, in my time as a student, edited Nathan's Equity Through the Cases, and later became Vice-Chancellor of the University of Sheffield. The third member was Professor John Ll. Edwards, who wrote extensively on Criminal Law, but whose masterpiece was The Law Officers of the Crown. That book gave a comprehensive picture of the different kinds of Attorneys-General in Commonwealth countries, ranging from the civil servant to the politically appointed officer and the roles each played under their respective constitutions. We met in London, where we deliberated and held interviews, several times. But it was clear, and that position was irksome to us, that the legal co-operation in the Commonwealth was wholly Anglocentric and we were inclined to recommend some diversification of centres of activity. So on one occasion, at the instance of John Edwards, who was then teaching in Toronto, we had a meeting in Canada. Apart from recommending diversification of activities, we also thought that the work of the Legal Advisory Service of the British Institute of International and Comparative Law, to a large extent, duplicated services provided to Commonwealth governments by the Legal Division of the Commonwealth Secretariat. We recommended, therefore, that the Legal Advisory Service of the Institute should be abolished. That recommendation did not sit very well with the Institute and it refused to implement it. ⑆_┨An interesting piece of evidence given┣_ by the Director of the Advisory Service which stuck in my mind was in connection with his telling us what the Service did. Among the services that the Director stated were sometimes required was advice from some Attorneys-General of Commonwealth countries on what to do when a coup d'etat occurred. The picture of an Attorney-General asking, and a public service in London giving, in advance advice on the types of legislation he should have passed to strengthen the position of the insurgents seemed quite odd to us.~[* repetition from underlined section ]~ +| Kutlu Fuad, the Director of the Legal Division of the Commonwealth Secretariat phoned soon after my return to Ghana to invite me to join a Committee to be appointed by the Secretary-General of the Commonwealth to enquire into the forms of legal co-operation between Commonwealth countries. Kutlu had met me during the period when I served as an Executive Member of the Committee of the Commonwealth Legal Education Association. His father was Judge Fuad, who had served on the High Court Bench in the Gold Coast before independence. The chairman of the Committee was Sir Roy Marshall, the legal educationalist who had, in my time as a student, edited Nathan's Equity Through the Cases, and later became Vice-Chancellor of the University of Sheffield. The third member was Professor John Ll. Edwards, who wrote extensively on Criminal Law, but whose masterpiece was The Law Officers of the Crown. That book gave a comprehensive picture of the different kinds of Attorneys-General in Commonwealth countries, ranging from the civil servant to the politically appointed officer and the roles each played under their respective constitutions. We met in London, where we deliberated and held interviews, several times. But it was clear, and that position was irksome to us, that the legal co-operation in the Commonwealth was wholly Anglocentric and we were inclined to recommend some diversification of centres of activity. So on one occasion, at the instance of John Edwards, who was then teaching in Toronto, we had a meeting in Canada. Apart from recommending diversification of activities, we also thought that the work of the Legal Advisory Service of the British Institute of International and Comparative Law, to a large extent, duplicated services provided to Commonwealth governments by the Legal Division of the Commonwealth Secretariat. We recommended, therefore, that the Legal Advisory Service of the Institute should be abolished. That recommendation did not sit very well with the Institute and it refused to implement it. ⑆_┨An interesting piece of evidence given┣_ by the Director of the Advisory Service which stuck in my mind was in connection with his telling us what the Service did. Among the services that the Director stated were sometimes required was advice from some Attorneys-General of Commonwealth countries on what to do when a coup d'etat occurred. The picture of an Attorney-General asking, and a public service in London giving, in advance advice on the types of legislation he should have passed to strengthen the position of the insurgents seemed quite odd to us.【*91 repetition from underlined section】 [597] para .part: body @@ -7910,10 +7986,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 565 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: CEE3DD5D48001738F6E6B94E72747A7DC0F17220333D7E6869058A81FFBFAE72 +.sha256: FD6467B77CA4A62416A9BB7C66B3D849948295274D44AA63E8CC799C49433386 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s11 .segment_epub_is: s11 -| While in Canberra, I was flown up the mountains to a nearby sheep farm at Tumut. In Melbourne, the capital of Victoria, I went round legal education and continuing legal education institutions. I also met Justice Kirby who was then the Chairman of the Australian Law Reform Commission. There I also found my old friends, Jim and Virginia De Friest. The last time I had seen them was in 1965, after I had returned from my first visit to Australia and the United States. The De Friests were then living in Ghana, with Jim working with Mobil Oil. It would be recalled that Virginia had, without my knowledge, written to her parents, the Quinbys in San Francisco, so that I was surprised to be welcomed to the city when I arrived at the Airport by an invitation from her lawyer father to get in touch and to visit them at their home in Palo Alto. Now, Jim had finished with Mobil and was working with some company, I believe producing glass, in Melbourne. They had decided that they were going to retire and continue living in Australia, which they found more congenial than the United States. Jim died in 1995; Quig's~[* ? check ]~ mother, Catherine, turned 100 in 1996 +| While in Canberra, I was flown up the mountains to a nearby sheep farm at Tumut. In Melbourne, the capital of Victoria, I went round legal education and continuing legal education institutions. I also met Justice Kirby who was then the Chairman of the Australian Law Reform Commission. There I also found my old friends, Jim and Virginia De Friest. The last time I had seen them was in 1965, after I had returned from my first visit to Australia and the United States. The De Friests were then living in Ghana, with Jim working with Mobil Oil. It would be recalled that Virginia had, without my knowledge, written to her parents, the Quinbys in San Francisco, so that I was surprised to be welcomed to the city when I arrived at the Airport by an invitation from her lawyer father to get in touch and to visit them at their home in Palo Alto. Now, Jim had finished with Mobil and was working with some company, I believe producing glass, in Melbourne. They had decided that they were going to retire and continue living in Australia, which they found more congenial than the United States. Jim died in 1995; Quig's【*92 ? check】 mother, Catherine, turned 100 in 1996 [605] para .part: body @@ -8080,11 +8157,12 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 565 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: DE5BA8D4E5BD41DD8B9E34998CF3CC52E140773C1177DF68B1BC382886493EB0 +.sha256: BF728A4F2C040053B2FD0B44F547B465EB2AF2D660142C63EE47EED4C7998E77 .indent: 1 1 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s11 .segment_epub_is: s11 -| “... Apart, my Lords, from the correlative duty of counsel not to mislead the Court by fraud, deceit or active concealment, we of the Ghana Bar know of no legal rule, ancient or modern, which itself restrains a lawyer from advancing for the consideration of a Court legal argument which Counsel honestly believes to be in his client's favour. We know of no rule of ethics or morals diminishing this valiant duty. On the contrary, we are certain that that duty is enjoined upon us even more forcibly by ethics, for a lawyer who is not bound to advance argument he may conceive to be in his client's favour, is thereby licensed to bargain away his client's rights at will, for fear or greed to satisfy his own selfish ends. In the view of the Bar Association and as a universal rule, if a lawyer honestly believes, however erroneously, that a legal rule, provision or section of the law favours his client he commits an unpardonable dereliction of duty if he fails to advance it for the consideration of the court. It will put Counsel in an intolerable position, if he should be called upon to rehearse his client's case to himself beforehand, as judge, jury, and advocate! A court sitting in adjudication of a case, has an overwhelming discretion and is entitled to reject an ill-conceived, insolent or contemptuous~[* CHECK ”contemnous" replaced ]~ application of counsel in fitting terms of rebuke. +| “... Apart, my Lords, from the correlative duty of counsel not to mislead the Court by fraud, deceit or active concealment, we of the Ghana Bar know of no legal rule, ancient or modern, which itself restrains a lawyer from advancing for the consideration of a Court legal argument which Counsel honestly believes to be in his client's favour. We know of no rule of ethics or morals diminishing this valiant duty. On the contrary, we are certain that that duty is enjoined upon us even more forcibly by ethics, for a lawyer who is not bound to advance argument he may conceive to be in his client's favour, is thereby licensed to bargain away his client's rights at will, for fear or greed to satisfy his own selfish ends. In the view of the Bar Association and as a universal rule, if a lawyer honestly believes, however erroneously, that a legal rule, provision or section of the law favours his client he commits an unpardonable dereliction of duty if he fails to advance it for the consideration of the court. It will put Counsel in an intolerable position, if he should be called upon to rehearse his client's case to himself beforehand, as judge, jury, and advocate! A court sitting in adjudication of a case, has an overwhelming discretion and is entitled to reject an ill-conceived, insolent or contemptuous【*93 CHECK ”contemnous" replaced】 application of counsel in fitting terms of rebuke. [619] para .part: body @@ -8154,10 +8232,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 565 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 9507E1C5E481A242D0CD24DBA44E030C32535E2DF02F2EB38187565D84F6B9DB +.sha256: D7FB2AA6A20334C5C5E6548961855D29A38453541384D48168D8BAFCDAD646AB +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s11 .segment_epub_is: s11 -| There was a provision in the Constitution of 1969 which I thought gave me the opportunity to retire. That Constitution had introduced the most controversial concept of judges retiring on their salaries. It was a condition which Akuffo Addo, as Chief Justice, had fought for. He believed that an impecunious judge was a sure invitation to corruption. But the judge must not only be kept comfortable during his years of service, his retirement comfort should also be assured. Judges in our system, were often appointed late in life to their positions on the Bench. They were, therefore, unable to serve long enough to enable them have a decent pension by the normal process of calculation for the rest of the Public Services. Without the assurance of an old age free of financial worries, it would be impossible to pay judges enough to stop the unscrupulous from adopting dubious means of securing~[* replaced “ensuring” ]~ that future. Of course, the counter-argument which was used by other Public Servants in the debate preceding the Constitution was that as judges were relatively better paid during their service years, they were better able to put more by for the future than the other Public Servants. All were entitled to retirement free from financial worries, and if the judges' concern over this would be an incentive for corruption, so would the concerns of other Public Servants give rise to the same temptation. On the basis of the judges' argument, therefore, everyone in the Public Service should be entitled to retire on his salary. Perhaps the argument on the shortness of service of judges, some of whom might have come from private practice and the fact that, if judges alone were given this privilege, the exchequer would be better able to bear it than if the privilege were to be extended to every Public Servant, decided the Constituent Assembly in favour of granting the privilege to judges alone. Whatever be the case, the Constitution provided for judges retiring on their salary at the age of 65(?)~[* needs to be checked ]~ if they had served as judges for a minimum of 10 years. +| There was a provision in the Constitution of 1969 which I thought gave me the opportunity to retire. That Constitution had introduced the most controversial concept of judges retiring on their salaries. It was a condition which Akuffo Addo, as Chief Justice, had fought for. He believed that an impecunious judge was a sure invitation to corruption. But the judge must not only be kept comfortable during his years of service, his retirement comfort should also be assured. Judges in our system, were often appointed late in life to their positions on the Bench. They were, therefore, unable to serve long enough to enable them have a decent pension by the normal process of calculation for the rest of the Public Services. Without the assurance of an old age free of financial worries, it would be impossible to pay judges enough to stop the unscrupulous from adopting dubious means of securing【*94 replaced “ensuring”】 that future. Of course, the counter-argument which was used by other Public Servants in the debate preceding the Constitution was that as judges were relatively better paid during their service years, they were better able to put more by for the future than the other Public Servants. All were entitled to retirement free from financial worries, and if the judges' concern over this would be an incentive for corruption, so would the concerns of other Public Servants give rise to the same temptation. On the basis of the judges' argument, therefore, everyone in the Public Service should be entitled to retire on his salary. Perhaps the argument on the shortness of service of judges, some of whom might have come from private practice and the fact that, if judges alone were given this privilege, the exchequer would be better able to bear it than if the privilege were to be extended to every Public Servant, decided the Constituent Assembly in favour of granting the privilege to judges alone. Whatever be the case, the Constitution provided for judges retiring on their salary at the age of 65(?)【*95 needs to be checked】 if they had served as judges for a minimum of 10 years. [625] para .part: body @@ -8235,10 +8314,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 629 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: D02F7FCEA753D4545BA233E68D5802E59798099C5CBB4616EBBDCA5982FB6A75 +.sha256: 995B8E163ABB9636EDA0F375DDA851DFB84B69029D79DE4227CA1ED9EAA8DFC7 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s12 .segment_epub_is: s12 -| As stated in the previous Chapter, one of the reasons why I left public service in Ghana was to make a decent enough income to enable me to educate our children. January 1, 1977 found me with little means of doing so. Fortunately, I had managed to supervise the building of the house in which we lived at Ablenkpe. At the time it was built, the cost of the construction was a little over 28,000 cedis. Since then the prices of building materials had been rising fast. The debt we incurred in building it was largely discharged while I was in the United States as a Fellow in the Woodrow Wilson Center in Washington D.C. and a Visiting Professor in the University of Virginia Law School. For persuading and helping me build that house, I have always thanked my colleague and friend, Fred Apaloo, then T. E. (Kweku) Anin, who was the Managing Director of Ghana Commercial Bank, from which I obtained the mortgage loan for the construction and the late Arno Janimaggi, our friend with A. Lang, the Contractors, who by many ways, such as providing the plan, lending me equipment and advising, helped to make the construction as cheap as possible. We also had the house in the Airport Residential Area built with a loan from Ghana Insurance Company, now State Insurance Corporation, which had always been an investment to earn future income and was paying for itself from its rental. I also got, on retirement, a pension and a gratuity of some 30,000 cedis, which was a princely sum at the time. I had for some time been considering how to invest what I thought would be coming to me as gratuity when I retired. Having built a house just over five years before for about the sum that I should expect (on this I had advice on the possible amount from my cousin Lebrecht Chinery Hesse, who was expert at working out entitlements under the Pensions Ordinance), I considered the possibility of building another house. But I knew I could not supervise another building. It was too much hard work outside my line of activity. Besides, I was worried whether having three houses would not, in future, be considered as excessive when my fellow-Ghanaian, in his or her occasional crusade against impropriety in public life, started charging everyone with visible property with having acquired it by stealth or fraud. I decided, therefore, to put the gratuity into the purchase of shares, which the Head of State, Acheampong, pursuant to his policy of “capturing the commanding heights”, had by decree made the established commercial companies to sell to Ghanaians. I even took a loan to add to my gratuity from Standard Chartered Bank to increase my investment. Standard Chartered was making such money available to borrowers for such share purchase. Its Managing Director then, ***~[* missing first name ]~ Carter, was surprised and disappointed that Ghanaians were not availing themselves of this facility. But investment in shares was not part of the culture of Ghanaians at the time. It was not known or well-understood and there was no stock exchange or other market in which a shareholder could sell the shares if he was stuck for money. The commercial banks had a system for putting potential sellers and buyers together. But it was neither well-known nor easy to access. Immovable property in the form of buildings was what was appreciated. As things turned out, some of these investments were to yield a return while others did not. I later came to the conclusion that had I built a house with the gratuity, the returns over the years would have been better. +| As stated in the previous Chapter, one of the reasons why I left public service in Ghana was to make a decent enough income to enable me to educate our children. January 1, 1977 found me with little means of doing so. Fortunately, I had managed to supervise the building of the house in which we lived at Ablenkpe. At the time it was built, the cost of the construction was a little over 28,000 cedis. Since then the prices of building materials had been rising fast. The debt we incurred in building it was largely discharged while I was in the United States as a Fellow in the Woodrow Wilson Center in Washington D.C. and a Visiting Professor in the University of Virginia Law School. For persuading and helping me build that house, I have always thanked my colleague and friend, Fred Apaloo, then T. E. (Kweku) Anin, who was the Managing Director of Ghana Commercial Bank, from which I obtained the mortgage loan for the construction and the late Arno Janimaggi, our friend with A. Lang, the Contractors, who by many ways, such as providing the plan, lending me equipment and advising, helped to make the construction as cheap as possible. We also had the house in the Airport Residential Area built with a loan from Ghana Insurance Company, now State Insurance Corporation, which had always been an investment to earn future income and was paying for itself from its rental. I also got, on retirement, a pension and a gratuity of some 30,000 cedis, which was a princely sum at the time. I had for some time been considering how to invest what I thought would be coming to me as gratuity when I retired. Having built a house just over five years before for about the sum that I should expect (on this I had advice on the possible amount from my cousin Lebrecht Chinery Hesse, who was expert at working out entitlements under the Pensions Ordinance), I considered the possibility of building another house. But I knew I could not supervise another building. It was too much hard work outside my line of activity. Besides, I was worried whether having three houses would not, in future, be considered as excessive when my fellow-Ghanaian, in his or her occasional crusade against impropriety in public life, started charging everyone with visible property with having acquired it by stealth or fraud. I decided, therefore, to put the gratuity into the purchase of shares, which the Head of State, Acheampong, pursuant to his policy of “capturing the commanding heights”, had by decree made the established commercial companies to sell to Ghanaians. I even took a loan to add to my gratuity from Standard Chartered Bank to increase my investment. Standard Chartered was making such money available to borrowers for such share purchase. Its Managing Director then, ***【*96 missing first name】 Carter, was surprised and disappointed that Ghanaians were not availing themselves of this facility. But investment in shares was not part of the culture of Ghanaians at the time. It was not known or well-understood and there was no stock exchange or other market in which a shareholder could sell the shares if he was stuck for money. The commercial banks had a system for putting potential sellers and buyers together. But it was neither well-known nor easy to access. Immovable property in the form of buildings was what was appreciated. As things turned out, some of these investments were to yield a return while others did not. I later came to the conclusion that had I built a house with the gratuity, the returns over the years would have been better. [631] para .part: body @@ -8379,10 +8459,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 629 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 5E43826AC5C0C73A65ABB305EFD70F03F0540D4095872AB6A7D95D9F4494081D +.sha256: 71CEF014B5AB8DBA1EEF77C4E9C56843EC706468DA0C9CE7598EE74BDBDB222B +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s12 .segment_epub_is: s12 -| One other major consultancy that I got was to do a study of the patent systems of various countries with a view to introducing an appropriate patent system in Ghana. The commission came from the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). Professor ***~[* missing first name ]~ Tackie, formerly of the University of Science and Technology at Kumasi, was then the head of CSIR at the time. In a discussion with him, I found that CSIR had for some time been interested in the establishment of a patent system in Ghana which went beyond the then existing colonial system which made only patents granted in the United Kingdom registrable in Ghana. Of course, this had been introduced under an Ordinance before independence. The only change we had made since was to take out the registration of pharmaceutical patents from the list of registrable inventions. A move which was intended to permit the copying of generic equivalents of patented pharmaceuticals, which some countries found to the advantage of developing countries, but which the countries which had the stronger inventive portfolios in that sector argued was a disadvantage to developing countries as they were necessarily excluded from the benefits of investments and technical information. Whatever the merits of the opposing arguments, the system of registration which Ghana operated, did not encourage inventiveness in Ghana. If a Ghanaian scientist invented a thing in Ghana he would have to patent it in the U.K. first before he could register it and thereby obtain protection for the invention in Ghana. One occasionally heard of a Ghanaian who had had a patent granted in, for example, Canada for an invention which would be of use to Ghana. Why should he not patent it in Ghana? I was interested in doing the research for CSIR. Now CSIR had a backer who would finance the research and it was keen to take advantage of it by employing me to undertake the study. The backer was the USIS, which was prepared to fund a travel arrangement for the study of different patent systems of which should be of interest to Ghana. But the USIS was interested, at first that the research be done by a scientist, A position it relented when it finally agreed that I should take on the research but should be joined by a scientist. Professor Tackie recommended Dr. Sodzi, a ***, of the University of Science and Technology at Kumasi for that role. The research team was thus set. +| One other major consultancy that I got was to do a study of the patent systems of various countries with a view to introducing an appropriate patent system in Ghana. The commission came from the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). Professor ***【*97 missing first name】 Tackie, formerly of the University of Science and Technology at Kumasi, was then the head of CSIR at the time. In a discussion with him, I found that CSIR had for some time been interested in the establishment of a patent system in Ghana which went beyond the then existing colonial system which made only patents granted in the United Kingdom registrable in Ghana. Of course, this had been introduced under an Ordinance before independence. The only change we had made since was to take out the registration of pharmaceutical patents from the list of registrable inventions. A move which was intended to permit the copying of generic equivalents of patented pharmaceuticals, which some countries found to the advantage of developing countries, but which the countries which had the stronger inventive portfolios in that sector argued was a disadvantage to developing countries as they were necessarily excluded from the benefits of investments and technical information. Whatever the merits of the opposing arguments, the system of registration which Ghana operated, did not encourage inventiveness in Ghana. If a Ghanaian scientist invented a thing in Ghana he would have to patent it in the U.K. first before he could register it and thereby obtain protection for the invention in Ghana. One occasionally heard of a Ghanaian who had had a patent granted in, for example, Canada for an invention which would be of use to Ghana. Why should he not patent it in Ghana? I was interested in doing the research for CSIR. Now CSIR had a backer who would finance the research and it was keen to take advantage of it by employing me to undertake the study. The backer was the USIS, which was prepared to fund a travel arrangement for the study of different patent systems of which should be of interest to Ghana. But the USIS was interested, at first that the research be done by a scientist, A position it relented when it finally agreed that I should take on the research but should be joined by a scientist. Professor Tackie recommended Dr. Sodzi, a ***, of the University of Science and Technology at Kumasi for that role. The research team was thus set. [643] para .part: body @@ -8427,10 +8508,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 629 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: DED61B73621275A0D9BAEFCC632A62D792CBE14234A8F4551CF7DE496782C769 +.sha256: 7B88026CA306930CC30CFB627311F3878623EE80832187935064F986C9AFCD3D +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s12 .segment_epub_is: s12 -| I spent a few days in Israel. My work was mainly in Jerusalem but I stayed at a hotel in Tel Aviv. I found that many people who worked in Jerusalem also lived in Tel Aviv and commuted daily from home to work. Although the Government was installed in Jerusalem at this time, all the foreign Embassies, for example, except I believe the Dutch, were based in Tel Aviv. This was because those governments whose Embassies were located in Tel Aviv did not accept Israel's claim that Jerusalem was the capital of Israel. Our first official visit was to the Ministry of Justice which was the Ministry responsible for the administration of the Israeli patent law. There I found that the Permanent Secretary of the Ministry with whom we had discussions was ***~[* missing first name ]~ Gabay, who had been part of the original secretariat attached to the UN Committee on Double Taxation between Developed and Developing Countries when it was established in 1968. Israel had a very old~[* world “old” was missing and assumed ]~ patent law but a sophisticated patent system. It was a great deal more advanced than the registration system then operative in Ghana. Patents were granted after examination. Government actively sponsored and supported industrial research and there were established mechanisms for the exploitation of inventions by industry. It was a system which I thought Ghana could learn from. I collected materials in the form of legislation and publications on the working of the patent system. Gabay arranged that we should visit the Weizmann Institute of Science, their research institution in Rehovoth. I did and learnt of the subsidiary company which the institution had for the marketing and exploitation of inventions emanating from the institution. +| I spent a few days in Israel. My work was mainly in Jerusalem but I stayed at a hotel in Tel Aviv. I found that many people who worked in Jerusalem also lived in Tel Aviv and commuted daily from home to work. Although the Government was installed in Jerusalem at this time, all the foreign Embassies, for example, except I believe the Dutch, were based in Tel Aviv. This was because those governments whose Embassies were located in Tel Aviv did not accept Israel's claim that Jerusalem was the capital of Israel. Our first official visit was to the Ministry of Justice which was the Ministry responsible for the administration of the Israeli patent law. There I found that the Permanent Secretary of the Ministry with whom we had discussions was ***【*98 missing first name】 Gabay, who had been part of the original secretariat attached to the UN Committee on Double Taxation between Developed and Developing Countries when it was established in 1968. Israel had a very old【*99 world “old” was missing and assumed】 patent law but a sophisticated patent system. It was a great deal more advanced than the registration system then operative in Ghana. Patents were granted after examination. Government actively sponsored and supported industrial research and there were established mechanisms for the exploitation of inventions by industry. It was a system which I thought Ghana could learn from. I collected materials in the form of legislation and publications on the working of the patent system. Gabay arranged that we should visit the Weizmann Institute of Science, their research institution in Rehovoth. I did and learnt of the subsidiary company which the institution had for the marketing and exploitation of inventions emanating from the institution. [647] para .part: body @@ -8475,10 +8557,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 629 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 6B926CA1AE1A3E4641ACDABF9F4A22F177E9E0B2892179D8D97E304548AE26A0 +.sha256: D7D73A9CE74E23252FD931B7DC6C9F19D7D476993B9B7F39C0652E0EE7398C22 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s12 .segment_epub_is: s12 -| I learnt that the last of the three Stavy daughters, Shoshi, who must have been four or five years old when they were in Ghana and played with Ralph as a child, was now a sergeant in the Israeli military and was in Tel Aviv, where I was based. The Stavys also phoned ***~[* missing first name ]~ Granot, who had been with the Israeli water development company in Ghana when the Stavys were there, and was now with living in a town mid-way between Beniamina and Tel Aviv to come to collect me and take me first Tel Aviv. This may have been pure kindness, as indeed it was, but one cannot help feeling by now that that it was their system of security that I should be accompanied by a safe hand wherever I went in the countryside. Granot did come to fetch me. Of course, I was happy also to see him. We drove first to his home where we had a meal and then to Tel Aviv. +| I learnt that the last of the three Stavy daughters, Shoshi, who must have been four or five years old when they were in Ghana and played with Ralph as a child, was now a sergeant in the Israeli military and was in Tel Aviv, where I was based. The Stavys also phoned ***【*100 missing first name】 Granot, who had been with the Israeli water development company in Ghana when the Stavys were there, and was now with living in a town mid-way between Beniamina and Tel Aviv to come to collect me and take me first Tel Aviv. This may have been pure kindness, as indeed it was, but one cannot help feeling by now that that it was their system of security that I should be accompanied by a safe hand wherever I went in the countryside. Granot did come to fetch me. Of course, I was happy also to see him. We drove first to his home where we had a meal and then to Tel Aviv. [651] para .part: body @@ -8607,10 +8690,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 629 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 7F5532E7218BDC49D9BFCFA34C504F4CFD961A59E40EBD6D8FF7A41A3BE5938E +.sha256: D6366AFFC2BC09812ABF9D7EE88E763EF7EC99714A4B1F9FFD402BE0363B2BB7 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s12 .segment_epub_is: s12 -| We knew no one in Rio. My old Achimota School companion, Vishnu Wassiamal, was our Ambassador to Brazil, but he was based miles away in Brasilia. I spoke to him by phone and he suggested that we should visit Brasilia. But once more, the tightness of our schedule did not allow such a deviation. We had met some Brazilian diplomats, particularly ***~[* missing first name ]~ Carvahlo, with his Finnish wife, Anneli, when they were in Ghana but if he was now in Brazil, like Vishnu, he would be in Brasilia. Pipsi Samasa-Meyer, another Brazilian whom we knew in Ghana, was even less likely to be traced. The last time I saw him was unexpectedly in Placette, a department store in Geneva, as usual with a lovely young girl less than half his age on his arm. But we were looked after by a kind German patent expert, ***,~[* name lost? ]~ who was working in the Patent Office. I later kept up communication with him and went once, when he had returned to the European Patent Office in Munich to see him. It was on that visit to Munich that I met my classmate at St. Bees, B. H. Cawthra, who had become a patent lawyer and written several books on the subject. Our free time was, therefore, our own to organise and enjoy. Stepping across the street from our hotel, we were on the beach. In the mornings, the women crowded the beaches taking their exercises. We went to sit out there one day after work. I had my camera by my side. Suddenly I found my camera moving slowly by itself over the beach sand in a direction towards by back. When I turned round to grab it, I found the camera at the end of a string which was being maneuvered by a boy on a bicycle. Fortunately, I was able to rescue the camera but the boy rode off very quickly on his bike. Rio was remarkable for the proximity at times of its lovely housing with the unsanitary shacks of the poor known as favellas. Sodzi and I once thought of taking a bus ride on one of the buses to the end of its run and returning. When we told someone later about our adventure, which was quite uneventful and enjoyable, his face took on a look of alarm. Apparently, we should not have gone where we went. At night, Copacabana and Ipanema lit up and throbbed with music. This lightness of spirit was mixed with a certain catholic religiousness exemplified by its churches around. +| We knew no one in Rio. My old Achimota School companion, Vishnu Wassiamal, was our Ambassador to Brazil, but he was based miles away in Brasilia. I spoke to him by phone and he suggested that we should visit Brasilia. But once more, the tightness of our schedule did not allow such a deviation. We had met some Brazilian diplomats, particularly ***【*101 missing first name】 Carvahlo, with his Finnish wife, Anneli, when they were in Ghana but if he was now in Brazil, like Vishnu, he would be in Brasilia. Pipsi Samasa-Meyer, another Brazilian whom we knew in Ghana, was even less likely to be traced. The last time I saw him was unexpectedly in Placette, a department store in Geneva, as usual with a lovely young girl less than half his age on his arm. But we were looked after by a kind German patent expert, ***,【*102 name lost?】 who was working in the Patent Office. I later kept up communication with him and went once, when he had returned to the European Patent Office in Munich to see him. It was on that visit to Munich that I met my classmate at St. Bees, B. H. Cawthra, who had become a patent lawyer and written several books on the subject. Our free time was, therefore, our own to organise and enjoy. Stepping across the street from our hotel, we were on the beach. In the mornings, the women crowded the beaches taking their exercises. We went to sit out there one day after work. I had my camera by my side. Suddenly I found my camera moving slowly by itself over the beach sand in a direction towards by back. When I turned round to grab it, I found the camera at the end of a string which was being maneuvered by a boy on a bicycle. Fortunately, I was able to rescue the camera but the boy rode off very quickly on his bike. Rio was remarkable for the proximity at times of its lovely housing with the unsanitary shacks of the poor known as favellas. Sodzi and I once thought of taking a bus ride on one of the buses to the end of its run and returning. When we told someone later about our adventure, which was quite uneventful and enjoyable, his face took on a look of alarm. Apparently, we should not have gone where we went. At night, Copacabana and Ipanema lit up and throbbed with music. This lightness of spirit was mixed with a certain catholic religiousness exemplified by its churches around. [662] para .part: body @@ -8703,10 +8787,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 629 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 4D2A6812E2B1687A45BE39E5F9E8FBB921CE5963E48FCAA244C807B702E40333 +.sha256: 394132314553D29D7D5FF5F5AB662518703625AC3A9D544850F85013AE9DC56B +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s12 .segment_epub_is: s12 -| Thus, with my mixed bag of legal work, attending at UAC board meetings and at Valco Trust meetings, trying to complete my books on Criminal Procedure and the Contribution of the Courts to Government~[ check that that is all the content that was missing here ]~ I managed to occupy my time as a legal consultant. I was allowed to confer some benefit of Ghana for the knowledge I had been permitted to glean from my many attendances at the UN Committee on Double Taxation between Developed and Developing Countries by being called upon to advise on the Double Taxation Agreement between Ghana and the U.K. That was followed by an agreement with Germany being given to me to advise on but I was temporarily taken away from my consultancy work by Government so that I could not complete my advice and did not manage to follow up on what happened to that agreement. I was asked to draft the White Paper on the report of the Committee which enquired into the income tax law for the consideration of Government, which I did. The funny thing was that after my draft, Leif Muten was invited to Accra to look at and comment on it. He stayed with us on that occasion. I knew what his task was but he did not know that I had drafted the Paper. It was after he had made his comments, which were favourable, on it that I told him that I drafted it. He was taken aback. What if he had commented adversely on the draft? Would it not have spoilt his relationship with his host? I assured him that it would not have done so. He made some remarks about how careful one had to be in life lest one offended unintentionally. +| Thus, with my mixed bag of legal work, attending at UAC board meetings and at Valco Trust meetings, trying to complete my books on Criminal Procedure and the Contribution of the Courts to Government【*103 check that that is all the content that was missing here】 I managed to occupy my time as a legal consultant. I was allowed to confer some benefit of Ghana for the knowledge I had been permitted to glean from my many attendances at the UN Committee on Double Taxation between Developed and Developing Countries by being called upon to advise on the Double Taxation Agreement between Ghana and the U.K. That was followed by an agreement with Germany being given to me to advise on but I was temporarily taken away from my consultancy work by Government so that I could not complete my advice and did not manage to follow up on what happened to that agreement. I was asked to draft the White Paper on the report of the Committee which enquired into the income tax law for the consideration of Government, which I did. The funny thing was that after my draft, Leif Muten was invited to Accra to look at and comment on it. He stayed with us on that occasion. I knew what his task was but he did not know that I had drafted the Paper. It was after he had made his comments, which were favourable, on it that I told him that I drafted it. He was taken aback. What if he had commented adversely on the draft? Would it not have spoilt his relationship with his host? I assured him that it would not have done so. He made some remarks about how careful one had to be in life lest one offended unintentionally. [670] para .part: body @@ -8739,10 +8824,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 629 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 1287E7DCA1720FE44923BF02237A1EA2CC881F875E57AC509E1D47F7A8AD606F +.sha256: E0F9639F2CAF42C6809498017B912B6C249224EED1EA709E660E17CB250D3836 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s12 .segment_epub_is: s12 -| In the absence of any indication of a return to civilian rule, there were also constant rumours of planned coup d'etats to replace the Government. When there was a change in the middle of Acheampong's reign, it was a change of one military structure of Government described as the National Redemption Council which was established at the time of the overthrow of the Busia Government in 1972, by the superimposition of an even more exclusive body described as the Supreme Military Council in 197*,~[* date? ]~ with Acheampong still at the head. There were a number of changes in personnel at the top. E. N. (Fiifi) Moore, who had been made Attorney-General by virtue of the fact that he was the President of the Bar Association at the time of the coup in 1972, was said to have participated actively in the changing of personnel. When the exercise was all finished, Moore himself was replaced as Attorney-General by Justice Gustav Koranteng-Addow, a superior Court judge. The dissimulation practised on Moore was a devastating blow. If there was any doubt initially as to whether Acheampong's power had been curbed by the introduction of this new scheme, it soon dawned on the population that the Government was still under Acheampong. The new arrangement brought no alleviation of hardships in the economy or in democratic participation. The rumours of a coming displacement of Acheampong continued. +| In the absence of any indication of a return to civilian rule, there were also constant rumours of planned coup d'etats to replace the Government. When there was a change in the middle of Acheampong's reign, it was a change of one military structure of Government described as the National Redemption Council which was established at the time of the overthrow of the Busia Government in 1972, by the superimposition of an even more exclusive body described as the Supreme Military Council in 197*,【*104 date?】 with Acheampong still at the head. There were a number of changes in personnel at the top. E. N. (Fiifi) Moore, who had been made Attorney-General by virtue of the fact that he was the President of the Bar Association at the time of the coup in 1972, was said to have participated actively in the changing of personnel. When the exercise was all finished, Moore himself was replaced as Attorney-General by Justice Gustav Koranteng-Addow, a superior Court judge. The dissimulation practised on Moore was a devastating blow. If there was any doubt initially as to whether Acheampong's power had been curbed by the introduction of this new scheme, it soon dawned on the population that the Government was still under Acheampong. The new arrangement brought no alleviation of hardships in the economy or in democratic participation. The rumours of a coming displacement of Acheampong continued. [673] para .part: body @@ -9145,10 +9231,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 677 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 7574613DF8FE1CF588350001348C3FA267D31372ED3466AD2295E694842D9801 +.sha256: 7293E936054F4A3873F4A83B1A0C798C526B44679A267B2D1AD01CF96B8D7B16 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s13 .segment_epub_is: s13 -| By March to April, I had managed to reduce substantially the mountain of unattended files which greeted me at the beginning of January. There was one of the last UN Conferences on the Law of the Sea coming on about this time to which I was invited. I asked General Akuffo whether I could go. He thought I had been working hard enough to deserve a break, and he put the matter to the SMC, which agreed to my attending. It was on that occasion that I met the then Attorney General of Tanzania, Joseph Warioba, a simple but very impressive man, who was a Deputy Chairman of the Conference and acted when the Sri Lankan Chairman, Amerasinghi(?),~[* name check? ]~ was absent from the meeting. Warioba handled the Conference with knowledge, humour and skill and, I think, did much to project his country and the African image at that Law Conference. +| By March to April, I had managed to reduce substantially the mountain of unattended files which greeted me at the beginning of January. There was one of the last UN Conferences on the Law of the Sea coming on about this time to which I was invited. I asked General Akuffo whether I could go. He thought I had been working hard enough to deserve a break, and he put the matter to the SMC, which agreed to my attending. It was on that occasion that I met the then Attorney General of Tanzania, Joseph Warioba, a simple but very impressive man, who was a Deputy Chairman of the Conference and acted when the Sri Lankan Chairman, Amerasinghi(?),【*105 name check?】 was absent from the meeting. Warioba handled the Conference with knowledge, humour and skill and, I think, did much to project his country and the African image at that Law Conference. [705] para .part: body @@ -9240,10 +9327,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 677 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: FA032A9A9D107DD29CA7C6C477BC677B4A693C6DE5C1EBEF1133256821063E6F +.sha256: 3BBA32255D275AE6CF9EAB444898A5A816E14800D36E8ABD1CE101CC95792753 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s13 .segment_epub_is: s13 -| The journey should have taken about three and a half hours, but the news we received while in the air was that Dakar had been hit by a heavy sandstorm. Visibility was insufficient to permit plane landings. We nevertheless went ahead with the hope that matters would have improved by the time we arrived. We kept listening from time to time to news of the weather from Dakar. After three hours we seemed to be nowhere near Dakar. There was some concern about our whereabouts. On investigation, it turned out that we had been going, not westwards to Dakar but northwestwards towards Mali. With the news of visibility in Dakar not very encouraging and, having regard to our location at the time, the decision was taken that we should spend a night in Bamako, the capital of Mali, and then continue the next day to Dakar. From then on, our efforts were directed at identifying ourselves to the authorities in Bamako, requesting permission to land and suitable accommodation for the night. Fortunately, the President of Mali at the time, who was also going to attend the OAU meeting in Dakar had not yet left Bamako. We were very well received. Akuffo had an audience with him. The whole delegation was given a hastily arranged banquet in the evening and accommodated as privately as possible in a well-appointed Government guesthouse(?).~[* ? question mark, check, uncertainty? ]~ On the following morning, we left Bamako for Dakar, which we reached without further event. The visiting Ghana delegation was, like many other delegations, accommodated at the Tiranga Hotel. The delegation was completed by the Ghana Ambassador, the late George Lamptey, joining us. +| The journey should have taken about three and a half hours, but the news we received while in the air was that Dakar had been hit by a heavy sandstorm. Visibility was insufficient to permit plane landings. We nevertheless went ahead with the hope that matters would have improved by the time we arrived. We kept listening from time to time to news of the weather from Dakar. After three hours we seemed to be nowhere near Dakar. There was some concern about our whereabouts. On investigation, it turned out that we had been going, not westwards to Dakar but northwestwards towards Mali. With the news of visibility in Dakar not very encouraging and, having regard to our location at the time, the decision was taken that we should spend a night in Bamako, the capital of Mali, and then continue the next day to Dakar. From then on, our efforts were directed at identifying ourselves to the authorities in Bamako, requesting permission to land and suitable accommodation for the night. Fortunately, the President of Mali at the time, who was also going to attend the OAU meeting in Dakar had not yet left Bamako. We were very well received. Akuffo had an audience with him. The whole delegation was given a hastily arranged banquet in the evening and accommodated as privately as possible in a well-appointed Government guesthouse(?).【*106 ? question mark, check, uncertainty?】 On the following morning, we left Bamako for Dakar, which we reached without further event. The visiting Ghana delegation was, like many other delegations, accommodated at the Tiranga Hotel. The delegation was completed by the Ghana Ambassador, the late George Lamptey, joining us. [712] para .part: body @@ -9348,10 +9436,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 677 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 10A23CA84F92F3F2F6892A4DD857FF910CD4F857E787E3C5192F85F5B09FCCD9 +.sha256: 11A5098806E9B92744286267E90A901A7D9E1A4A0602AF6D9995830F471B0683 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s13 .segment_epub_is: s13 -| After they had left, Kotei came out of his hiding place. At the corner of the Charge Office, I had noticed when I first came in that there was a pile of very large vehicle tyres, like those used by articulated trucks, piled up on top of each other. I took these to be some exhibits which the Police were keeping for a case. The pile went up higher than the height of the tallest man. It was this pile of tyres which provided refuge for Kotei. I recalled that he had been a high jumper in his younger days. That would have helped. We decided that whatever happened, we should not spend the night at the Achimota Police Station when the drunken soldiers returned. We went to find the Officer in Charge of the Station. He was still drunk. He tried to cheer us up with some story about some expectation that we would be allowed to go home before evening. The truth of the matter was that all the Police Stations in the country which were holding the Commissioners and military officers had no instructions on what to do to them and they were understandably afraid of releasing anyone on their own initiative for fear of punitive consequences to themselves. But this time my colleagues were insistent that he should arrange to have us transferred to another Station as we could not, in view of the threat issued by the departed soldiers, afford to spend the night at Achimota. They were also insistent that some other detention place be found for Kotei because, as long as he remained with us, ⑆_┨so long would we be in danger from disorderly soldiers┣_~[* check grammer ]~ who were prepared to deal with him in their own way. Eventually, the Officer in Charge came to tell us that we were being transferred to Tesano Police Station. When the truck which had been arranged for us appeared, Kotei was the first to jump on it. No one had the inclination or nerve to ask him to step down. +| After they had left, Kotei came out of his hiding place. At the corner of the Charge Office, I had noticed when I first came in that there was a pile of very large vehicle tyres, like those used by articulated trucks, piled up on top of each other. I took these to be some exhibits which the Police were keeping for a case. The pile went up higher than the height of the tallest man. It was this pile of tyres which provided refuge for Kotei. I recalled that he had been a high jumper in his younger days. That would have helped. We decided that whatever happened, we should not spend the night at the Achimota Police Station when the drunken soldiers returned. We went to find the Officer in Charge of the Station. He was still drunk. He tried to cheer us up with some story about some expectation that we would be allowed to go home before evening. The truth of the matter was that all the Police Stations in the country which were holding the Commissioners and military officers had no instructions on what to do to them and they were understandably afraid of releasing anyone on their own initiative for fear of punitive consequences to themselves. But this time my colleagues were insistent that he should arrange to have us transferred to another Station as we could not, in view of the threat issued by the departed soldiers, afford to spend the night at Achimota. They were also insistent that some other detention place be found for Kotei because, as long as he remained with us, ⑆_┨so long would we be in danger from disorderly soldiers┣_【*107 check grammer】 who were prepared to deal with him in their own way. Eventually, the Officer in Charge came to tell us that we were being transferred to Tesano Police Station. When the truck which had been arranged for us appeared, Kotei was the first to jump on it. No one had the inclination or nerve to ask him to step down. [721] para .part: body @@ -9456,10 +9545,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 677 0 0 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 2F98C800160290E840469A4B8B1EDFB3A337C3AC6E4F46FFC7107F4366C9B0BA +.sha256: DF7C20BEA3969663B16AC8DACFEDB9A7C54707D6B9B16FEA6C77B0E888974C2E +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s13 .segment_epub_is: s13 -| But I thought that in taxation matters, the rigid provision against retrospective legislation ought to be changed. Especially as the draftsmen in the Attorney General's Department thought that concessions had been granted to certain entrepreneurs, like Siaw, for the building of his brewery, and B. A. Mensah, with respect to sales taxes which ought to be recovered by the State. Akuffo's regime had already had this matter in hand and had managed to recover some of the monies derived from these concessions from Siaw. It was more difficult with respect to Mensah, because he always had powerful friends at court. In Akuffo's time, it was Kwakye, the IGP. In Rawlings's time it was ***.~[* missing name ]~ Thus began a tug of war between me and those in Rawlings's Cabinet who thought, for their own reasons, that no such change in the Constitution should be made. The whole thing came to be characterised as a struggle between the Ewes and the Ashantis in the Cabinet. There was a perception that Ashantis were too fond of the acquisition of money and that there were more, among them, who were corrupt than people from other tribes. So the provision in the Constitution on retroactive legislation was changed forward and backward, depending on the support which was paramount in the Cabinet at time. Eventually, those who wanted a blanket ban on retroactive legislation won. +| But I thought that in taxation matters, the rigid provision against retrospective legislation ought to be changed. Especially as the draftsmen in the Attorney General's Department thought that concessions had been granted to certain entrepreneurs, like Siaw, for the building of his brewery, and B. A. Mensah, with respect to sales taxes which ought to be recovered by the State. Akuffo's regime had already had this matter in hand and had managed to recover some of the monies derived from these concessions from Siaw. It was more difficult with respect to Mensah, because he always had powerful friends at court. In Akuffo's time, it was Kwakye, the IGP. In Rawlings's time it was ***.【*108 missing name】 Thus began a tug of war between me and those in Rawlings's Cabinet who thought, for their own reasons, that no such change in the Constitution should be made. The whole thing came to be characterised as a struggle between the Ewes and the Ashantis in the Cabinet. There was a perception that Ashantis were too fond of the acquisition of money and that there were more, among them, who were corrupt than people from other tribes. So the provision in the Constitution on retroactive legislation was changed forward and backward, depending on the support which was paramount in the Cabinet at time. Eventually, those who wanted a blanket ban on retroactive legislation won. [730] para .part: body @@ -9605,10 +9695,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 733 734 735 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 4A287BD904522A046030CA585901A80CF8DD099E1BF5A4E4F45A99A3ADED312D +.sha256: 8CB97896004A1FB1FBFDAEA7D7EB4D25948AE26C5C281F0022197FFAD45EC139 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: in.hospital .segment_epub_is: in.hospital -| I soon started rebuilding my legal consultancy. At home, with the introduction of my cousin, Nee Quartey, who was still Chief Executive of VRA, to the head of Impregillo~[* check spelling differs earlier/elsewhere ]~ and after an interview, I got a consultancy with that company. It was then about to build the dam at Kpong. So there was some active work to do. Through my old student Alex Odame Labi(?),~[* name check ]~ who was in-house lawyer to Social Security Bank (SSB), I got some work from that bank. In both cases, I worked with Kwame Tetteh, the younger brother of my old friend from Oxford days and the AG's Office. Kwame, was no doubt a very good lawyer, who with more experience was going to reach the top, as he indeed has done. But he had one irritating habit: he never returned any telephone calls. His philosophy, apparently, was that if you needed him, you would call again. He and I also co-operated by my preparing briefs for him to use in the appellate courts. +| I soon started rebuilding my legal consultancy. At home, with the introduction of my cousin, Nee Quartey, who was still Chief Executive of VRA, to the head of Impregillo【*109 check spelling differs earlier/elsewhere】 and after an interview, I got a consultancy with that company. It was then about to build the dam at Kpong. So there was some active work to do. Through my old student Alex Odame Labi(?),【*110 name check】 who was in-house lawyer to Social Security Bank (SSB), I got some work from that bank. In both cases, I worked with Kwame Tetteh, the younger brother of my old friend from Oxford days and the AG's Office. Kwame, was no doubt a very good lawyer, who with more experience was going to reach the top, as he indeed has done. But he had one irritating habit: he never returned any telephone calls. His philosophy, apparently, was that if you needed him, you would call again. He and I also co-operated by my preparing briefs for him to use in the appellate courts. [740] para .part: body @@ -9677,10 +9768,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 733 734 735 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 1A06B61F64038EB44406DE877D4215ABC4AC9FA26F39455219030AFECF24FCF2 +.sha256: C44A6031BC0B3E6B857DA4F6ED191BE866F620029FF53B4FE430ECD4A51536B2 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: in.hospital .segment_epub_is: in.hospital -| The Gambia was trying at this time to increase the potential of the country as a tourist destination. A small country like a tongue on either side of the Gambia River, its economy formally consisted of exporting groundnuts and of the hardy “ndaura”(?)~[* check name ]~ cattle which have an in-bred resistance to the tsetse fly, so dangerous to cattle in other parts of West Africa. Hence its concern over developing tourism as an additional foreign exchange earner. The Government was actively involved in this development, granting fiscal and financial concessions as well as incentives e.g. by way of participation, in the establishment of infrastructure, especially in hotels, in the country. The Government itself was the owner of the biggest business hotel, the Atlantic, which had its share of tourists in Banjul, the capital. +| The Gambia was trying at this time to increase the potential of the country as a tourist destination. A small country like a tongue on either side of the Gambia River, its economy formally consisted of exporting groundnuts and of the hardy “ndaura”(?)【*111 check name】 cattle which have an in-bred resistance to the tsetse fly, so dangerous to cattle in other parts of West Africa. Hence its concern over developing tourism as an additional foreign exchange earner. The Government was actively involved in this development, granting fiscal and financial concessions as well as incentives e.g. by way of participation, in the establishment of infrastructure, especially in hotels, in the country. The Government itself was the owner of the biggest business hotel, the Atlantic, which had its share of tourists in Banjul, the capital. [746] para .part: body @@ -11430,10 +11522,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 733 768 769 873 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 5 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: F5621879217D17EEC8DEF383EE104B2D8B20525E764B89A5CA3A5E3FDFF09630 +.sha256: 830A4772315E477B3421D1D24B4404A8B3B58AB041E67BF20C51C4E324CC8BBE +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: tributes .segment_epub_is: tributes -| Austin's death has brought the import of the saying, “you never miss your walk till your well runs dry”, home to us. [**#?]~[* ... ]~ +| Austin's death has brought the import of the saying, “you never miss your walk till your well runs dry”, home to us. [**#?]【*112 ...】 [883] para .part: body @@ -14039,6 +14132,248 @@ [0] endnote .part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*1 +| ┥⑆^┨*1.┣^┝┤¤s1.fnSuffix#noteref_*1├ what was her first name? + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*2 +| ┥⑆^┨*2.┣^┝┤¤s1.fnSuffix#noteref_*2├ first name? + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*3 +| ┥⑆^┨*3.┣^┝┤¤s1.fnSuffix#noteref_*3├ first name? + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*4 +| ┥⑆^┨*4.┣^┝┤¤s1.fnSuffix#noteref_*4├ Uncle Rodger adds + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*5 +| ┥⑆^┨*5.┣^┝┤¤s1.fnSuffix#noteref_*5├ it had not RA + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*6 +| ┥⑆^┨*6.┣^┝┤¤s1.fnSuffix#noteref_*6├ first name? + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*7 +| ┥⑆^┨*7.┣^┝┤¤s1.fnSuffix#noteref_*7├ North Africa? Uncle Rodger + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*8 +| ┥⑆^┨*8.┣^┝┤¤s1.fnSuffix#noteref_*8├ first name? + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*9 +| ┥⑆^┨*9.┣^┝┤¤s1.fnSuffix#noteref_*9├ first name? + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*10 +| ┥⑆^┨*10.┣^┝┤¤s1.fnSuffix#noteref_*10├ first name? + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*11 +| ┥⑆^┨*11.┣^┝┤¤s1.fnSuffix#noteref_*11├ first name? + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*12 +| ┥⑆^┨*12.┣^┝┤¤s1.fnSuffix#noteref_*12├ check + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*13 +| ┥⑆^┨*13.┣^┝┤¤s1.fnSuffix#noteref_*13├ Mensah? + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*14 +| ┥⑆^┨*14.┣^┝┤¤s2.fnSuffix#noteref_*14├ ?? college added + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*15 +| ┥⑆^┨*15.┣^┝┤¤s3.fnSuffix#noteref_*15├ latter or later, latter used + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*16 +| ┥⑆^┨*16.┣^┝┤¤s3.fnSuffix#noteref_*16├ missing date + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*17 +| ┥⑆^┨*17.┣^┝┤¤s3.fnSuffix#noteref_*17├ riding pillion? + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*18 +| ┥⑆^┨*18.┣^┝┤¤s3.fnSuffix#noteref_*18├ check missing name + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*19 +| ┥⑆^┨*19.┣^┝┤¤s3.fnSuffix#noteref_*19├ ? + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*20 +| ┥⑆^┨*20.┣^┝┤¤s4.fnSuffix#noteref_*20├ changed form M'Carthy to be consistent with an earlier spelling + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*21 +| ┥⑆^┨*21.┣^┝┤¤s4.fnSuffix#noteref_*21├ changed form M'Carthy to be consistent with an earlier spelling + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*22 +| ┥⑆^┨*22.┣^┝┤¤s4.fnSuffix#noteref_*22├ “expatiations” suggested + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter .parent: 237 .ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 .ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 @@ -14048,6 +14383,996 @@ .anchor_tag: note_2 | ┥⑆^┨2.┣^┝┤¤s5.fnSuffix#noteref_2├ Flora? check Uncle Roger points out that Emma was C.O. Quacoopome's wife +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*23 +| ┥⑆^┨*23.┣^┝┤¤s5.fnSuffix#noteref_*23├ check spelling, altered, but occurs with this spelling elsewhere + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*24 +| ┥⑆^┨*24.┣^┝┤¤s5.fnSuffix#noteref_*24├ Battcock? Uncle Roger suggests possibly + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*25 +| ┥⑆^┨*25.┣^┝┤¤s5.fnSuffix#noteref_*25├ flagged as repetition (asked to review earlier page) + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*26 +| ┥⑆^┨*26.┣^┝┤¤s5.fnSuffix#noteref_*26├ see paragraph below + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*27 +| ┥⑆^┨*27.┣^┝┤¤s5.fnSuffix#noteref_*27├ decide how to merge with paragraph that starts with same sentence above + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*28 +| ┥⑆^┨*28.┣^┝┤¤s5.fnSuffix#noteref_*28├ word added + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*29 +| ┥⑆^┨*29.┣^┝┤¤s5.fnSuffix#noteref_*29├ spelling changed from Mphalele for consistency, check + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*30 +| ┥⑆^┨*30.┣^┝┤¤s5.fnSuffix#noteref_*30├ decide how to use, repetition + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*31 +| ┥⑆^┨*31.┣^┝┤¤s5.fnSuffix#noteref_*31├ repetition + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*32 +| ┥⑆^┨*32.┣^┝┤¤s5.fnSuffix#noteref_*32├ repetition + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*33 +| ┥⑆^┨*33.┣^┝┤¤s6.fnSuffix#noteref_*33├ Tshikapa suggested, check + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*34 +| ┥⑆^┨*34.┣^┝┤¤s6.fnSuffix#noteref_*34├ Tshikapa, (Uncle Roger thinks) + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*35 +| ┥⑆^┨*35.┣^┝┤¤s6.fnSuffix#noteref_*35├ repetition earlier + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*36 +| ┥⑆^┨*36.┣^┝┤¤s6.fnSuffix#noteref_*36├ Kasu suggested by Uncle Roger + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*37 +| ┥⑆^┨*37.┣^┝┤¤s6.fnSuffix#noteref_*37├ repetition + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*38 +| ┥⑆^┨*38.┣^┝┤¤s6.fnSuffix#noteref_*38├ deletion suggested check + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*39 +| ┥⑆^┨*39.┣^┝┤¤s6.fnSuffix#noteref_*39├ check + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*40 +| ┥⑆^┨*40.┣^┝┤¤s6.fnSuffix#noteref_*40├ fix + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*41 +| ┥⑆^┨*41.┣^┝┤¤s6.fnSuffix#noteref_*41├ 1963? suggested + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*42 +| ┥⑆^┨*42.┣^┝┤¤s6.fnSuffix#noteref_*42├ date? + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*43 +| ┥⑆^┨*43.┣^┝┤¤s6.fnSuffix#noteref_*43├ someone + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*44 +| ┥⑆^┨*44.┣^┝┤¤s6.fnSuffix#noteref_*44├ name check? + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*45 +| ┥⑆^┨*45.┣^┝┤¤s6.fnSuffix#noteref_*45├ repetition, check on + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*46 +| ┥⑆^┨*46.┣^┝┤¤s7.fnSuffix#noteref_*46├ Kwaku (Uncle Roger asks) + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*47 +| ┥⑆^┨*47.┣^┝┤¤s7.fnSuffix#noteref_*47├ fact? + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*48 +| ┥⑆^┨*48.┣^┝┤¤s7.fnSuffix#noteref_*48├ constituted? + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*49 +| ┥⑆^┨*49.┣^┝┤¤s7.fnSuffix#noteref_*49├ originally “reformed” + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*50 +| ┥⑆^┨*50.┣^┝┤¤s7.fnSuffix#noteref_*50├ consider + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*51 +| ┥⑆^┨*51.┣^┝┤¤s7.fnSuffix#noteref_*51├ Inspectorate? + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*52 +| ┥⑆^┨*52.┣^┝┤¤s7.fnSuffix#noteref_*52├ fixed by Uncle Roger from note 127 at p.195 of “Contribution of the Courts to Govt.” + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*53 +| ┥⑆^┨*53.┣^┝┤¤s7.fnSuffix#noteref_*53├ sentence modified + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*54 +| ┥⑆^┨*54.┣^┝┤¤s7.fnSuffix#noteref_*54├ missing name + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*55 +| ┥⑆^┨*55.┣^┝┤¤s7.fnSuffix#noteref_*55├ grace??? + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*56 +| ┥⑆^┨*56.┣^┝┤¤s7.fnSuffix#noteref_*56├ check original name written was Abubakir + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*57 +| ┥⑆^┨*57.┣^┝┤¤s7.fnSuffix#noteref_*57├ repeated a few paragraphs earlier + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*58 +| ┥⑆^┨*58.┣^┝┤¤s8.fnSuffix#noteref_*58├ might prefer: “Eric had done a lot of good in his position as the co-ordinator of security” + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*59 +| ┥⑆^┨*59.┣^┝┤¤s8.fnSuffix#noteref_*59├ ? + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*60 +| ┥⑆^┨*60.┣^┝┤¤s8.fnSuffix#noteref_*60├ missing + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*61 +| ┥⑆^┨*61.┣^┝┤¤s8.fnSuffix#noteref_*61├ year missing + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*62 +| ┥⑆^┨*62.┣^┝┤¤s8.fnSuffix#noteref_*62├ missing + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*63 +| ┥⑆^┨*63.┣^┝┤¤s8.fnSuffix#noteref_*63├ [Author's note] “check on others in The Contribution” + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*64 +| ┥⑆^┨*64.┣^┝┤¤s9.fnSuffix#noteref_*64├ Issie?, please check, Uncle Roger notes + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*65 +| ┥⑆^┨*65.┣^┝┤¤s9.fnSuffix#noteref_*65├ provide date + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*66 +| ┥⑆^┨*66.┣^┝┤¤s9.fnSuffix#noteref_*66├ missing insert + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*67 +| ┥⑆^┨*67.┣^┝┤¤s9.fnSuffix#noteref_*67├ name missing + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*68 +| ┥⑆^┨*68.┣^┝┤¤s9.fnSuffix#noteref_*68├ name missing + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*69 +| ┥⑆^┨*69.┣^┝┤¤s9.fnSuffix#noteref_*69├ word “trouseline” replaced + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*70 +| ┥⑆^┨*70.┣^┝┤¤s9.fnSuffix#noteref_*70├ HERE TAKE IN WRITING IN THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE COURTS + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*71 +| ┥⑆^┨*71.┣^┝┤¤s10.fnSuffix#noteref_*71├ name missing + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*72 +| ┥⑆^┨*72.┣^┝┤¤s10.fnSuffix#noteref_*72├ check sequence, un-accounted for discrete mark made by Uncle Roger + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*73 +| ┥⑆^┨*73.┣^┝┤¤s10.fnSuffix#noteref_*73├ any way to check address and remove question mark? + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*74 +| ┥⑆^┨*74.┣^┝┤¤s10.fnSuffix#noteref_*74├ changed from Franklin home + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*75 +| ┥⑆^┨*75.┣^┝┤¤s10.fnSuffix#noteref_*75├ how to check, author's question mark + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*76 +| ┥⑆^┨*76.┣^┝┤¤s10.fnSuffix#noteref_*76├ author indicates name needs to be checked + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*77 +| ┥⑆^┨*77.┣^┝┤¤s10.fnSuffix#noteref_*77├ author indicates name needs to be checked + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*78 +| ┥⑆^┨*78.┣^┝┤¤s10.fnSuffix#noteref_*78├ name missing + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*79 +| ┥⑆^┨*79.┣^┝┤¤s10.fnSuffix#noteref_*79├ pointed out that Tossan's name is spelt differently earlier, explain + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*80 +| ┥⑆^┨*80.┣^┝┤¤s11.fnSuffix#noteref_*80├ ask mum + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*81 +| ┥⑆^┨*81.┣^┝┤¤s11.fnSuffix#noteref_*81├ double check Mutein? + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*82 +| ┥⑆^┨*82.┣^┝┤¤s11.fnSuffix#noteref_*82├ name? + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*83 +| ┥⑆^┨*83.┣^┝┤¤s11.fnSuffix#noteref_*83├ rented? + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*84 +| ┥⑆^┨*84.┣^┝┤¤s11.fnSuffix#noteref_*84├ ”between“ replaced + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*85 +| ┥⑆^┨*85.┣^┝┤¤s11.fnSuffix#noteref_*85├ “children” replaced + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*86 +| ┥⑆^┨*86.┣^┝┤¤s11.fnSuffix#noteref_*86├ paragraph repeated, around 582 - 583 numbers have changed, with new heading + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*87 +| ┥⑆^┨*87.┣^┝┤¤s11.fnSuffix#noteref_*87├ (paragraph) repetition with a few additional tidbits, see around 582 - 583 numbers have changed, with new heading + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*88 +| ┥⑆^┨*88.┣^┝┤¤s11.fnSuffix#noteref_*88├ repetition (from here till end of paragraph) almost verbatim from an earlier chapter + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*89 +| ┥⑆^┨*89.┣^┝┤¤s11.fnSuffix#noteref_*89├ repetition (beginning of paragraph) check + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*90 +| ┥⑆^┨*90.┣^┝┤¤s11.fnSuffix#noteref_*90├ a suggestion given to move ended to end of sentence + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*91 +| ┥⑆^┨*91.┣^┝┤¤s11.fnSuffix#noteref_*91├ repetition from underlined section + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*92 +| ┥⑆^┨*92.┣^┝┤¤s11.fnSuffix#noteref_*92├ ? check + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*93 +| ┥⑆^┨*93.┣^┝┤¤s11.fnSuffix#noteref_*93├ CHECK ”contemnous" replaced + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*94 +| ┥⑆^┨*94.┣^┝┤¤s11.fnSuffix#noteref_*94├ replaced “ensuring” + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*95 +| ┥⑆^┨*95.┣^┝┤¤s11.fnSuffix#noteref_*95├ needs to be checked + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*96 +| ┥⑆^┨*96.┣^┝┤¤s12.fnSuffix#noteref_*96├ missing first name + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*97 +| ┥⑆^┨*97.┣^┝┤¤s12.fnSuffix#noteref_*97├ missing first name + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*98 +| ┥⑆^┨*98.┣^┝┤¤s12.fnSuffix#noteref_*98├ missing first name + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*99 +| ┥⑆^┨*99.┣^┝┤¤s12.fnSuffix#noteref_*99├ world “old” was missing and assumed + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*100 +| ┥⑆^┨*100.┣^┝┤¤s12.fnSuffix#noteref_*100├ missing first name + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*101 +| ┥⑆^┨*101.┣^┝┤¤s12.fnSuffix#noteref_*101├ missing first name + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*102 +| ┥⑆^┨*102.┣^┝┤¤s12.fnSuffix#noteref_*102├ name lost? + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*103 +| ┥⑆^┨*103.┣^┝┤¤s12.fnSuffix#noteref_*103├ check that that is all the content that was missing here + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*104 +| ┥⑆^┨*104.┣^┝┤¤s12.fnSuffix#noteref_*104├ date? + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*105 +| ┥⑆^┨*105.┣^┝┤¤s13.fnSuffix#noteref_*105├ name check? + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*106 +| ┥⑆^┨*106.┣^┝┤¤s13.fnSuffix#noteref_*106├ ? question mark, check, uncertainty? + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*107 +| ┥⑆^┨*107.┣^┝┤¤s13.fnSuffix#noteref_*107├ check grammer + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*108 +| ┥⑆^┨*108.┣^┝┤¤s13.fnSuffix#noteref_*108├ missing name + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*109 +| ┥⑆^┨*109.┣^┝┤¤in.hospital.fnSuffix#noteref_*109├ check spelling differs earlier/elsewhere + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*110 +| ┥⑆^┨*110.┣^┝┤¤in.hospital.fnSuffix#noteref_*110├ name check + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*111 +| ┥⑆^┨*111.┣^┝┤¤in.hospital.fnSuffix#noteref_*111├ check name + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1080 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*112 +| ┥⑆^┨*112.┣^┝┤¤tributes.fnSuffix#noteref_*112├ ... + } @glossary { diff --git a/test/reference/abstraction/sisu-manual~sisu_markup.en.ssp b/test/reference/abstraction/sisu-manual~sisu_markup.en.ssp index 3a49024..4ea560e 100644 --- a/test/reference/abstraction/sisu-manual~sisu_markup.en.ssp +++ b/test/reference/abstraction/sisu-manual~sisu_markup.en.ssp @@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ @doc_has { inline_links: 26 inline_notes_reg: 22 - inline_notes_star: 2 + inline_notes_star: 3 tables: 4 codeblocks: 71 images: 5 @@ -3431,10 +3431,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 54 110 165 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 5 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 248D5694A7CC5A05ADBCD345DB2F045DAFD49B9E1BBEFE58DB349DBD66689275 +.sha256: 0C0435FF5E15AE9007D692F1BAC3F928C39641C2F7403221F41A956EB1C0A94D +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: seg_4 .segment_epub_is: seg_4 -| normal text ~[* editors notes, numbered asterisk footnote/endnote series ]~ continues +| normal text 【*1 editors notes, numbered asterisk footnote/endnote series】 continues [184] para .part: body @@ -3443,10 +3444,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 54 110 165 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 5 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 5184AE0AA8CC167A456A36EA908855AB32A32C45818411E823AB55F853AD43D5 +.sha256: 645D64BE63B6220F25E71D5F3FD3F430282CBDE6D899895BD5C860F60CF93B6D +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: seg_4 .segment_epub_is: seg_4 -| normal text ~[+ editors notes, numbered plus symbol footnote/endnote series ]~ continues +| normal text 【+1 editors notes, numbered plus symbol footnote/endnote series】 continues [185] para .part: body @@ -7807,6 +7809,28 @@ [0] endnote .part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 456 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*1 +| ┥⑆^┨*1.┣^┝┤¤seg_4.fnSuffix#noteref_*1├ editors notes, numbered asterisk footnote/endnote series + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 456 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_+1 +| ┥⑆^┨+1.┣^┝┤¤seg_4.fnSuffix#noteref_+1├ editors notes, numbered plus symbol footnote/endnote series + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter .parent: 218 .ancestors: 1 456 0 0 0 0 0 0 .ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 diff --git a/test/reference/abstraction/two_bits.christopher_kelty.en.ssp b/test/reference/abstraction/two_bits.christopher_kelty.en.ssp index 696d047..3ee3ec2 100644 --- a/test/reference/abstraction/two_bits.christopher_kelty.en.ssp +++ b/test/reference/abstraction/two_bits.christopher_kelty.en.ssp @@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ @doc_has { inline_links: 136 inline_notes_reg: 351 - inline_notes_star: 0 + inline_notes_star: 9 tables: 0 codeblocks: 0 images: 9 @@ -4410,13 +4410,13 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 74 189 234 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 5 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 10B5A9962ABB77586498268972375F4DF5DC0D4E9CA34DFAFF52CD258E280299 +.sha256: 65F728AA7C7278A91B56215CD63571DE1CB4BAE794CC3A61815ABB4D71C86179 .image: 2bits_02_01-100.png sha256:4170CBD7E3110AFE6869060890199261A0BF077C4F86121E8B5A736FEB11A0F3 bytes:16119 px:1572x1098 -.has: links images images_no_dim +.has: links notes_star images images_no_dim .stow_link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:PPTCountdowntoSingularityLog.jpg .segment_html_is: s2 .segment_epub_is: s2 -| ┥☼2bits_02_01-100.png,w640h447 ┝┤├ ~[* Illustration © 2005 Ray Kurzweil. Modifications © 2007 by C. Kelty. Original work licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License: ┥http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:PPTCountdowntoSingularityLog.jpg┝┤0├. ]~ +| ┥☼2bits_02_01-100.png,w640h447 ┝┤├ 【*1 Illustration © 2005 Ray Kurzweil. Modifications © 2007 by C. Kelty. Original work licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License: ┥http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:PPTCountdowntoSingularityLog.jpg┝┤0├.】 [269] para .part: body @@ -5323,12 +5323,12 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 290 291 296 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 5 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 6FA4FA4ECD672391B85AD2E03FB6F17FF3705C6B9725CB8DF35A1DA22C39451E +.sha256: E39D78F60EAF232DCE16665662BE6AA737867941BF31F6C053FDF99190DE9D31 .image: 2bits_03_02-100.png sha256:268C643F2954DF149EEF6B9DF36900F128F37BFCBCF16B781A9119C906B5888B bytes:317845 px:620x657 -.has: images images_no_dim +.has: notes_star images images_no_dim .segment_html_is: s3 .segment_epub_is: s3 -| ┥☼2bits_03_02-100.png,w620h657 ┝┤├ ~[* “Peace, Love and Software,” cover of Forbes, 10 August 1998. Used with permission of Forbes and Nathaniel Welch. ]~ +| ┥☼2bits_03_02-100.png,w620h657 ┝┤├ 【*2 “Peace, Love and Software,” cover of Forbes, 10 August 1998. Used with permission of Forbes and Nathaniel Welch.】 [334] para .part: body @@ -6621,12 +6621,12 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 290 414 421 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 5 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: FD4A2EC32299325AC221C4151AFADC6A7C3162E35D3EEC4287D8BD60849EDED6 +.sha256: 4D0BC509F94299504C0B3A987176DBFEADBDCDA4A838833207739A7C1EAF40BC .image: 2bits_05_03-100.png sha256:71326E711C51CA82B9711DCC81FD0CF43664BDEFB7C56BE69B8D148D28BC7632 bytes:338870 px:619x972 -.has: images images_no_dim +.has: notes_star images images_no_dim .segment_html_is: s5 .segment_epub_is: s5 -| ┥☼2bits_05_03-100.png,w619h972 ┝┤├ ~[* Open systems is the solution to painting yourself into a corner. Intel advertisement, Wall Street Journal, 30 May 1984. ]~ +| ┥☼2bits_05_03-100.png,w619h972 ┝┤├ 【*3 Open systems is the solution to painting yourself into a corner. Intel advertisement, Wall Street Journal, 30 May 1984.】 [0] comment .part: comment @@ -7156,12 +7156,12 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 290 414 451 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 5 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 757475A429DA3587AD846348FBE8FB0391F9E53B03FE3CE03CAE299CB3DF6D1C +.sha256: 8D4F82A3AAC0507FA5DFE426DC1B94E62635BF1386955B08DDBCBF65C4DB6AC2 .image: 2bits_05_04-100.png sha256:D54E58A67DABCA5CBAB6C0D50BB22F2288D464D809DF4F5221DBD517E817E201 bytes:85659 px:619x376 -.has: images images_no_dim +.has: notes_star images images_no_dim .segment_html_is: s5 .segment_epub_is: s5 -| ┥☼2bits_05_04-100.png,w619h376 ┝┤├ ~[* 4a and 4b. Open systems anxiety around mergers and compatibility. Sun Microsystems advertisement, Wall Street Journal, 9 July 1987. ]~ +| ┥☼2bits_05_04-100.png,w619h376 ┝┤├ 【*4 4a and 4b. Open systems anxiety around mergers and compatibility. Sun Microsystems advertisement, Wall Street Journal, 9 July 1987.】 [464] para .part: body @@ -7245,12 +7245,12 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 290 414 451 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 5 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: D87727A2E2ABF69EC6B8C461536325D7FD5C2E99236E736F6BED547B4DBD5E85 +.sha256: 551024C531E8074025EA8CA4D46249B0134822A8807B1F0FCD4C18E0436BD868 .image: 2bits_05_05-100.png sha256:236688A3801EF5D12DCFEC855425D765E49C20A0D7AF20BEA244062F05BC827D bytes:149949 px:631x846 -.has: images images_no_dim +.has: notes_star images images_no_dim .segment_html_is: s5 .segment_epub_is: s5 -| ┥☼2bits_05_05-100.png,w631h846 ┝┤├ ~[* It pays to be open: Sun’s version of profitable and successful open systems. Sun Microsystems advertisement, New York Times, 2 August 1988. ]~ +| ┥☼2bits_05_05-100.png,w631h846 ┝┤├ 【*5 It pays to be open: Sun’s version of profitable and successful open systems. Sun Microsystems advertisement, New York Times, 2 August 1988.】 [0] comment .part: comment @@ -7283,12 +7283,12 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 290 414 451 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 5 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: C182DF94EA016BAD188A5797EB0BA9FEC86AFA2A136C95CE0ACCA57893BD94FB +.sha256: EC82FDBB28454393857EF88181F425FF6FB238FADB9FEB32986DE45B99BF2213 .image: 2bits_05_06-100.png sha256:97B0ABD89FD3DD16F5FE1763817FED06C51A02E2FA4EBB722FB4F9CB27B40DE4 bytes:257042 px:620x917 -.has: images images_no_dim +.has: notes_star images images_no_dim .segment_html_is: s5 .segment_epub_is: s5 -| ┥☼2bits_05_06-100.png,w620h917 ┝┤├ ~[* The UNIX Wars, Halloween 1988. UNIX International advertisement, Wall Street Journal and New York Times, 31 October 1988. ]~ +| ┥☼2bits_05_06-100.png,w620h917 ┝┤├ 【*6 The UNIX Wars, Halloween 1988. UNIX International advertisement, Wall Street Journal and New York Times, 31 October 1988.】 [0] comment .part: comment @@ -11033,12 +11033,12 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 717 719 731 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 5 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: D6B91235472D0A529729E7B4693B309F589FF18ECB41F896E49B8F41312B9010 +.sha256: 85EE0FC6F04F3FC1C99B9E44D7E960647ED82739708888A70A027B00D464F2A1 .image: 2bits_08_07-100.png sha256:090BD98CB932ABFEE63247422B2E5A3A0B6C484B0AABBA5E25710F11CD265BC6 bytes:72418 px:530x827 -.has: images images_no_dim +.has: notes_star images images_no_dim .segment_html_is: s8 .segment_epub_is: s8 -| ┥☼2bits_08_07-100.png,w530h827 ┝┤├ ~[* The Connexions textbook as a factory. Illustration by Jenn Drummond, Ross Reedstrom, Max Starkenberg, and others, 1999-2004. Used with permission. ]~ +| ┥☼2bits_08_07-100.png,w530h827 ┝┤├ 【*7 The Connexions textbook as a factory. Illustration by Jenn Drummond, Ross Reedstrom, Max Starkenberg, and others, 1999-2004. Used with permission.】 [740] para .part: body @@ -12230,12 +12230,12 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 717 786 823 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 5 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 869ECBDD027F51B30EF5A35EA0F3F8A22F27B04540E28ABBE419240407F05A86 +.sha256: 67623F9D8980D527A272DB075B23AB3D6EC37DA7BC2F987017E1577C00F16B5B .image: 2bits_09_08-100.png sha256:E6580C137883B81D2180EDAFBEBE6AD091928702D4D1EB90541053E54605F812 bytes:267023 px:788x658 -.has: images images_no_dim +.has: notes_star images images_no_dim .segment_html_is: s9 .segment_epub_is: s9 -| ┥☼2bits_09_08-100.png,w640h534 ┝┤├ ~[* Whiteboard diagram: the cascade of reuse in Connexions. Conception by Ross Reedstrom, Brent Hendricks, and Christopher Kelty. Transcribed in the author’s fieldnotes, 2003. ]~ +| ┥☼2bits_09_08-100.png,w640h534 ┝┤├ 【*8 Whiteboard diagram: the cascade of reuse in Connexions. Conception by Ross Reedstrom, Brent Hendricks, and Christopher Kelty. Transcribed in the author’s fieldnotes, 2003.】 [829] para .part: body @@ -12268,12 +12268,12 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 717 786 823 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 5 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 1B09489E7EA84F5989FF04AB1E4732472B4FE36BD4D84BCF7F2B4038AA4D1CC4 +.sha256: F4E20C390737B7E9B0045E53860CF189FFDB9BF52602B943BECEA4E40EBDF0B2 .image: 2bits_09_09-100.png sha256:3F61BEC183DC80713C10A54C93D0C719ED3E174152D2601AACF35DEC456D37F6 bytes:20367 px:811x492 -.has: images images_no_dim +.has: notes_star images images_no_dim .segment_html_is: s9 .segment_epub_is: s9 -| ┥☼2bits_09_09-100.png,w640h388 ┝┤├ ~[* Whiteboard diagram transformed: forms of reuse in Connexions. Conception by Christopher Kelty, 2004. ]~ +| ┥☼2bits_09_09-100.png,w640h388 ┝┤├ 【*9 Whiteboard diagram transformed: forms of reuse in Connexions. Conception by Christopher Kelty, 2004.】 [832] para .part: body @@ -14457,6 +14457,18 @@ [0] endnote .part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 898 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.stow_link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:PPTCountdowntoSingularityLog.jpg +.anchor_tag: note_*1 +| ┥⑆^┨*1.┣^┝┤¤s2.fnSuffix#noteref_*1├ Illustration © 2005 Ray Kurzweil. Modifications © 2007 by C. Kelty. Original work licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License: ┥http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:PPTCountdowntoSingularityLog.jpg┝┤0├. + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter .parent: 276 .ancestors: 1 898 0 0 0 0 0 0 .ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 @@ -14693,6 +14705,17 @@ [0] endnote .part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 898 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*2 +| ┥⑆^┨*2.┣^┝┤¤s3.fnSuffix#noteref_*2├ “Peace, Love and Software,” cover of Forbes, 10 August 1998. Used with permission of Forbes and Nathaniel Welch. + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter .parent: 339 .ancestors: 1 898 0 0 0 0 0 0 .ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 @@ -15250,6 +15273,17 @@ [0] endnote .part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 898 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*3 +| ┥⑆^┨*3.┣^┝┤¤s5.fnSuffix#noteref_*3├ Open systems is the solution to painting yourself into a corner. Intel advertisement, Wall Street Journal, 30 May 1984. + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter .parent: 426 .ancestors: 1 898 0 0 0 0 0 0 .ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 @@ -15427,6 +15461,17 @@ [0] endnote .part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 898 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*4 +| ┥⑆^┨*4.┣^┝┤¤s5.fnSuffix#noteref_*4├ 4a and 4b. Open systems anxiety around mergers and compatibility. Sun Microsystems advertisement, Wall Street Journal, 9 July 1987. + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter .parent: 464 .ancestors: 1 898 0 0 0 0 0 0 .ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 @@ -15460,6 +15505,17 @@ [0] endnote .part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 898 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*5 +| ┥⑆^┨*5.┣^┝┤¤s5.fnSuffix#noteref_*5├ It pays to be open: Sun’s version of profitable and successful open systems. Sun Microsystems advertisement, New York Times, 2 August 1988. + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter .parent: 471 .ancestors: 1 898 0 0 0 0 0 0 .ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 @@ -15471,6 +15527,17 @@ [0] endnote .part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 898 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*6 +| ┥⑆^┨*6.┣^┝┤¤s5.fnSuffix#noteref_*6├ The UNIX Wars, Halloween 1988. UNIX International advertisement, Wall Street Journal and New York Times, 31 October 1988. + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter .parent: 477 .ancestors: 1 898 0 0 0 0 0 0 .ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 @@ -16928,6 +16995,17 @@ [0] endnote .part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 898 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*7 +| ┥⑆^┨*7.┣^┝┤¤s8.fnSuffix#noteref_*7├ The Connexions textbook as a factory. Illustration by Jenn Drummond, Ross Reedstrom, Max Starkenberg, and others, 1999-2004. Used with permission. + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter .parent: 740 .ancestors: 1 898 0 0 0 0 0 0 .ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 @@ -17293,6 +17371,28 @@ [0] endnote .part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 898 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*8 +| ┥⑆^┨*8.┣^┝┤¤s9.fnSuffix#noteref_*8├ Whiteboard diagram: the cascade of reuse in Connexions. Conception by Ross Reedstrom, Brent Hendricks, and Christopher Kelty. Transcribed in the author’s fieldnotes, 2003. + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 898 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*9 +| ┥⑆^┨*9.┣^┝┤¤s9.fnSuffix#noteref_*9├ Whiteboard diagram transformed: forms of reuse in Connexions. Conception by Christopher Kelty, 2004. + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter .parent: 835 .ancestors: 1 898 0 0 0 0 0 0 .ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 diff --git a/test/reference/abstraction/viral_spiral.david_bollier.en.ssp b/test/reference/abstraction/viral_spiral.david_bollier.en.ssp index 2314925..0179586 100644 --- a/test/reference/abstraction/viral_spiral.david_bollier.en.ssp +++ b/test/reference/abstraction/viral_spiral.david_bollier.en.ssp @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ @doc_has { inline_links: 217 inline_notes_reg: 456 - inline_notes_star: 0 + inline_notes_star: 12 tables: 0 codeblocks: 0 images: 1 @@ -2124,10 +2124,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 78 79 85 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 56C257F062B55836B4EB3C3EADF4F7FE20E142AAB6BAA777928C2FDD8AAD2733 +.sha256: CE6D6122FAC46A233F90441C852B9DA9A90275A95D7012C0F2B8E7D2F97F9F66 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s1 .segment_epub_is: s1 -| The GPL bypasses these structural limitations of copyright law by carving out a new zone of collective ownership. A work licensed under the GPL permits users to run any program, copy it, modify it, and distribute it in any modified form. The only limitation is that any derivative work must also be licensed under the GPL. This provision of the GPL means that the license is ⑆/┨automatically┣/ applied to any derivative work, and to any derivative of a derivative, and so on — hence its viral nature.~[* Stallman told me he considers it “a common calumny to compare the GNU GPL to a virus. That is not only insulting (I have a virus infection in my throat right now and it is no fun), it is also inaccurate, because the GPL does not spread like a virus. It spreads like a spider plant: if you cut off a piece and plant it over here, it grows over here.]~ The GPL ensures that the value created by a given group of commoners shall stay within the commons. To guarantee the viral power of the license, users of GPL’d works cannot modify the licensing terms. No one has to pay to use a GPL’d work — but as a condition for using it, people are legally obliged to license any derivative versions under the GPL. In this way, a GPL’d work is born and forever protected as “shareable.” +| The GPL bypasses these structural limitations of copyright law by carving out a new zone of collective ownership. A work licensed under the GPL permits users to run any program, copy it, modify it, and distribute it in any modified form. The only limitation is that any derivative work must also be licensed under the GPL. This provision of the GPL means that the license is ⑆/┨automatically┣/ applied to any derivative work, and to any derivative of a derivative, and so on — hence its viral nature.【*1 Stallman told me he considers it “a common calumny to compare the GNU GPL to a virus. That is not only insulting (I have a virus infection in my throat right now and it is no fun), it is also inaccurate, because the GPL does not spread like a virus. It spreads like a spider plant: if you cut off a piece and plant it over here, it grows over here.】 The GPL ensures that the value created by a given group of commoners shall stay within the commons. To guarantee the viral power of the license, users of GPL’d works cannot modify the licensing terms. No one has to pay to use a GPL’d work — but as a condition for using it, people are legally obliged to license any derivative versions under the GPL. In this way, a GPL’d work is born and forever protected as “shareable.” [106] para .part: body @@ -2289,10 +2290,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 78 79 85 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 302016AFD4B35A1856D32F18FEA7626713FDF4F20E947ED8F6D7FE928D1CF0CA +.sha256: 221AB7554158D23D8971F46AECFFED5F965D3391463E8987FEDC4FB66F70897D +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s1 .segment_epub_is: s1 -| Stallman’s atavistic zeal to preserve the hacker community, embodied in the GPL, did not immediately inspire others. In fact, most of the tech world was focused on how to convert software into a marketable product. Initially, the GPL functioned like a spore lying dormant, waiting until a more hospitable climate could activate its full potential. Outside of the tech world, few people knew about the GPL, or cared.~[* The GPL is not the only software license around, of course, although it was, and remains, the most demanding in terms of protecting the commons of code. Other popular open-source licenses include the MIT, BSD, and Apache licenses, but each of these permit, but do not require, that the source code of derivative works also be freely available. The GPL, however, became the license used for Linux, a quirk of history that has had far-reaching implications.]~ And even most techies were oblivious to the political implications of free software. +| Stallman’s atavistic zeal to preserve the hacker community, embodied in the GPL, did not immediately inspire others. In fact, most of the tech world was focused on how to convert software into a marketable product. Initially, the GPL functioned like a spore lying dormant, waiting until a more hospitable climate could activate its full potential. Outside of the tech world, few people knew about the GPL, or cared.【*2 The GPL is not the only software license around, of course, although it was, and remains, the most demanding in terms of protecting the commons of code. Other popular open-source licenses include the MIT, BSD, and Apache licenses, but each of these permit, but do not require, that the source code of derivative works also be freely available. The GPL, however, became the license used for Linux, a quirk of history that has had far-reaching implications.】 And even most techies were oblivious to the political implications of free software. [119] para .part: body @@ -2788,10 +2790,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 78 79 151 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 82E2F27E163F2D7DE071EC39B0FE89F786693459E34FADF22B618319BCF91D4B +.sha256: 9AF89F64B0925C72E356D45A95353E6B5B10968D1D79447FC4BA5E03555FF7E2 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s2 .segment_epub_is: s2 -| Unlike Richard Stallman’s crusade to create a sustainable public domain of code,~[* Free software constitutes a “sustainable public domain” because the General Public License protects the code and its derivatives from private appropriation yet otherwise makes the code free for anyone to use. The public domain, by contrast, is vulnerable to private appropriation in practice if a company has sufficient market power (e.g., Disney’s appropriation of fairy tales) or if it uses the public domain to make derivative works and then copyrights them (e.g., vendors who mix government data with proprietary enhancements).]~ the discovery of the public domain for cultural works was not led by a single protagonist or group. It emerged over time through a loose network of legal scholars, techies, activists, and some businesses, who were increasingly concerned about worrisome expansions of copyright and patent law. Slowly, a conversation that was occurring in a variety of academic and tech communities began to intensify, and then coalesce into a more coherent story. +| Unlike Richard Stallman’s crusade to create a sustainable public domain of code,【*3 Free software constitutes a “sustainable public domain” because the General Public License protects the code and its derivatives from private appropriation yet otherwise makes the code free for anyone to use. The public domain, by contrast, is vulnerable to private appropriation in practice if a company has sufficient market power (e.g., Disney’s appropriation of fairy tales) or if it uses the public domain to make derivative works and then copyrights them (e.g., vendors who mix government data with proprietary enhancements).】 the discovery of the public domain for cultural works was not led by a single protagonist or group. It emerged over time through a loose network of legal scholars, techies, activists, and some businesses, who were increasingly concerned about worrisome expansions of copyright and patent law. Slowly, a conversation that was occurring in a variety of academic and tech communities began to intensify, and then coalesce into a more coherent story. [157] para .part: body @@ -4085,10 +4088,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 78 79 245 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 0898DFE871417DD35F80DB407F2FFE8F7BB695A21712D8CF68CADAD67D30E6E2 +.sha256: DAAAAA9D1F2624F1717E5AF55B51C466B5FC8D3BCBFC232316AD80FE07E9ED7D +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s3 .segment_epub_is: s3 -| This was not the goal of the computer scientists who invented the Internet, of course. Working under the auspices of the U.S. military, they were chiefly concerned with building a communications system that would allow academic researchers to share computerized information cheaply and easily. The idea was that intelligence and innovation would arise from the “edges” of a “dumb” network, and not be controlled by a centralized elite in the manner of broadcasting or book publishing. The Internet — a network of networks — would be a platform open to anyone who used a shared set of freely accessible “protocols,” or standardized code, for computer hardware and software.~[* The Internet protocols that enable different computers and networks to connect despite their differences is TCP/IP, which stands for TransmissionControl Protocol/Internet Protocol. These protocols enabled the commons known as the Internet to emerge and function, and in turn to host countless other commons “on top” of it.]~ +| This was not the goal of the computer scientists who invented the Internet, of course. Working under the auspices of the U.S. military, they were chiefly concerned with building a communications system that would allow academic researchers to share computerized information cheaply and easily. The idea was that intelligence and innovation would arise from the “edges” of a “dumb” network, and not be controlled by a centralized elite in the manner of broadcasting or book publishing. The Internet — a network of networks — would be a platform open to anyone who used a shared set of freely accessible “protocols,” or standardized code, for computer hardware and software.【*4 The Internet protocols that enable different computers and networks to connect despite their differences is TCP/IP, which stands for TransmissionControl Protocol/Internet Protocol. These protocols enabled the commons known as the Internet to emerge and function, and in turn to host countless other commons “on top” of it.】 [257] para .part: body @@ -4304,11 +4308,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 78 79 245 267 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 5 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 615D0CE6AF1E44E8CBB4FCA0976F818F3B24D0D0B931903B689909EFAE6BE402 -.has: notes_reg +.sha256: DBB83DF1794B6495D16FD9179D4BD0D26988DD36970861A74E653B5A005D9022 +.has: notes_reg notes_star .segment_html_is: s3 .segment_epub_is: s3 -| Lessig elaborated on this theme in a 1997 article that spent twenty-seven dense pages pondering how two different Supreme Courts, separated by nearly a century, could look to identical words in the Constitution and reach precisely opposite conclusions.~[* The Erie ruling held that federal common law, previously recognized by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1842, was unconstitutional.]~ It is not as if one Court or the other was unprincipled or wrong, Lessig wrote. Rather, any court must take account of contemporary social norms and circumstances in “translating” an old law for new times. Lessig called this dynamic the “⑆/┨Erie┣/-effect,” a reference to the U.S. Supreme Court’s 1938 ruling in ⑆/┨Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins┣/. The ⑆/┨Erie┣/-effect is about the emergence of “a kind of contestability about a practice within a legal institution,” which prompts “a restructuring of that practice to avoid the rhetorical costs of that contestability.”【90 Lawrence Lessig, “Erie-Effects of Volume 110: An Essay on Context in Interpretive Theory,” ⑆/┨Harvard Law Review┣/ 110, no. 1785 (1997).】 +| Lessig elaborated on this theme in a 1997 article that spent twenty-seven dense pages pondering how two different Supreme Courts, separated by nearly a century, could look to identical words in the Constitution and reach precisely opposite conclusions.【*5 The Erie ruling held that federal common law, previously recognized by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1842, was unconstitutional.】 It is not as if one Court or the other was unprincipled or wrong, Lessig wrote. Rather, any court must take account of contemporary social norms and circumstances in “translating” an old law for new times. Lessig called this dynamic the “⑆/┨Erie┣/-effect,” a reference to the U.S. Supreme Court’s 1938 ruling in ⑆/┨Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins┣/. The ⑆/┨Erie┣/-effect is about the emergence of “a kind of contestability about a practice within a legal institution,” which prompts “a restructuring of that practice to avoid the rhetorical costs of that contestability.”【90 Lawrence Lessig, “Erie-Effects of Volume 110: An Essay on Context in Interpretive Theory,” ⑆/┨Harvard Law Review┣/ 110, no. 1785 (1997).】 [274] para .part: body @@ -6098,10 +6102,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 317 318 324 401 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 5 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 21DECEEA57B5F4E6D60B97F029F1338F9D9F7D9911CB7CF29BA62144545CD111 +.sha256: B2A52A7231E2D190B1429AC9C6AF04C3E4F67519825F2A68E2FEEC73DE38525A +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s4 .segment_epub_is: s4 -| At this time, in 2001, the founder of the World Wide Web, Tim Berners-Lee, and others at the World Wide Web Consortium, based at MIT, were trying to conceptualize the protocols for a new “logical layer” of code on top of the World Wide Web. They called it the Semantic Web. The idea is to enable people to identify and retrieve information that is strewn across the Internet but not readily located through conventional computer searches. Through a software format known as RDF/XML,~[* RDF, or Resource Description Framework, is a way to make a statement about content in a digital artifact. XML, or Extensible Markup Language, is a way to write a specialized document format to send across the Web, in which certain content can be marked up, or emphasized, so that other computers can “read” it.]~ digital content could be tagged with machine-readable statements that would in effect say, “This database contains information about x and y.” Through Semantic Web protocols and metatags on content, it would be possible to conduct searches across many types of digital content — Web pages, databases, software programs, even digital sensors — that could yield highly specific and useful results. +| At this time, in 2001, the founder of the World Wide Web, Tim Berners-Lee, and others at the World Wide Web Consortium, based at MIT, were trying to conceptualize the protocols for a new “logical layer” of code on top of the World Wide Web. They called it the Semantic Web. The idea is to enable people to identify and retrieve information that is strewn across the Internet but not readily located through conventional computer searches. Through a software format known as RDF/XML,【*6 RDF, or Resource Description Framework, is a way to make a statement about content in a digital artifact. XML, or Extensible Markup Language, is a way to write a specialized document format to send across the Web, in which certain content can be marked up, or emphasized, so that other computers can “read” it.】 digital content could be tagged with machine-readable statements that would in effect say, “This database contains information about x and y.” Through Semantic Web protocols and metatags on content, it would be possible to conduct searches across many types of digital content — Web pages, databases, software programs, even digital sensors — that could yield highly specific and useful results. [404] para .part: body @@ -8452,12 +8457,12 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 317 318 522 576 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 5 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: ECF08094B68BFDABAFC8A49E8EC3735F9A5E5BDB8DC713488D7400C17E56BBDF -.has: links notes_reg +.sha256: 8A0CA920B3F293C3CAE697E44AED42EDC27C760AD308C8F6E309D79DB747BB20 +.has: links notes_reg notes_star .stow_link: http://creativecommons.org/about/sampling .segment_html_is: s6 .segment_epub_is: s6 -| In 2005, Creative Commons issued the Sampling license as a way to let people take pieces of a work for any purpose except advertising.【226 Creative Commons Web site, at ┥http://creativecommons.org/about/sampling┝┤0├. See also Ethan Smith, “Can Copyright Be Saved?” ⑆/┨Wall Street Journal┣/, October 20, 2003.】 It also prohibited copying and distribution of the entire work.~[* A “Sampling Plus” license was also issued to allow noncommercial copying and distribution of an entire work, which means it could be distributed via file-sharing networks. Finally, a “NonCommercial Sampling Plus” license was devised to let people sample and transform pieces of a work, and copy and distribute the entire work, so long as it was for noncommercial purposes.]~ For example, an artist could take a snippet of music, a clip of film, or a piece of a photograph, and use the sample in a new creation. Since its release, the Sampling license has been criticized on philosophical grounds by some commoners who say it does not truly enhance people’s freedom because it prohibits copying and distribution of the entire work. This concern reached serious enough proportions that in 2007 Creative Commons “retired” the license; I’ll revisit this controversy in chapter 9. +| In 2005, Creative Commons issued the Sampling license as a way to let people take pieces of a work for any purpose except advertising.【226 Creative Commons Web site, at ┥http://creativecommons.org/about/sampling┝┤0├. See also Ethan Smith, “Can Copyright Be Saved?” ⑆/┨Wall Street Journal┣/, October 20, 2003.】 It also prohibited copying and distribution of the entire work.【*7 A “Sampling Plus” license was also issued to allow noncommercial copying and distribution of an entire work, which means it could be distributed via file-sharing networks. Finally, a “NonCommercial Sampling Plus” license was devised to let people sample and transform pieces of a work, and copy and distribute the entire work, so long as it was for noncommercial purposes.】 For example, an artist could take a snippet of music, a clip of film, or a piece of a photograph, and use the sample in a new creation. Since its release, the Sampling license has been criticized on philosophical grounds by some commoners who say it does not truly enhance people’s freedom because it prohibits copying and distribution of the entire work. This concern reached serious enough proportions that in 2007 Creative Commons “retired” the license; I’ll revisit this controversy in chapter 9. [584] para .part: body @@ -10157,10 +10162,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 317 318 709 0 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 4 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 8973B4DDA3267CE325FE5C184C36AF5C723BE3A2A01E9F9EF992F95332BF7801 +.sha256: CE35537CCF165BE24DD392DFAFF86213CBB67A0F737795D49FC897F803B5EB60 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s9 .segment_epub_is: s9 -| As the Creative Commons insinuated itself into one creative sector after another, and throughout dozens of nations, the variety of licenses proliferated. By one count in 2006, there were once eighteen distinct CC licenses, not counting version changes.~[* The eighteen licenses once offered include the core six licenses; a nonattribution version of five of those six licenses (now retired); three sampling licenses (one of which has been retired); the Developing Nations license (now retired); and a public domain dedication (which is otherwise not possible under copyright statutes). There was also a “Music Sharing license,” which was just another name for the Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivatives license, and a “Founders’ Copyright,” which is not a license but a contract between an author and Creative Commons to place a particular work in the public domain after fourteen years (or twenty-eight years, if the author opts for a fourteen-year extension)]~ In the meantime, other parties were offering their own licenses. While the Creative Commons licenses had become the most-used licenses on the Internet, many people were choosing to use Free Software Foundation licenses for text (the GNU Free Documentation License, or FDL), the European Art Libre license, and special licenses that various institutions have devised for the arts, music, and educational works. +| As the Creative Commons insinuated itself into one creative sector after another, and throughout dozens of nations, the variety of licenses proliferated. By one count in 2006, there were once eighteen distinct CC licenses, not counting version changes.【*8 The eighteen licenses once offered include the core six licenses; a nonattribution version of five of those six licenses (now retired); three sampling licenses (one of which has been retired); the Developing Nations license (now retired); and a public domain dedication (which is otherwise not possible under copyright statutes). There was also a “Music Sharing license,” which was just another name for the Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivatives license, and a “Founders’ Copyright,” which is not a license but a contract between an author and Creative Commons to place a particular work in the public domain after fourteen years (or twenty-eight years, if the author opts for a fourteen-year extension)】 In the meantime, other parties were offering their own licenses. While the Creative Commons licenses had become the most-used licenses on the Internet, many people were choosing to use Free Software Foundation licenses for text (the GNU Free Documentation License, or FDL), the European Art Libre license, and special licenses that various institutions have devised for the arts, music, and educational works. [712] para .part: body @@ -12150,10 +12156,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 795 796 803 837 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 5 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 134473D38F7B4D9152585107712B3A9D91FF0C7D7EA0BD5DBFC58B41ECEB8909 +.sha256: 7378D38060FE87D7C80FFB48209C6343808D22D037D7001F74D4842DC67B680D +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s10 .segment_epub_is: s10 -| The Jamendo community is sizable and growing. By 2008 it had more than 357,000 active members from around the world. Part of the draw is the catalog of more than 10,000 albums, all free. Unlike Magnatune, Jamendo does not select the artists that are featured on its site; everyone is welcome to upload his or her music. To help fans identify music they like, the site offers many sophisticated tools. There are some 60,000 member-written reviews, custom playlists, community ratings of albums, and “folksonomy” tags for albums and songs.~[* Folksonomies, a cross of ⑆/┨taxonomy┣/ and ⑆/┨folk┣/, are essentially user-generated tags attached to each song and album, which enables categories of music to emerge from the “bottom up,” as fans regard the music, rather than through top-down marketing categories.]~ Fans are ⑆/┨urged┣/ to download music through peerto-peer networks such as BitTorrent and eMule because it reduces Jamendo’s bandwidth expenses. +| The Jamendo community is sizable and growing. By 2008 it had more than 357,000 active members from around the world. Part of the draw is the catalog of more than 10,000 albums, all free. Unlike Magnatune, Jamendo does not select the artists that are featured on its site; everyone is welcome to upload his or her music. To help fans identify music they like, the site offers many sophisticated tools. There are some 60,000 member-written reviews, custom playlists, community ratings of albums, and “folksonomy” tags for albums and songs.【*9 Folksonomies, a cross of ⑆/┨taxonomy┣/ and ⑆/┨folk┣/, are essentially user-generated tags attached to each song and album, which enables categories of music to emerge from the “bottom up,” as fans regard the music, rather than through top-down marketing categories.】 Fans are ⑆/┨urged┣/ to download music through peerto-peer networks such as BitTorrent and eMule because it reduces Jamendo’s bandwidth expenses. [862] para .part: body @@ -12162,10 +12169,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 795 796 803 837 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 5 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 686E1595447D9A6AE31C07D71CD7DB5014534D9E82EDC80DA6CB7E033F394319 +.sha256: 747699A949078CB54AAA4E8C41F7CC1470570B437F0FD9B396C84A84488222E0 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s10 .segment_epub_is: s10 -| “Users can listen, download, review, remix, and ‘widgetize,’” said Sylvain Zimmer, the founder and chief technology officer of Jamendo. As part of its commitment to musicians, the site has a forum for artists and listings of concerts, as well as open APIs~[* An API is an “application programming interface,” a set of protocols that enable a software application to operate on a computer operating system, library, or service. Many companies use proprietary APIs to retain control over who may develop applications that will interoperate with their software. Other companies that wish to encourage development of compatible applications— and thus promote a software ecosystem entwined with the operating system or service — use open APIs.]~ so the Jamendo ecosystem can be integrated into other software. +| “Users can listen, download, review, remix, and ‘widgetize,’” said Sylvain Zimmer, the founder and chief technology officer of Jamendo. As part of its commitment to musicians, the site has a forum for artists and listings of concerts, as well as open APIs【*10 An API is an “application programming interface,” a set of protocols that enable a software application to operate on a computer operating system, library, or service. Many companies use proprietary APIs to retain control over who may develop applications that will interoperate with their software. Other companies that wish to encourage development of compatible applications— and thus promote a software ecosystem entwined with the operating system or service — use open APIs.】 so the Jamendo ecosystem can be integrated into other software. [863] para .part: body @@ -12846,10 +12854,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 795 796 883 912 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 5 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 83397AA30AC7ED9F5710B24C78DD1BA4FA7869F413221A245DB254BE19A7C025 +.sha256: 7395A90E5FBB23EA2C7BC1E042F5932C9042CFDB4B8FCFB6DB1032AA64A65DF1 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: s11 .segment_epub_is: s11 -| The open-access movement has a fairly simple goal: to get the scientific record online and available to everyone. It regards this task as one of the most fundamental challenges in science. Open-access publishing generally consists of two modes of digital access — openaccess archives (or “repositories”) and open-access journals. In both instances, the publisher or host institution pays the upfront costs of putting material on the Web so that Internet users can access the literature at no charge.~[* “Open access” can be a confusing term. In the context of a rivalrous, depletable natural resource like timber or grazing land, an open-access regime means that anyone can use and appropriate the resource, resulting in its overexploitation and ruin. An ⑆/┨open-access regime┣/ is not the same as a ⑆/┨commons┣/, however, because a commons does have rules, boundaries, sanctions against free riders, etc., to govern the resource. However, in the context of an infinite, nonrivalrous resource like information, which can be copied and distributed at virtually no cost, an open-access regime does not result in overexploitation of the resource. For this reason, open access in an Internet context is often conflated with the commons — even though “open access,” in a natural resource context, tends to produce very different outcomes.]~ +| The open-access movement has a fairly simple goal: to get the scientific record online and available to everyone. It regards this task as one of the most fundamental challenges in science. Open-access publishing generally consists of two modes of digital access — openaccess archives (or “repositories”) and open-access journals. In both instances, the publisher or host institution pays the upfront costs of putting material on the Web so that Internet users can access the literature at no charge.【*11 “Open access” can be a confusing term. In the context of a rivalrous, depletable natural resource like timber or grazing land, an open-access regime means that anyone can use and appropriate the resource, resulting in its overexploitation and ruin. An ⑆/┨open-access regime┣/ is not the same as a ⑆/┨commons┣/, however, because a commons does have rules, boundaries, sanctions against free riders, etc., to govern the resource. However, in the context of an infinite, nonrivalrous resource like information, which can be copied and distributed at virtually no cost, an open-access regime does not result in overexploitation of the resource. For this reason, open access in an Internet context is often conflated with the commons — even though “open access,” in a natural resource context, tends to produce very different outcomes.】 [914] para .part: body @@ -14501,10 +14510,11 @@ .ancestors_collapsed: 1 795 796 1019 1029 0 0 0 .parent_lev: 5 .is_of_type: para -.sha256: 7018DAE5ECE18C67C3FE3AE65A3367F9F82D041C93D912F165E65CBC3C45BDE0 +.sha256: 6777D9F918D1596E417173AB749CEB01480C7515C628AB75A2024E039B5EEB70 +.has: notes_star .segment_html_is: x1 .segment_epub_is: x1 -| These behaviors exist in some measure in offline realms, of course, but they are a growing norm in the digital republic. A few examples will suffice to make the point. The Web helped create and propel a handful of cause-oriented candidacies — Howard Dean, Ron Paul, Ned Lamont~[* Lamont was an insurgent candidate for U.S. Senate from Connecticut challenging Senator Joseph Lieberman in a campaign that helped culturally validate opposition to the U.S. war in Iraq.]~ — who rapidly raised enormous sums of money, galvanized large numbers of passionate supporters, and altered mainstream political discourse. Although none prevailed in their races, Barack Obama made a quantum leap in online organizing in 2008, raising $50 million in a single month from supporters via the Internet. Obama’s candidacy was buoyed by the rise of the “netroots” — Web activists with a progressive political agenda— whose size and credibility enable them to sway votes in Congress, raise significant amounts of campaign funds, and influence local activism. The stories are now legion about blogs affecting political life — from the resignation of Senate majority leader Trent Lott after he praised the racist past of Senator Strom Thurmond at his hundredth birthday party, to the electoral defeat of Senate candidate George Allen after his uttering of an ethnic slur, ⑆/┨macaca┣/, was posted on YouTube. +| These behaviors exist in some measure in offline realms, of course, but they are a growing norm in the digital republic. A few examples will suffice to make the point. The Web helped create and propel a handful of cause-oriented candidacies — Howard Dean, Ron Paul, Ned Lamont【*12 Lamont was an insurgent candidate for U.S. Senate from Connecticut challenging Senator Joseph Lieberman in a campaign that helped culturally validate opposition to the U.S. war in Iraq.】 — who rapidly raised enormous sums of money, galvanized large numbers of passionate supporters, and altered mainstream political discourse. Although none prevailed in their races, Barack Obama made a quantum leap in online organizing in 2008, raising $50 million in a single month from supporters via the Internet. Obama’s candidacy was buoyed by the rise of the “netroots” — Web activists with a progressive political agenda— whose size and credibility enable them to sway votes in Congress, raise significant amounts of campaign funds, and influence local activism. The stories are now legion about blogs affecting political life — from the resignation of Senate majority leader Trent Lott after he praised the racist past of Senator Strom Thurmond at his hundredth birthday party, to the electoral defeat of Senate candidate George Allen after his uttering of an ethnic slur, ⑆/┨macaca┣/, was posted on YouTube. [1041] para .part: body @@ -15251,6 +15261,17 @@ [0] endnote .part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1076 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*1 +| ┥⑆^┨*1.┣^┝┤¤s1.fnSuffix#noteref_*1├ Stallman told me he considers it “a common calumny to compare the GNU GPL to a virus. That is not only insulting (I have a virus infection in my throat right now and it is no fun), it is also inaccurate, because the GPL does not spread like a virus. It spreads like a spider plant: if you cut off a piece and plant it over here, it grows over here. + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter .parent: 106 .ancestors: 1 1076 0 0 0 0 0 0 .ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 @@ -15286,6 +15307,17 @@ [0] endnote .part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1076 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*2 +| ┥⑆^┨*2.┣^┝┤¤s1.fnSuffix#noteref_*2├ The GPL is not the only software license around, of course, although it was, and remains, the most demanding in terms of protecting the commons of code. Other popular open-source licenses include the MIT, BSD, and Apache licenses, but each of these permit, but do not require, that the source code of derivative works also be freely available. The GPL, however, became the license used for Linux, a quirk of history that has had far-reaching implications. + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter .parent: 120 .ancestors: 1 1076 0 0 0 0 0 0 .ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 @@ -15501,6 +15533,17 @@ [0] endnote .part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1076 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*3 +| ┥⑆^┨*3.┣^┝┤¤s2.fnSuffix#noteref_*3├ Free software constitutes a “sustainable public domain” because the General Public License protects the code and its derivatives from private appropriation yet otherwise makes the code free for anyone to use. The public domain, by contrast, is vulnerable to private appropriation in practice if a company has sufficient market power (e.g., Disney’s appropriation of fairy tales) or if it uses the public domain to make derivative works and then copyrights them (e.g., vendors who mix government data with proprietary enhancements). + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter .parent: 159 .ancestors: 1 1076 0 0 0 0 0 0 .ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 @@ -15924,6 +15967,17 @@ [0] endnote .part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1076 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*4 +| ┥⑆^┨*4.┣^┝┤¤s3.fnSuffix#noteref_*4├ The Internet protocols that enable different computers and networks to connect despite their differences is TCP/IP, which stands for TransmissionControl Protocol/Internet Protocol. These protocols enabled the commons known as the Internet to emerge and function, and in turn to host countless other commons “on top” of it. + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter .parent: 263 .ancestors: 1 1076 0 0 0 0 0 0 .ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 @@ -15992,6 +16046,17 @@ [0] endnote .part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1076 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*5 +| ┥⑆^┨*5.┣^┝┤¤s3.fnSuffix#noteref_*5├ The Erie ruling held that federal common law, previously recognized by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1842, was unconstitutional. + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter .parent: 273 .ancestors: 1 1076 0 0 0 0 0 0 .ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 @@ -16748,6 +16813,17 @@ [0] endnote .part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1076 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*6 +| ┥⑆^┨*6.┣^┝┤¤s4.fnSuffix#noteref_*6├ RDF, or Resource Description Framework, is a way to make a statement about content in a digital artifact. XML, or Extensible Markup Language, is a way to write a specialized document format to send across the Web, in which certain content can be marked up, or emphasized, so that other computers can “read” it. + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter .parent: 404 .ancestors: 1 1076 0 0 0 0 0 0 .ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 @@ -17510,6 +17586,17 @@ [0] endnote .part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1076 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*7 +| ┥⑆^┨*7.┣^┝┤¤s6.fnSuffix#noteref_*7├ A “Sampling Plus” license was also issued to allow noncommercial copying and distribution of an entire work, which means it could be distributed via file-sharing networks. Finally, a “NonCommercial Sampling Plus” license was devised to let people sample and transform pieces of a work, and copy and distribute the entire work, so long as it was for noncommercial purposes. + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter .parent: 583 .ancestors: 1 1076 0 0 0 0 0 0 .ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 @@ -18381,6 +18468,17 @@ [0] endnote .part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1076 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*8 +| ┥⑆^┨*8.┣^┝┤¤s9.fnSuffix#noteref_*8├ The eighteen licenses once offered include the core six licenses; a nonattribution version of five of those six licenses (now retired); three sampling licenses (one of which has been retired); the Developing Nations license (now retired); and a public domain dedication (which is otherwise not possible under copyright statutes). There was also a “Music Sharing license,” which was just another name for the Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivatives license, and a “Founders’ Copyright,” which is not a license but a contract between an author and Creative Commons to place a particular work in the public domain after fourteen years (or twenty-eight years, if the author opts for a fourteen-year extension) + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter .parent: 716 .ancestors: 1 1076 0 0 0 0 0 0 .ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 @@ -19104,6 +19202,28 @@ [0] endnote .part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1076 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*9 +| ┥⑆^┨*9.┣^┝┤¤s10.fnSuffix#noteref_*9├ Folksonomies, a cross of ⑆/┨taxonomy┣/ and ⑆/┨folk┣/, are essentially user-generated tags attached to each song and album, which enables categories of music to emerge from the “bottom up,” as fans regard the music, rather than through top-down marketing categories. + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1076 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*10 +| ┥⑆^┨*10.┣^┝┤¤s10.fnSuffix#noteref_*10├ An API is an “application programming interface,” a set of protocols that enable a software application to operate on a computer operating system, library, or service. Many companies use proprietary APIs to retain control over who may develop applications that will interoperate with their software. Other companies that wish to encourage development of compatible applications— and thus promote a software ecosystem entwined with the operating system or service — use open APIs. + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter .parent: 864 .ancestors: 1 1076 0 0 0 0 0 0 .ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 @@ -19441,6 +19561,17 @@ [0] endnote .part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1076 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*11 +| ┥⑆^┨*11.┣^┝┤¤s11.fnSuffix#noteref_*11├ “Open access” can be a confusing term. In the context of a rivalrous, depletable natural resource like timber or grazing land, an open-access regime means that anyone can use and appropriate the resource, resulting in its overexploitation and ruin. An ⑆/┨open-access regime┣/ is not the same as a ⑆/┨commons┣/, however, because a commons does have rules, boundaries, sanctions against free riders, etc., to govern the resource. However, in the context of an infinite, nonrivalrous resource like information, which can be copied and distributed at virtually no cost, an open-access regime does not result in overexploitation of the resource. For this reason, open access in an Internet context is often conflated with the commons — even though “open access,” in a natural resource context, tends to produce very different outcomes. + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter .parent: 914 .ancestors: 1 1076 0 0 0 0 0 0 .ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 @@ -19981,6 +20112,17 @@ [0] endnote .part: backmatter +.parent: 0 +.ancestors: 1 1076 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +.parent_lev: 4 +.is_of_type: para +.has: links +.anchor_tag: note_*12 +| ┥⑆^┨*12.┣^┝┤¤x1.fnSuffix#noteref_*12├ Lamont was an insurgent candidate for U.S. Senate from Connecticut challenging Senator Joseph Lieberman in a campaign that helped culturally validate opposition to the U.S. war in Iraq. + +[0] endnote +.part: backmatter .parent: 1041 .ancestors: 1 1076 0 0 0 0 0 0 .ancestors_collapsed: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 |