From 21f5e220b738add01c19c2b15a76f2d240b2c0d5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ralph Amissah Date: Mon, 23 Jan 2012 21:42:25 -0500 Subject: v3dv: replace use of most ruby exclamation (!) method actions --- data/doc/sisu/CHANGELOG_v3 | 1 + data/sisu/v3dv/conf/convert/modify.rb | 2 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/author_format.rb | 6 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/cgi_pgsql.rb | 20 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/cgi_sql_common.rb | 24 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/cgi_sqlite.rb | 14 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/composite.rb | 19 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/concordance.rb | 71 +-- lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_character_check.rb | 29 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_doc_str.rb | 137 +++-- lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_endnotes.rb | 6 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_expand_insertions.rb | 2 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_hash_digest.rb | 17 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_idx.rb | 23 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_images.rb | 10 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_numbering.rb | 73 ++- lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_substitutions_and_insertions.rb | 22 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_syntax.rb | 410 +++++++------ lib/sisu/v3dv/db_columns.rb | 180 +++--- lib/sisu/v3dv/db_import.rb | 38 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/db_sqltxt.rb | 60 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/defaults.rb | 8 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/digests.rb | 6 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/epub.rb | 6 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/epub_concordance.rb | 60 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/epub_format.rb | 128 ++-- lib/sisu/v3dv/epub_segments.rb | 23 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/epub_tune.rb | 328 +++++------ lib/sisu/v3dv/harvest_authors.rb | 4 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/harvest_topics.rb | 4 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/html.rb | 32 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/html_format.rb | 47 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/html_minitoc.rb | 16 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/html_scroll.rb | 16 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/html_segments.rb | 24 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/html_tune.rb | 274 +++++---- lib/sisu/v3dv/manifest.rb | 13 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/manpage.rb | 134 ++--- lib/sisu/v3dv/odf.rb | 225 +++---- lib/sisu/v3dv/odf_format.rb | 28 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/options.rb | 15 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/param.rb | 54 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/plaintext.rb | 122 ++-- lib/sisu/v3dv/plaintext_format.rb | 4 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/po4a.rb | 136 ++--- lib/sisu/v3dv/po4a_set.rb | 8 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/qrcode.rb | 6 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/remote.rb | 5 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/shared_html_lite.rb | 94 +-- lib/sisu/v3dv/shared_markup_alt.rb | 128 ++-- lib/sisu/v3dv/shared_metadata.rb | 242 ++++---- lib/sisu/v3dv/shared_txt.rb | 4 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/shared_xml.rb | 683 +++++++++++----------- lib/sisu/v3dv/sisupod_make.rb | 7 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/spell.rb | 28 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/sysenv.rb | 12 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/texinfo.rb | 40 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/texinfo_format.rb | 212 ++++--- lib/sisu/v3dv/texpdf.rb | 90 +-- lib/sisu/v3dv/texpdf_format.rb | 424 +++++++------- lib/sisu/v3dv/xhtml.rb | 51 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/xhtml_table.rb | 4 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/xml.rb | 51 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_dom.rb | 33 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_fictionbook.rb | 6 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_format.rb | 27 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_md_oai_pmh_dc.rb | 2 +- lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_tables.rb | 42 +- 68 files changed, 2537 insertions(+), 2533 deletions(-) diff --git a/data/doc/sisu/CHANGELOG_v3 b/data/doc/sisu/CHANGELOG_v3 index d934928c..79293dca 100644 --- a/data/doc/sisu/CHANGELOG_v3 +++ b/data/doc/sisu/CHANGELOG_v3 @@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/pkg/src/sisu_3.1.12.orig.tar.xz * v3dv, messing with code, merge back likely to become v3.2 * call most methods by full name (include associated module & class names) + * replace most ruby exclamation (!) method actions * v3dv, sysenv, use "which" instead of "whereis" to locate programs, test [suggested by, Timothy Hume, used to get sisu texpdf to work on MacOS] diff --git a/data/sisu/v3dv/conf/convert/modify.rb b/data/sisu/v3dv/conf/convert/modify.rb index fab7832d..8a4b9074 100644 --- a/data/sisu/v3dv/conf/convert/modify.rb +++ b/data/sisu/v3dv/conf/convert/modify.rb @@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ WOK if t =~m p m.to_s + ' -> ' + r puts "in: #{t}" - t.gsub!(m,r) if m and r + t=t.gsub(m,r) if m and r puts "out: #{t}" end end diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/author_format.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/author_format.rb index 8d219c93..cfc485f3 100644 --- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/author_format.rb +++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/author_format.rb @@ -65,14 +65,14 @@ module SiSU_FormatAuthor @authors,@author_array=[],[] authors=@author_param.scan(/[^;]+/) authors.each do |a| - a.strip! + a=a.strip if a =~/"(.+?)"/ @authors << { the: $1 } @author_array << $1.upcase else #if a =~/,/ x=a.scan(/[^,]+/) - x[0].strip! - x[1].strip! if x[1] + x[0]=x[0].strip + x[1]=x[1].strip if x[1] if x.length==1 @authors << { the: x[0] } @author_array << x[0].upcase diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/cgi_pgsql.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/cgi_pgsql.rb index 48d49774..26a85874 100644 --- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/cgi_pgsql.rb +++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/cgi_pgsql.rb @@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ module SiSU_CGI_PgSQL end else put "WARNING: no postgresql database available, (have you created one?)" end - serve.sort! + serve=serve.sort f1,f2,f3='','','' serve.each do |x| f1 << %{ \n} unless x =~/apache|sisu\/image/ #check @@ -151,12 +151,12 @@ module SiSU_CGI_PgSQL elsif @q =~/\S+/; unescaped_search=CGI.unescape(@q) end search_construct=[] - if @c - unescaped_search.gsub!(/\s*(AND|OR)\s*/,"' \) \\1 #{@l}~\( '") - unescaped_search.gsub!(/(.+)/,"#{@l}~\( '\\1' \)") + unescaped_search=if @c + unescaped_search.gsub(/\s*(AND|OR)\s*/,"' \) \\1 #{@l}~\( '"). + gsub(/(.+)/,"#{@l}~\( '\\1' \)") else - unescaped_search.gsub!(/\s*(AND|OR)\s*/,"' \) \\1 #{@l}~*\( '") - unescaped_search.gsub!(/(.+)/,"#{@l}~*\( '\\1' \)") + unescaped_search.gsub(/\s*(AND|OR)\s*/,"' \) \\1 #{@l}~*\( '"). + gsub(/(.+)/,"#{@l}~*\( '\\1' \)") end search_construct << unescaped_search search_construct=search_construct.join(' ') @@ -173,11 +173,11 @@ module SiSU_CGI_PgSQL <<-'WOK_SQL' @search_text,@search_endnotes='','' search[:text].flatten.each {|x| @search_text << "#{x} AND " } - @search_text=@search_text.gsub!(/AND\s+$/m,'') #watch - @search_text.gsub!(/(doc_objects\.clean~[*]?\(\s*'[^']+'\s*\)\s+(?:(?:AND|OR)\s+doc_objects\.clean~[*]?\(\s*'[^']+'\s*\))+)/,'(\1)') + @search_text=@search_text.gsub(/AND\s+$/m,''). #watch + gsub(/(doc_objects\.clean~[*]?\(\s*'[^']+'\s*\)\s+(?:(?:AND|OR)\s+doc_objects\.clean~[*]?\(\s*'[^']+'\s*\))+)/,'(\1)') search[:endnotes].flatten.each {|x| @search_endnotes << "#{x} AND " } - @search_endnotes=@search_endnotes.gsub!(/AND\s+$/m,'') #watch - @search_endnotes.gsub!(/(endnotes\.clean~\(\s*'[^']+'\s*\)\s+(?:(?:AND|OR)\s+endnotes\.clean~\(\s*'[^']+'\s*\))+)/,'(\1)') + @search_endnotes=@search_endnotes.gsub(/AND\s+$/m,''). #watch + gsub(/(endnotes\.clean~\(\s*'[^']+'\s*\)\s+(?:(?:AND|OR)\s+endnotes\.clean~\(\s*'[^']+'\s*\))+)/,'(\1)') end WOK_SQL end diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/cgi_sql_common.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/cgi_sql_common.rb index 59844d2b..0f17bb79 100644 --- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/cgi_sql_common.rb +++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/cgi_sql_common.rb @@ -311,12 +311,10 @@ module SiSU_CGI_SQL elsif @search_field =~m[:string]; m[:string].match(@search_field)[1] else str=m[:word].match(@search_field)[1] - str.gsub!(/[()]/,'') + str=str.gsub(/[()]/,'') str end - search_string.strip! - search_string.gsub!(/\s+/,'+') - search_string + search_string=search_string.strip.search_string.gsub(/\s+/,'+') #else # "__" end @@ -756,13 +754,13 @@ module SiSU_CGI_SQL elsif checked_all =~/checked/ or checked_url =~/checked/ canned_search=@@canned_search_url.scan(/(?:s1|ft|au|ti|fns|tr)=[^&]+/) af=canned_search.join('; ') - af.gsub!(/s1=/,'text: ') - af.gsub!(/ft=/,'fulltxt: ') - af.gsub!(/au=/,'author: ') - af.gsub!(/ti=/,'title: ') - af.gsub!(/fns=/,'filename: ') - af.gsub!(/tr=/,'topic_register: ') - af.gsub!(/%2B/,' ') + af=af.gsub(/s1=/,'text: '). + gsub(/ft=/,'fulltxt: '). + gsub(/au=/,'author: '). + gsub(/ti=/,'title: '). + gsub(/fns=/,'filename: '). + gsub(/tr=/,'topic_register: '). + gsub(/%2B/,' ') analyze_format=af st=af.split(/\s*;\s*/) search_field=st.join("\n") @@ -916,7 +914,7 @@ module SiSU_CGI_SQL file_suffix=c['src_filename'][/.+?\.(_?sst|ssm)$/,1] lang=if location =~ /\S+?~(\S\S\S?)$/ l=location[/\S+?~(\S\S\S?)$/,1] - location.gsub!(/(\S+?)~\S\S\S?/,'\1') + location=location.gsub(/(\S+?)~\S\S\S?/,'\1') l=".#{l}" else '' end @@ -1008,7 +1006,7 @@ module SiSU_CGI_SQL file_suffix=e['src_filename'][/.+?\.(_?sst|ssm)$/,1] lang=if location =~ /\S+?~(\S\S\S?)$/ l=location[/\S+?~(\S\S\S?)$/,1] - location.gsub!(/(\S+?)~\S\S\S?/,'\1') + location=location.gsub(/(\S+?)~\S\S\S?/,'\1') l=".#{l}" else '' end diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/cgi_sqlite.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/cgi_sqlite.rb index 166bda77..31ba44c4 100644 --- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/cgi_sqlite.rb +++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/cgi_sqlite.rb @@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ module SiSU_CGI_SQLite end end end - serve.sort! + serve=serve.sort f1,f2,f3='','','' serve.each do |x| f1 << %{ \n} @@ -148,8 +148,8 @@ module SiSU_CGI_SQLite elsif @q =~/\S+/; unescaped_search=CGI.unescape(@q) end search_construct=[] - unescaped_search.gsub!(/\s*(AND|OR)\s*/,"%' \) \\1 #{@l} LIKE \( '%") - unescaped_search.gsub!(/(.+)/,"#{@l} LIKE \( '%\\1%' \)") + unescaped_search=unescaped_search.gsub(/\s*(AND|OR)\s*/,"%' \) \\1 #{@l} LIKE \( '%"). + gsub(/(.+)/,"#{@l} LIKE \( '%\\1%' \)") search_construct << unescaped_search search_construct=search_construct.join(' ') search[:search] << search_construct @@ -165,11 +165,11 @@ module SiSU_CGI_SQLite <<-'WOK_SQL' @search_text,@search_endnotes='','' search[:text].flatten.each {|x| @search_text << "#{x} AND " } - @search_text=@search_text.gsub!(/AND\s+$/m,'') - @search_text.gsub!(/(doc_objects\.clean\s+LIKE\s+\(\s*'%[^']+%'\s*\)\s+(?:(?:AND|OR)\s+doc_objects\.clean\s+LIKE\s+\(\s*'%[^']+%'\s*\))+)/,'(\1)') + @search_text=@search_text.gsub(/AND\s+$/m,''). + gsub(/(doc_objects\.clean\s+LIKE\s+\(\s*'%[^']+%'\s*\)\s+(?:(?:AND|OR)\s+doc_objects\.clean\s+LIKE\s+\(\s*'%[^']+%'\s*\))+)/,'(\1)') search[:endnotes].flatten.each {|x| @search_endnotes << "#{x} AND " } - @search_endnotes=@search_endnotes.gsub!(/AND\s+$/m,'') - @search_endnotes.gsub!(/(endnotes\.clean\s+LIKE\s+\(\s*'%[^']+%'\s*\)\s+(?:(?:AND|OR)\s+endnotes\.clean\s+LIKE\s+\(\s*'%[^']+%'\s*\))+)/,'(\1)') + @search_endnotes=@search_endnotes.gsub(/AND\s+$/m,''). + gsub(/(endnotes\.clean\s+LIKE\s+\(\s*'%[^']+%'\s*\)\s+(?:(?:AND|OR)\s+endnotes\.clean\s+LIKE\s+\(\s*'%[^']+%'\s*\))+)/,'(\1)') end WOK_SQL end diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/composite.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/composite.rb index abfba7a2..21adb030 100644 --- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/composite.rb +++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/composite.rb @@ -161,11 +161,11 @@ module SiSU_Assemble end if not @code_flag \ and i !~/^%+\s/ - i.gsub!(/^([123]|:?[ABC])~\? /,'% [conditional heading:] \1~ ') #off conditional heading (consider syntax) + i=i.gsub(/^([123]|:?[ABC])~\? /,'% [conditional heading:] \1~ ') #off conditional heading (consider syntax) if i =~/^@\S+?:/ - i.gsub!(/\n/m,"\n% ") - i.gsub!(/\n%\s+$/m,'') - i.gsub!(/^@\S+?:/m,"\n% [imported header:] ") #off imported headers + i=i.gsub(/\n/m,"\n% "). + gsub(/\n%\s+$/m,''). + gsub(/^@\S+?:/m,"\n% [imported header:] ") #off imported headers end end file[:prepared] << i @@ -176,8 +176,7 @@ module SiSU_Assemble end file[:prepared] << "\n% end import" << "\n\n" if file[:images].length > 0 - file[:images].flatten! - file[:images].uniq! + file[:images]=file[:images].flatten.uniq file[:images].delete_if {|x| x =~/https?:\/\// } end file @@ -218,15 +217,13 @@ module SiSU_Assemble end else tuned_file << para end - tuned_file.flatten! - tuned_file.compact! + tuned_file=tuned_file.flatten.compact end if @@imager.length >0 @@imager.each do |d,i| - i.flatten! - i.uniq! + i=i.flatten.uniq image_info=d + i - download_images(mage_info.flatten) + download_images(image_info.flatten) end end tuned_file diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/concordance.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/concordance.rb index 2e14ab14..e51514c3 100644 --- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/concordance.rb +++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/concordance.rb @@ -245,54 +245,55 @@ WOK ocn=line.ocn.to_s if ocn =~/\d+/ \ and ocn !~/^0$/ - line.obj.gsub!(/#{@rxp_excluded1}/,' ') + line.obj=line.obj.gsub(/#{@rxp_excluded1}/,' ') line.obj=line.obj.split(@rgx_splitlist).join(' ') #%take in word or other match for word in line.obj.scan(@rgx_scanlist) #%take in word or other match if word =~ /^([#{@alphlst[:l]}])/ firstletter=$1 flu=firstletter.tr(@alphlst[:l],@alphlst[:u]) - word.gsub!(/^#{firstletter}/,flu ) + word=word.gsub(/^#{firstletter}/,flu ) end - word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}|#{Mx[:lnk_c]}|#{Mx[:url_o]}|#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'') - word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}/,'') - word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_c_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:fa_c]}/,'') - word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#[a-z]+#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'') - word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#[0-9]+#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'') - word.gsub!(/[0-9a-f]{10,}/,' ') if word =~/[0-9]/ - word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_line]}/,' ') - word.gsub!(/^ +/,'') - word.gsub!(/^\S$/,'') + word=word.gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}|#{Mx[:lnk_c]}|#{Mx[:url_o]}|#{Mx[:url_c]}/,''). + gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}/,''). + gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_c_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:fa_c]}/,''). + gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#[a-z]+#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,''). + gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#[0-9]+#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'') + word=word.gsub(/[0-9a-f]{10,}/,' ') if word =~/[0-9]/ + word=word.gsub(/#{Mx[:br_line]}/,' '). + gsub(/^ +/,''). + gsub(/^\S$/,'') word=nil if word.empty? word=nil if word =~@rxp_excluded0 #watch word=nil if word =~/^\S$/ if word - word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_nl]}|#{Mx[:br_line]}/,' ') - word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_o]}[a-z]{1,7}#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c_o]}[a-z]{1,7}#{Mx[:fa_c]}/,'') - word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(?:\d|[*+])*|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}(?:\d|[*+])*|#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/mi,'') - word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}/,''); word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_c_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:fa_c]}/,'') - word.gsub!(/<\/?\S+?>/,'') - word.gsub!(/^\@+/,'') - word.strip! - word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}.+/,'') - word.gsub!(/[\.,;:"]$/,'') - word.gsub!(/["]/,'') - word.gsub!(/^\s*[\(]/,'') - word.gsub!(/[\(]\s*$/,'') - word.gsub!(/^(?:See|e\.?g\.?).+/,'') - word.gsub!(/^\s*[.,;:]\s*/,'') - word.strip! - word.gsub!(/^\(?[a-zA-Z]\)$/,'') - word.gsub!(/^\d+(st|nd|rd|th)$/,'') - word.gsub!(/^(\d+\.?)+$/, '') - word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}|#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'') - word.gsub!(/:name#\S+/,'') - word.gsub!(/^\S$/,'') + word=word.gsub(/#{Mx[:br_nl]}|#{Mx[:br_line]}/,' '). + gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_o]}[a-z]{1,7}#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c_o]}[a-z]{1,7}#{Mx[:fa_c]}/,''). + gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(?:\d|[*+])*|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}(?:\d|[*+])*|#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/mi,''). + gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}/,''). + gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_c_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:fa_c]}/,''). + gsub(/<\/?\S+?>/,''). + gsub(/^\@+/,''). + strip. + gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}.+/,''). + gsub(/[\.,;:"]$/,''). + gsub(/["]/,''). + gsub(/^\s*[\(]/,''). + gsub(/[\(]\s*$/,''). + gsub(/^(?:See|e\.?g\.?).+/,''). + gsub(/^\s*[.,;:]\s*/,''). + strip. + gsub(/^\(?[a-zA-Z]\)$/,''). + gsub(/^\d+(st|nd|rd|th)$/,''). + gsub(/^(\d+\.?)+$/, ''). + gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}|#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,''). + gsub(/:name#\S+/,''). + gsub(/^\S$/,'') word=nil if word =~/^\S$/ word=nil if word =~/^\s*$/ #watch if word unless word =~/[A-Z][A-Z]/ \ or word =~/\w+\s\w+/ - word.capitalize! + word=word.capitalize end @freq[word] +=1 @word_map[word] ||= [] @@ -316,8 +317,8 @@ WOK scr='Full Text scroll: doc#  ' seg='' head=SiSU_Concordance::Source::DocTitle.new(@particulars).create - head.gsub!(/#{Xx[:html_relative2]}/m,@file.path_rel_links.html_seg_2) - head.gsub!(/#{Xx[:html_relative1]}/m,@file.path_rel_links.html_seg_1) + head=head.gsub(/#{Xx[:html_relative2]}/m,@file.path_rel_links.html_seg_2). + gsub(/#{Xx[:html_relative1]}/m,@file.path_rel_links.html_seg_1) @file_concordance << head @file_concordance << '

' alph=@alph[:u] diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_character_check.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_character_check.rb index 2857cb98..4ec95f82 100644 --- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_character_check.rb +++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_character_check.rb @@ -69,25 +69,26 @@ module SiSU_DAL_CharacterCheck endnote_no=1 data.each do |dob| unless dob.is =='table' - dob.obj.strip! - dob.obj.gsub!(/^[{~}]\s*$/,'') - dob.obj.gsub!(/~#\s*/,"#{Mx[:pa_non_object_no_heading]}") - dob.obj.gsub!(/-#\s*/,"#{Mx[:pa_non_object_dummy_heading]}") - dob.obj.gsub!(/(#{Mx[:en_a_o]})\s*\s+/,'\1 '); dob.obj.gsub!(/(~\{\s*)\s+/,'\1 ') - dob.obj.gsub!(/ \/\//,"#{Mx[:br_line]}") - dob.obj.gsub!(/
/,"#{Mx[:br_line]}") #needed by xml, xhtml etc. - dob.obj.gsub!(/\t/,' ') - dob.obj.gsub!(/\342\200\231/u,"'") #if dob =~/’/ #Avoid #‘ ’ #“ ” - dob.obj.gsub!(/�/u,' ') #watch, replace with char code - dob.obj.gsub!(/·/u,'*') - dob.obj.gsub!(/\\copy(?:right)?\b/,'©') - dob.obj.gsub!(/\\trademark\b|\\tm\b/,'®') + dob.obj=dob.obj.strip. + gsub(/^[{~}]\s*$/,''). + gsub(/~#\s*/,"#{Mx[:pa_non_object_no_heading]}"). + gsub(/-#\s*/,"#{Mx[:pa_non_object_dummy_heading]}"). + gsub(/(#{Mx[:en_a_o]})\s*\s+/,'\1 '). + gsub(/(~\{\s*)\s+/,'\1 '). + gsub(/ \/\//,"#{Mx[:br_line]}"). + gsub(/
/,"#{Mx[:br_line]}"). #needed by xml, xhtml etc. + gsub(/\t/,' '). + gsub(/\342\200\231/u,"'"). #if dob =~/’/ #Avoid #‘ ’ #“ ” + gsub(/�/u,' '). #watch, replace with char code + gsub(/·/u,'*'). + gsub(/\\copy(?:right)?\b/,'©'). + gsub(/\\trademark\b|\\tm\b/,'®') dob.obj=dob.obj + "\n" unless dob.is =~/^code/ case dob.obj when /\^~/ #% Note must do this first (earlier loop) and then enter gathered data into ~^\d+ sub_dob=dob.obj.dup - @endnote_array << sub_dob.gsub!(/\n/,'').gsub!(/\^~\s+(.+)\s*/,%{#{Mx[:en_a_o]}#{endnote_no} \\1 #{Mx[:en_a_c]}}).strip + @endnote_array << sub_dob.gsub(/\n/,'').gsub(/\^~\s+(.+)\s*/,%{#{Mx[:en_a_o]}#{endnote_no} \\1 #{Mx[:en_a_c]}}).strip endnote_no+=1 dob=nil if dob.obj =~/\^~ .+/ #watch, removes 'binary' endnote now in endnote array for later insertion end diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_doc_str.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_doc_str.rb index dbf4f066..91fa9458 100644 --- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_doc_str.rb +++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_doc_str.rb @@ -131,11 +131,11 @@ module SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructureExtract if str.nil? else if str =~/(?:^|[ ])\*~([a-z0-9._-]+)(?=[ #{Mx[:br_nl]}]|$)/ - str.gsub!(/(^|[ ])\*~([a-z0-9._-]+)(?=[ #{Mx[:br_nl]}]|$)/i, - "\\1#{Mx[:tag_o]}\\2#{Mx[:tag_c]}") - str.gsub!(/ [ ]+/i,' ') + str=str.gsub(/(^|[ ])\*~([a-z0-9._-]+)(?=[ #{Mx[:br_nl]}]|$)/i, + "\\1#{Mx[:tag_o]}\\2#{Mx[:tag_c]}"). + gsub(/ [ ]+/i,' ') tags=str.scan(/#{Mx[:tag_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:tag_c]}/).flatten - str.gsub!(/[ ]?#{Mx[:tag_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:tag_c]}[ ]?/,' ') #may be issues with spaces would leave one, but "code" blocks? + str=str.gsub(/[ ]?#{Mx[:tag_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:tag_c]}[ ]?/,' ') #may be issues with spaces would leave one, but "code" blocks? end tags=nametag ? (tags << nametag) : tags end @@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ module SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructureExtract @@counter,@verse_count=0,0 @metadata={} @data.each do |t_o| - t_o.gsub!(/(?:\n\s*\n)+/m,"\n") unless @@flag['code'] + t_o=t_o.gsub(/(?:\n\s*\n)+/m,"\n") unless @@flag['code'] if t_o !~/^(?:code|poem|alt|group|block)\{|^\}(?:code|poem|alt|group|block)|^(?:table\{|\{table)[ ~]/ \ and not @@flag['code'] \ and not @@flag['poem'] \ @@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ module SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructureExtract and not @@flag['table'] unless t_o =~/^(?:@\S+?:|%+)\s/ # extract book index for paragraph if any idx=if t_o=~/^=\{(.+)\}\s*$\Z/m; m=$1 - t_o.gsub!(/\n=\{.+\}\s*$\Z/m,'') + t_o=t_o.gsub(/\n=\{.+\}\s*$\Z/m,'') m else nil end @@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ module SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructureExtract cols=nil rws.each do |r| cols=(cols ? cols : (r.scan('|').length) +1) - r.gsub!(/\s*\|\s*/m,"#{Mx[:tc_p]}") #r.gsub!(/\|/m,"#{Mx[:tc_p]}") + r=r.gsub(/\s*\|\s*/m,"#{Mx[:tc_p]}") #r.gsub!(/\|/m,"#{Mx[:tc_p]}") rows += r + Mx[:tc_c] end col=[] @@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ module SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructureExtract rws=tbl.split(/\n/) rows='' rws.each do |r| - r.gsub!(/\s*\|\s*/m,"#{Mx[:tc_p]}") #r.gsub!(/\|/m,"#{Mx[:tc_p]}") + r=r.gsub(/\s*\|\s*/m,"#{Mx[:tc_p]}") #r.gsub!(/\|/m,"#{Mx[:tc_p]}") rows += r + Mx[:tc_c] end h={ head_: hd, cols: col.length, widths: col, obj: rows, idx: idx, tags: tags } @@ -366,8 +366,8 @@ module SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructureExtract else if t_o !~/^table\{/ \ and not t_o.nil? - t_o.gsub!(/^\n+/m,'') #check added for ruby 1.9.2 not needed in 1.8 series (tested in v2) - t_o.gsub!(/\n+/m,"#{Mx[:tc_p]}") + t_o=t_o.gsub(/^\n+/m,''). #check added for ruby 1.9.2 not needed in 1.8 series (tested in v2) + gsub(/\n+/m,"#{Mx[:tc_p]}") @rows += t_o + Mx[:tc_c] end t_o=nil @@ -447,7 +447,7 @@ module SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructureExtract t_o=SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructureExtract::Build.new(@md,@line_mode).build_lines(type).join poem=t_o.split(/\n\n/) poem.each do |v| - v.gsub!(/\n/m,"#{Mx[:br_nl]}\n") + v=v.gsub(/\n/m,"#{Mx[:br_nl]}\n") obj,tags=extract_tags(v) h={ obj: obj, tags: tags } t_o=SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructure::ObjectBlockTxt.new.verse(h) @@ -463,17 +463,17 @@ module SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructureExtract or @@flag['group'] \ or @@flag['alt'] if t_o.class==String - t_o.gsub!(/\n/m,"#{Mx[:br_nl]}") - t_o.gsub!(/[ ][ ]/m,"#{Mx[:nbsp]*2}") - t_o.gsub!(/#{Mx[:nbsp]}\s/,"#{Mx[:nbsp]*2}") + t_o=t_o.gsub(/\n/m,"#{Mx[:br_nl]}"). + gsub(/[ ][ ]/m,"#{Mx[:nbsp]*2}"). + gsub(/#{Mx[:nbsp]}\s/,"#{Mx[:nbsp]*2}") t_o=t_o + Mx[:br_nl] if t_o =~/\S+/ elsif t_o.is=='group' \ or t_o.is=='block' \ or t_o.is=='alt' \ or t_o.is=='verse' - t_o.obj.gsub!(/\n/m,"#{Mx[:br_nl]}") - t_o.obj.gsub!(/[ ][ ]/m,"#{Mx[:nbsp]*2}") - t_o.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:nbsp]}\s/,"#{Mx[:nbsp]*2}") + t_o.obj=t_o.obj.gsub(/\n/m,"#{Mx[:br_nl]}"). + gsub(/[ ][ ]/m,"#{Mx[:nbsp]*2}"). + gsub(/#{Mx[:nbsp]}\s/,"#{Mx[:nbsp]*2}") end @tuned_block << t_o if t_o =~/\S+/ else tuned_file << t_o @@ -742,26 +742,26 @@ module SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructureExtract meta end def build_lines(type='') - data=@data - data.each do |line| - if line =~/\S/ \ + lines,lines_new=@data,[] + lines.each do |line| + line=if line =~/\S/ \ and line !~/^code\{|^\}code/ \ and line.class != Hash - line.gsub!(/\s\s/,"#{Mx[:nbsp]*2}") - line.gsub!(/#{Mx[:nbsp]}\s/,"#{Mx[:nbsp]*2}") - line.gsub!(/^/,"#{Mx[:gr_o]}codeline#{Mx[:gr_c]}") if type=='code' # REMOVE try sort for texpdf special case - if line =~/(?:https?|file|ftp):\/\/\S+$/ - line.gsub!(/\s*$/," #{Mx[:br_nl]}") - else line.gsub!(/\s*$/,"#{Mx[:br_nl]}") #unless type=='code' - end - if @@flag['code']; @@counter+=1 - else + @@counter+=1 if @@flag['code'] + line=line.gsub(/\s\s/,"#{Mx[:nbsp]*2}"). + gsub(/#{Mx[:nbsp]}\s/,"#{Mx[:nbsp]*2}") + line=line.gsub(/^/,"#{Mx[:gr_o]}codeline#{Mx[:gr_c]}") if type=='code' # REMOVE try sort for texpdf special case + line=if line =~/(?:https?|file|ftp):\/\/\S+$/ + line.gsub(/\s*$/," #{Mx[:br_nl]}") + else line.gsub(/\s*$/,"#{Mx[:br_nl]}") #unless type=='code' end elsif line =~/^\s*$/ - line.gsub!(/\s*$/,"#{Mx[:br_nl]}") + line.gsub(/\s*$/,"#{Mx[:br_nl]}") + else line end + lines_new << line end - data + lines_new end end class Structure # this must happen early @@ -805,26 +805,26 @@ module SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructureExtract end def structure_markup_normalize #needs a bit of thinking dob=if @md.markup_version.determined < 0.38 #%convert internal representation, consider making 0.38 structure default ([A-C1-6] instead of [1-9]), requires downstream changes - @dob.gsub!(/^[456]~/,'!_') - @dob.gsub!(/^3~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}6:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}") - @dob.gsub!(/^3~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}6:#{Mx[:lv_c]}") - @dob.gsub!(/^2~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}5:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}") - @dob.gsub!(/^2~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}5:#{Mx[:lv_c]}") - @dob.gsub!(/^1~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}4:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}") - @dob.gsub!(/^1~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}4:#{Mx[:lv_c]}") - @dob.gsub!(/^:?C~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}3:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}") - @dob.gsub!(/^:?C~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}3:#{Mx[:lv_c]}") - @dob.gsub!(/^:?B~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}2:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}") - @dob.gsub!(/^:?B~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}2:#{Mx[:lv_c]}") - @dob.gsub!(/^:?A~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}1:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}") - @dob.gsub!(/^:?A~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}1:#{Mx[:lv_c]}") + @dob=@dob.gsub(/^[456]~/,'!_'). + gsub(/^3~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}6:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}"). + gsub(/^3~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}6:#{Mx[:lv_c]}"). + gsub(/^2~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}5:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}"). + gsub(/^2~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}5:#{Mx[:lv_c]}"). + gsub(/^1~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}4:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}"). + gsub(/^1~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}4:#{Mx[:lv_c]}"). + gsub(/^:?C~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}3:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}"). + gsub(/^:?C~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}3:#{Mx[:lv_c]}"). + gsub(/^:?B~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}2:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}"). + gsub(/^:?B~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}2:#{Mx[:lv_c]}"). + gsub(/^:?A~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}1:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}"). + gsub(/^:?A~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}1:#{Mx[:lv_c]}") @dob=if @dob =~/^@(?:level|markup):\s/ - @dob.gsub!(/3/,'6') - @dob.gsub!(/2/,'5') - @dob.gsub!(/1/,'4') - @dob.gsub!(/:?C/,'3') - @dob.gsub!(/:?B/,'2') - @dob.gsub!(/:?A/,'1') + @dob=@dob.gsub(/3/,'6'). + gsub(/2/,'5'). + gsub(/1/,'4'). + gsub(/:?C/,'3'). + gsub(/:?B/,'2'). + gsub(/:?A/,'1') @dob else @dob end @@ -833,19 +833,19 @@ module SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructureExtract end def structure_marks t_o=if @md.markup_version.determined < 0.38 - @t_o.gsub!(/^1~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}1:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}") - @t_o.gsub!(/^1~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}1:#{Mx[:lv_c]}") - @t_o.gsub!(/^2~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}2:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}") - @t_o.gsub!(/^2~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}2:#{Mx[:lv_c]}") - @t_o.gsub!(/^3~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}3:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}") - @t_o.gsub!(/^3~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}3:#{Mx[:lv_c]}") - @t_o.gsub!(/^4~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}4:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}") - @t_o.gsub!(/^4~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}4:#{Mx[:lv_c]}") - @t_o.gsub!(/^5~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}5:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}") - @t_o.gsub!(/^5~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}5:#{Mx[:lv_c]}") - @t_o.gsub!(/^6~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}6:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}") - @t_o.gsub!(/^6~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}6:#{Mx[:lv_c]}") - @t_o.gsub!(/^[789]~/,'!_') + @t_o=@t_o.gsub(/^1~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}1:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}"). + gsub(/^1~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}1:#{Mx[:lv_c]}"). + gsub(/^2~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}2:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}"). + gsub(/^2~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}2:#{Mx[:lv_c]}"). + gsub(/^3~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}3:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}"). + gsub(/^3~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}3:#{Mx[:lv_c]}"). + gsub(/^4~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}4:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}"). + gsub(/^4~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}4:#{Mx[:lv_c]}"). + gsub(/^5~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}5:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}"). + gsub(/^5~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}5:#{Mx[:lv_c]}"). + gsub(/^6~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}6:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}"). + gsub(/^6~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}6:#{Mx[:lv_c]}"). + gsub(/^[789]~/,'!_') @t_o else @t_o end @@ -945,13 +945,13 @@ module SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructureExtract end end else ocnu+=1 - dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_o]}~##{Mx[:fa_c]}/,'') if dob.obj + dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_o]}~##{Mx[:fa_c]}/,'') if dob.obj ocn_dv,ocn_sp="u#{ocnu}","u#{ocnu}" dob.ocn,dob.odv,dob.osp=ocn,ocn_dv,ocn_sp end h elsif dob.obj=~/#{Mx[:pa_non_object_no_heading]}/ - dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:pa_non_object_no_heading]}/,'') + dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:pa_non_object_no_heading]}/,'') if dob.is=='para' h={ obj: dob.obj, ocn_: false, ocn: nil } dob=SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructure::ObjectPara.new.paragraph(h,dob) @@ -960,7 +960,7 @@ module SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructureExtract dob=SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructure::ObjectHeading.new.heading(h,dob) end elsif dob.obj=~/#{Mx[:pa_non_object_dummy_heading]}/ - dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:pa_non_object_dummy_heading]}/,'') + dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:pa_non_object_dummy_heading]}/,'') if dob.is=='para' h={ obj: dob.obj, ocn_: false, ocn: nil } dob=SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructure::ObjectPara.new.paragraph(h,dob) @@ -970,7 +970,7 @@ module SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructureExtract end else dob end - dob.obj.gsub!(/\n\n/,"\n") if dob.is =~/(?:code|verse|alt|group|block)/ #newlines taken out + dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/\n\n/,"\n") if dob.is =~/(?:code|verse|alt|group|block)/ #newlines taken out @o_array << dob end @o_array @@ -1060,8 +1060,7 @@ module SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructureExtract end puts_tag_close(0,hs) if @md.opt.cmd =~/V/ tuned_file << tag_close(0,hs) - tuned_file.flatten! - tuned_file + tuned_file=tuned_file.flatten end def tags(o) tag=if o[:status]=='open' diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_endnotes.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_endnotes.rb index bb327f39..eb5e3429 100644 --- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_endnotes.rb +++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_endnotes.rb @@ -69,17 +69,17 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Endnotes data.each do |dob| # manually numbered endnotes --> if @md.opt.mod.inspect =~/--no-asterisk|--no-annotate/ - dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}\s.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'') + dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}\s.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'') end if @md.opt.mod.inspect =~/--no-dagger|--no-annotate/ - dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}[+]\s.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'') + dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}[+]\s.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'') end if defined? dob.obj \ and defined? dob.is \ and dob.is !~/^code/ case dob.obj # auto-numbered endnotes --> when /#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}[*+]\s+.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/ - dob.obj.gsub!(/\s*(#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_c]})/,' \1') # required 2003w31 + dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/\s*(#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_c]})/,' \1') # required 2003w31 word_mode=dob.obj.scan(/\S+/m) word_mode=endnote_call_number(word_mode) dob.obj=word_mode.join(' ') diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_expand_insertions.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_expand_insertions.rb index f821769e..8ec52065 100644 --- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_expand_insertions.rb +++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_expand_insertions.rb @@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Insertions pre=txt=cmd=source=linked_doc=note='' if defined? @u.remote if /(?

.+?)\{(?.+?)\s\[(?\d[sS]*)\]\}(?(?\S+?)\.ss[tm]\b)(?.*)/m =~ para
-              pre.strip!
+              pre=pre.strip
             elsif /\{(?.+?)\s\[(?\d[sS]*)\]\}(?(?\S+?)\.ss[tm]\b)(?.*)/m =~ para
             end
             if linked_doc =~ /(\S+?)\/(\S+)/ 
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_hash_digest.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_hash_digest.rb
index 8353b5a0..40f81197 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_hash_digest.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_hash_digest.rb
@@ -68,14 +68,13 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Hash
     # 2. endnotes clean/stripped text digest only (there may be several endnotes within a paragraph)
     # 3. whole object, text with markup and any endnotes, (question: with or without the endnote digests??? presumption better without, [however may be easier to check with?])
     # [digests should not include other digests]
-      data=@data
+      data=@data.compact
       @tuned_file=[]
-      data.compact!
       sha_ =(@env.digest.type=='sha256' ? true : false)
       sha_ ? (require 'digest/sha2') : (require 'digest/md5')
       data.each do |t_o|
         unless t_o.obj.class==Array
-          t_o.obj.strip!
+          t_o.obj=t_o.obj.strip
         end
         if t_o.of !~/structure|comment|layout/ \
         and t_o.ocn.class==Fixnum
@@ -125,7 +124,7 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Hash
         case t_o.obj
         when /#{Mx[:en_a_o]}[\d*+]+\s+.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}[*+]\d+\s+.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/m
           en_and_t_o,en_and_t_o_digest=[],[]
-          t_o.obj.gsub!(/\s*(#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_c]})/m,' \1') #watch
+          t_o.obj=t_o.obj.gsub(/\s*(#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_c]})/m,' \1') #watch
           t_o_plus_en=t_o.obj.scan(/.*?#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|.*?#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/m)
           t_o_tail=if t_o.obj =~/(?:.*?#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|.*?#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})+([\s\S]+)/m
             /(?:.*?#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|.*?#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})+.*/m.match(t_o.obj)[1]
@@ -144,11 +143,11 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Hash
     def strip_clean_extra_spaces(s)                                            # dal output tuned
       s=s.dup
       s=s.gsub(/[ ]+([,.;:?](?:$|\s))/,'\1') unless s =~/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}/
-      s=s.gsub(/ [ ]+/,' ')
-      s=s.gsub(/^ [ ]+/,'')
-      s=s.gsub(/ [ ]+$/,'')
-      s=s.gsub(/((?:#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]})')[ ]+(s )/,'\1\2')
-      s=s.gsub(/((?:#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]})')[ ]+(s )/,'\1\2')
+      s=s.gsub(/ [ ]+/,' ').
+        gsub(/^ [ ]+/,'').
+        gsub(/ [ ]+$/,'').
+        gsub(/((?:#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]})')[ ]+(s )/,'\1\2').
+        gsub(/((?:#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]})')[ ]+(s )/,'\1\2')
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_idx.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_idx.rb
index 8ba2f2b5..5f4a38e0 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_idx.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_idx.rb
@@ -101,21 +101,20 @@ module SiSU_DAL_BookIndex
           g=idx_list.scan(/[^;]+/)
           idxl=[]
           g.each do |i|
-            i.strip!
+            i=i.strip
             idxl << { rough_idx: i, ocn: ocn, seg: seg }
           end
           idxl
         else { rough_idx: idx_list, ocn: ocn, seg: seg }
         end
       end
-      idx_lst.flatten!
-      idx_lst
+      idx_lst=idx_lst.flatten
     end
     def construct_book_index(idx_array)
       the_idx={}
       idx_array.each do |idx|
         idx_lst=idx[:rough_idx].scan(/[^|:]+/)
-        idx_lst[0].strip!
+        idx_lst[0]=idx_lst[0].strip
         if idx_lst[0] =~/.+?\+\d+/
           use,plus=/(.+?)\+(\d+)/.match(idx_lst[0])[1,2]
         else use=idx_lst[0]
@@ -123,7 +122,7 @@ module SiSU_DAL_BookIndex
         use=use[0].chr.capitalize + use[1,use.length]
         the_idx[use]={} unless the_idx[use] and defined? the_idx[use]
         idx_lst.each do |i|
-          i.strip!
+          i=i.strip
           i,r=/(.+?)\+(\d+)/.match(i)[1,2] if i =~/.+?\+\d+/
           x=if idx_lst.length==1 or idx_lst[0].gsub(/\+\d+/,'')==i
             the_idx[use]['term_node_lev1']=[] unless the_idx[use]['term_node_lev1'] and defined? the_idx[use]['term_node_lev1']
@@ -151,12 +150,12 @@ module SiSU_DAL_BookIndex
       the_idx
     end
     def clean_xml(str)
-      str.gsub!(/&/,'&')
-      str.gsub!(/\(/,'(')
-      str.gsub!(/\)/,')')
-      str.gsub!(/\*/,'*')
-      str.gsub!(/\+/,'+')
-      str.gsub!(/,/,',')
+      str=str.gsub(/&/,'&').
+        gsub(/\(/,'(').
+        gsub(/\)/,')').
+        gsub(/\*/,'*').
+        gsub(/\+/,'+').
+        gsub(/,/,',')
       str
     end
     def index(the_idx)
@@ -347,7 +346,7 @@ module SiSU_DAL_BookIndex
     def clean_index(data)                                  #check on use of dob
       tuned_file=[]
       data.each do |para|
-        para.gsub!(/\n*#{@rgx_idx}/m,'')
+        para=para.gsub(/\n*#{@rgx_idx}/m,'')
         tuned_file << para
       end
       tuned_file
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_images.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_images.rb
index fd058c72..0f65b814 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_images.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_images.rb
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Images
       end
       data.each do |dob|
         unless dob.is =~/^table/
-          dob.obj.strip!
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.strip
           if dob.obj =~/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\s*\S+\.(?:png|jpg|gif)(?:\s*|\s+.+)?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|image)/
             if dob.obj !~/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\s*\S+\.(?:png|jpg|gif)\s+\d+x\d+/
               m=/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\s*(\S+\.(?:png|jpg|gif))/
@@ -133,8 +133,8 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Images
                         img_col=((1.00*img_row/row)*col).round
                       end
                     end
-                    dob.obj.gsub!(/(#{image})/,"#{image} #{img_col}x#{img_row}")
-                  else dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\s*(\S+)\.(png|jpg|gif).+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|image)/,'[ \1 (\2 missing) ]')
+                    dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(#{image})/,"#{image} #{img_col}x#{img_row}")
+                  else dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\s*(\S+)\.(png|jpg|gif).+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|image)/,'[ \1 (\2 missing) ]')
                   end
                 end
               else
@@ -144,7 +144,9 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Images
               end
             end
           end
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(#{Mx[:lnk_o]})\s*(\S+\.(?:png|jpg|gif))\s+/i,'\1\2 ') if dob.obj =~/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\s*\S+\.(?:png|jpg|gif).+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|image)/
+          if dob.obj =~/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\s*\S+\.(?:png|jpg|gif).+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|image)/
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(#{Mx[:lnk_o]})\s*(\S+\.(?:png|jpg|gif))\s+/i,'\1\2 ')
+          end
         end
         tuned_file << dob unless dob.nil?
       end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_numbering.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_numbering.rb
index cf7d861a..332db4bf 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_numbering.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_numbering.rb
@@ -77,12 +77,13 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Numbering
     def number_plaintext_para(data)
       @tuned_file=[]
       data.each do |dob|
-        if dob.of !~/(?:block|comment|layout)/ and dob.ocn_ #and dob.obj !~ /#{Mx[:gr_o]}Th|#{Mx[:tc_o]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}/ #FIX
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(.+)\n/,'\1 ') #messy, but idea is that tables should retain breaks
+        if dob.of !~/(?:block|comment|layout)/ \
+        and dob.ocn_ #and dob.obj !~ /#{Mx[:gr_o]}Th|#{Mx[:tc_o]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}/ #FIX
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(.+)\n/,'\1 ') #messy, but idea is that tables should retain breaks
         end
         unless dob.obj.class==Array
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/^\s+/,'')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/\s$/,"\n")
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/^\s+/,'').
+            gsub(/\s$/,"\n")
         end
         @tuned_file << dob
       end
@@ -90,37 +91,35 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Numbering
     end
     def number_sub_heading(dob,num,title_no)
       unless dob.obj =~/\d+\.|(?:chapter|article|section|clause)\s+\d+/i #name selection arbitrary, fix
-        case dob.name
-        when /-/;  dob.obj.gsub!(/^/,"#{title_no} ")
-        when /^#/; dob.obj.gsub!(/^/,"#{title_no} ")
-        when /^[a-z_\.]+/
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/^/,"#{title_no} ")
+        dob.obj=case dob.name
+        when /-/;  dob.obj.gsub(/^/,"#{title_no} ")
+        when /^#/; dob.obj.gsub(/^/,"#{title_no} ")
+        when /^[a-z_\.]+/; dob.obj.gsub(/^/,"#{title_no} ")
         else
           dob.name=title_no if dob.name=~/^$/ #where title contains title number
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/^/,"#{title_no} ") if title_no =~/\d+/ #main, where title number is to be provided #watch changed placement
+          dob.obj.gsub(/^/,"#{title_no} ") if title_no =~/\d+/ #main, where title number is to be provided #watch changed placement
         end
         if @md.toc_lev_limit \
         and @md.toc_lev_limit < num
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/^/,'!_ ') #bold line, watch
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/^/,'!_ ') #bold line, watch
         end
       end
       dob
     end
     def heading_tag_clean(heading_tag)
-      heading_tag.gsub!(/[ ]+/,'_')
-      heading_tag.gsub!(/["']/,'')
-      heading_tag.gsub!(/[\/]/,'-')
-      heading_tag.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}|#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'')
-      heading_tag.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}|#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'')
-      heading_tag.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}|#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'')
-      heading_tag.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}|#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,'')
-      heading_tag.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}|#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'')
-      heading_tag.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}|#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,'')
-      heading_tag.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}|#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'')
-      heading_tag.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}|#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,'')
-      heading_tag.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_hilite_o]}|#{Mx[:fa_hilite_c]}/,'')
-      heading_tag.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_bullet]}/,'')
-      heading_tag
+      heading_tag=heading_tag.gsub(/[ ]+/,'_').
+        gsub(/["']/,'').
+        gsub(/[\/]/,'-').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}|#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}|#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}|#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}|#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,'').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}|#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}|#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,'').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}|#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}|#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,'').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_hilite_o]}|#{Mx[:fa_hilite_c]}/,'').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_bullet]}/,'')
     end
     def auto_number_heading_ie_title(data)                                             #also does some segment naming
       @tuned_file=[]
@@ -135,8 +134,8 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Numbering
         no1=num_top; no2=(num_top + 1); no3=(num_top + 2);  no4=(num_top + 3)
       end
       t_not=0
-      data.compact!
       chapter_number_counter=0
+      data=data.compact
       data.each do |dob| #@md.seg_names << [additions to segment names]
         title_no=nil
         dob=SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructureExtract::Structure.new(@md,dob).structure_markup #must happen earlier, node info etc. require
@@ -147,8 +146,8 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Numbering
           if  dob.lv=='1' \
           and dob.obj =~/^#\s|\s#(?:\s|$)/
             chapter_number_counter +=1
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/^#\s/,"#{chapter_number_counter} ")
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#([:,]?\s|[.]?$)/,"#{chapter_number_counter}\\1")
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/^#\s/,"#{chapter_number_counter} ").
+              gsub(/#([:,]?\s|[.]?$)/,"#{chapter_number_counter}\\1")
           end
           if dob.ln==no1
             @subnumber=1
@@ -168,15 +167,15 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Numbering
                   tag=dob.obj.gsub(/(Article|Clause|Section|Chapter)\s+/,"\\1_#{title_no}").downcase
                   tag=heading_tag_clean(tag)
                   dob.tags=[tag,dob.tags].flatten if tag !~/^\d+$/ #check whether will work across file types with stop signs
-                  (dob.obj =~/(Article|Clause|Section)\s+/) \
-                  ? (dob.obj.gsub!(/(Article|Clause|Section)\s+/,"\\1 #{title_no} "))
-                  : (dob.obj.gsub!(/^/,"#{title_no}. ")) #fix stop later
+                  dob.obj=(dob.obj =~/(Article|Clause|Section)\s+/) \
+                  ? (dob.obj.gsub(/(Article|Clause|Section)\s+/,"\\1 #{title_no} "))
+                  : (dob.obj.gsub(/^/,"#{title_no}. ")) #fix stop later
                 end
                 if dob.ln !=no1 \
                 and dob.obj =~/^[\d.]+\s/ #fix -> if the title starts with a numbering scheme, do not auto-number, review
                   dob.name ="#{title_no}" if not dob.name
                   dob.tags=[title_no,dob.tags].flatten if title_no !~/^\d+$/ #check whether will work across file types with stop signs
-                  dob.obj.gsub!(/^/,"#{title_no}. ")
+                  dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/^/,"#{title_no}. ")
                 end
                 @md.seg_names << title_no
               end
@@ -184,7 +183,7 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Numbering
               and dob.name!~/^[a-z_\.]+$/ \
               and dob.obj !~/[A-Z]\.?\s/ #bug -> tmp fix, excludes A. B. C. lettering, but not roman numerals, is arbitrary, review required # not fixed, work on
                 dob.tags=[title_no,dob.tags].flatten if title_no !~/^\d+$/ #check whether will work across file types with stop signs
-                dob.obj.gsub!(/^/i,"#{title_no}. ")
+                dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/^/i,"#{title_no}. ")
               end
             end
             if dob.ln==no1         #watch because here you change dob.name
@@ -251,10 +250,10 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Numbering
               letter_small=0
               number_small=0 if dob.obj =~ /^#1/
               number_small+=1
-              dob.obj.gsub!(/^#[ 1]/,"#{number_small}. ") #change 2004
+              dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/^#[ 1]/,"#{number_small}. ")
             end
             if dob.obj =~/^_# /
-              dob.obj.gsub!(/^_# /,"#{letter[letter_small]}. ") #change 2004
+              dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/^_# /,"#{letter[letter_small]}. ")
               dob.indent='1'
               letter_small+=1
             end
@@ -298,8 +297,8 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Numbering
           if dob.name !~/^\S+/ \
           and dob.obj =~/^\s*(?:\S+\s+)?([\d.,:-]+)/m      #heading starts with a recognised numeric or word followed by a recognised numerical construct, use that as name
             possible_seg_name=$1
-            possible_seg_name.gsub!(/(?:[:,-]|\W)/,'.')
-            possible_seg_name.gsub!(/\.$/,'')
+            possible_seg_name=possible_seg_name.gsub(/(?:[:,-]|\W)/,'.').
+              gsub(/\.$/,'')
             if not @md.seg_names.nil? \
             and not @md.seg_names.include?(possible_seg_name)
               dob.name=possible_seg_name
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_substitutions_and_insertions.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_substitutions_and_insertions.rb
index b81a91e2..2ae365be 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_substitutions_and_insertions.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_substitutions_and_insertions.rb
@@ -66,12 +66,12 @@ module SiSU_DAL_SubstituteAndInsert
       data=@data
       data_expand=[]
       if data[0] =~ /^#!\s*(?:\/usr\/bin\/env sisu|\/usr\/bin\/sisu)/ # remove bang from top #! (however file is stripped, so will be removed provided no content precedes it)
-        data[0].gsub!(/^#!\s*\/usr\/bin\/sisu/,'')
-        data[0].gsub!(/^#!\s*\/usr\/bin\/env sisu/,'')
+        data[0]=data[0].gsub(/^#!\s*\/usr\/bin\/sisu/,'').
+          gsub(/^#!\s*\/usr\/bin\/env sisu/,'')
       end
       if data[0] =~ /^(SiSU\s+[\d.]*|sisu-[\d.]+)$/ # SiSU identifier
-        data[0].gsub!(/^(SiSU\s*[\d.]*)$/,'% \1')
-        data[0].gsub!(/^(sisu-[\d.]+)$/,'% \1')
+        data[0]=data[0].gsub(/^(SiSU\s*[\d.]*)$/,'% \1').
+          gsub(/^(sisu-[\d.]+)$/,'% \1')
       end
       data.each do |para|
         if para =~/<:(insert\d+)!?>/ \
@@ -132,22 +132,24 @@ module SiSU_DAL_SubstituteAndInsert
           para.each {|x| data_expand << x }
         else data_expand << para
         end
-        data_expand.flatten!
-        data_expand.compact!
+        data_expand=data_expand.flatten.compact
       end
+      data_new=[]
       data_expand.each do |para|
         para=if @md.markup_version.determined >= 0.38
           SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructureExtract::Structure.new(@md,para).structure_markup_normalize
         else
           SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructureExtract::Structure.new(@md,para).structure_marks
         end
-        para.gsub!(/^(:?A~)\s*$/,'\1~ @title @author')                                    #conditional header
-        para.gsub!(/^((?:[1-9]|:?[A-C])~\S*)\s*$/,'\1~ [Note: heading marker::required title missing]~#')    #conditional header for incorporated document 2004w12
+        para=para.gsub(/^(:?A~)\s*$/,'\1~ @title @author').                                    #conditional header
+          gsub(/^((?:[1-9]|:?[A-C])~\S*)\s*$/,'\1~ [Note: heading marker::required title missing]~#')    #conditional header for incorporated document 2004w12
         if para =~/^@\S+?:/
-          para.gsub!(/^@(\S+?):(\s+|$)/,"#{Mx[:meta_o]}\\1#{Mx[:meta_c]}\\2")
-          para.gsub!(/^@(\S+?):([+-])(\s+|$)/,"#{Mx[:meta_o]}\\1\\2#{Mx[:meta_c]}\\3")
+          para=para.gsub(/^@(\S+?):(\s+|$)/,"#{Mx[:meta_o]}\\1#{Mx[:meta_c]}\\2").
+            gsub(/^@(\S+?):([+-])(\s+|$)/,"#{Mx[:meta_o]}\\1\\2#{Mx[:meta_c]}\\3")
         end
+        data_new << para
       end
+      data_new
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_syntax.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_syntax.rb
index 6d923467..a8ece51e 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_syntax.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_syntax.rb
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Syntax
       end
     end
     def songsheet
-      @data.compact!
+      @data=@data.compact
       @data.each do |dob|
         dob=breaks(dob)
         dob=if @md.sem_tag then sem(dob) else dob end #revisit
@@ -136,8 +136,8 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Syntax
     end
     def breaks(dob)
       if dob.is !~/^(?:meta|comment|code|table)/
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/ \\\\(?: |$)/,"#{Mx[:br_line]}")
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:<:?br>|
)/,"#{Mx[:br_line]}")                  # depreciated
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/ \\\\(?: |$)/,"#{Mx[:br_line]}").
+          gsub(/(?:<:?br>|
)/,"#{Mx[:br_line]}")                  # depreciated
       end
       dob
     end
@@ -149,18 +149,17 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Syntax
       and @vz.markup_make_italic[:str])
         dob.obj=if dob.is !~/^(?:meta|heading|code|comment)/
           word=dob.obj.scan(@line_scan_ital)
-          word.flatten!
-          word.compact! #reinstated
+          word=word.flatten.compact
           line_array=[]
           word.each do |w|
             unless /#{@manmkp_ital}|#{@http_m}/.match(w)
               if defined? @md.make.italics[:regx] \
               and @md.make.italics[:regx]
-                w.gsub!(@md.make.italics[:regx],
+                w=w.gsub(@md.make.italics[:regx],
                   "#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}\\1#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}")
               elsif defined? @vz.markup_make_italic \
               and @vz.markup_make_italic
-                w.gsub!(@vz.markup_make_italic,
+                w=w.gsub(@vz.markup_make_italic,
                   "#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}\\1#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}")
               else w
               end
@@ -174,28 +173,28 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Syntax
       dob
     end
     def embolden(given)
-      given.gsub!(/^!_\s+((?:\{|#{Mx[:lnk_o]})(?:~^ )?.+?(?:\}|#{Mx[:lnk_o]})https?:\/\/\S+.*?)([#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}])/,
-        "#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]} \\1 #{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}\\2")
-      given.gsub!(/^!_\s+((?:\{|#{Mx[:lnk_o]})(?:~^ )?.+?(?:\}|#{Mx[:lnk_o]})https?:\/\/\S+.*)/,
-        "#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]} \\1 #{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}")
-      given.gsub!(/(?:^!_|^#{Mx[:lv_o]}[7-9]:\S*?#{Mx[:lv_c]})\s*(.+?)([#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}])/,
-        "#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\1#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}\\2")
-      given.gsub!(/(?:^!_|^#{Mx[:lv_o]}[7-9]:\S*?#{Mx[:lv_c]})\s*(.+?)\s+((?:[*]~\S+\s*)+)/,
-        "#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\1#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}\\2")
-      given.gsub!(/(?:^!_|^#{Mx[:lv_o]}[7-9]:\S*?#{Mx[:lv_c]})\s*(.+?)\s*([~-]#)$/,
-        "#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\1#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}\\2")
-      given.gsub!(/(?:^!_\s+|^#{Mx[:lv_o]}[7-9]:\S*?#{Mx[:lv_c]}\s*)(.*)?\s*$/,
-        "#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\1#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}")
+      given=given.gsub(/^!_\s+((?:\{|#{Mx[:lnk_o]})(?:~^ )?.+?(?:\}|#{Mx[:lnk_o]})https?:\/\/\S+.*?)([#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}])/,
+          "#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]} \\1 #{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}\\2").
+        gsub(/^!_\s+((?:\{|#{Mx[:lnk_o]})(?:~^ )?.+?(?:\}|#{Mx[:lnk_o]})https?:\/\/\S+.*)/,
+          "#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]} \\1 #{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}").
+        gsub(/(?:^!_|^#{Mx[:lv_o]}[7-9]:\S*?#{Mx[:lv_c]})\s*(.+?)([#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}])/,
+          "#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\1#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}\\2").
+        gsub(/(?:^!_|^#{Mx[:lv_o]}[7-9]:\S*?#{Mx[:lv_c]})\s*(.+?)\s+((?:[*]~\S+\s*)+)/,
+          "#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\1#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}\\2").
+        gsub(/(?:^!_|^#{Mx[:lv_o]}[7-9]:\S*?#{Mx[:lv_c]})\s*(.+?)\s*([~-]#)$/,
+          "#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\1#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}\\2").
+        gsub(/(?:^!_\s+|^#{Mx[:lv_o]}[7-9]:\S*?#{Mx[:lv_c]}\s*)(.*)?\s*$/,
+          "#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\1#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}")
     end
     def italicise(given)
-      given.gsub!(/^\/_\s*(.+?)([#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}])/,
-        "#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}\\1#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}\\2")
-      given.gsub!(/^\/_\s*(.+?)\s+((?:[*]~\S+\s*)+)/,
-        "#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}\\1#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}\\2")
-      given.gsub!(/^\/_\s*(.+?)\s*([~-]#)$/,
-        "#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}\\1#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}\\2")
-      given.gsub!(/^\/_\s+(.*)?\s*$/,
-        "#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}\\1#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}")
+      given=given.gsub(/^\/_\s*(.+?)([#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}])/,
+          "#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}\\1#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}\\2").
+        gsub(/^\/_\s*(.+?)\s+((?:[*]~\S+\s*)+)/,
+          "#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}\\1#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}\\2").
+        gsub(/^\/_\s*(.+?)\s*([~-]#)$/,
+          "#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}\\1#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}\\2").
+        gsub(/^\/_\s+(.*)?\s*$/,
+          "#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}\\1#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}")
     end
     def wordlist_bold(dob)
       dob=dob.dup
@@ -206,19 +205,18 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Syntax
         dob.obj=if dob.is !~/^(?:meta|heading|code|comment|table)/
           line_array=[]
           word=dob.obj.scan(@line_scan_bold)
-          word.flatten!
-          word.compact!
+          word=word.flatten.compact
           word.each do |w|
             unless /#{@manmkp_bold}|#{@http_m}/.match(w)
               if defined? @md.make.bold[:regx] \
               and @md.make.bold[:regx]                                                   #document header: @bold: [bold word list]
-                w.gsub!(@md.make.bold[:regx],"#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\1#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}")
+                w=w.gsub(@md.make.bold[:regx],"#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\1#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}")
               elsif defined? @vz.markup_make_bold \
               and @vz.markup_make_bold                                                   #defaults and skin adjusted bold word list
-                w.gsub!(@vz.markup_make_bold,"#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\1#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}")
+                w=w.gsub(@vz.markup_make_bold,"#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\1#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}")
               end
             else
-              if w =~ /(?:^!_|^#{Mx[:lv_o]}[7-9]:\S*?#{Mx[:lv_c]})\s+/; embolden(w)      #bold paragraph/emphasize #may wish to remove think about 7{ 8{ conversion not satisfactory, as information is lost!
+              w=if w =~ /(?:^!_|^#{Mx[:lv_o]}[7-9]:\S*?#{Mx[:lv_c]})\s+/; embolden(w)      #bold paragraph/emphasize #may wish to remove think about 7{ 8{ conversion not satisfactory, as information is lost!
               elsif w =~/^\/_\s+/; italicise(w)
               else w
               end
@@ -229,42 +227,43 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Syntax
         else dob.obj
         end
       else
-        if dob.is !~/^(?:heading|comment|meta)/ \
+        dob.obj=if dob.is !~/^(?:heading|comment|meta)/ \
         and dob.obj =~ /^!_\s+/
           embolden(dob.obj)
         elsif dob.is=='heading' \
         and dob.ln.to_s =~/[7-9]/
           embolden(dob.obj)
+        else dob.obj
         end
         if dob.obj =~ /\/_\s+/
-          italicise(dob.obj)
+          dob.obj=italicise(dob.obj)
         end
       end
       dob
     end
     def fontface(dob)
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:nbsp]}|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|#{Mx[:lnk_o]}|#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}|[\(\[\{]|\>)\*\{(.+?)\}\*/m,
-        "\\1#{@emph[:o]}\\2#{@emph[:c]}")                                                                                                                              #emphasis
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:nbsp]}|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|#{Mx[:lnk_o]}|#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}|[\(\[\{]|\>)!\{(.+?)\}!/m,
-        "\\1#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}")                                                                                                                    #bold
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:nbsp]}|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|#{Mx[:lnk_o]}|#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}|[\(\[\{]|\(|\>)\/\{(.+?)\}\//m,
-        "\\1#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}")                                                                                                              #italics
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:nbsp]}|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|#{Mx[:lnk_o]}|#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}|[\(\[\{]|\>)_\{(.+?)\}_/m,
-        "\\1#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}")                                                                                                        #underscore
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:nbsp]}|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|#{Mx[:lnk_o]}|#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}|[\(\[\{]|\>)#\{(.+?)\}#/m,
-        "\\1#{Mx[:fa_monospace_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_monospace_c]}")                                                                                                          #monospace
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:nbsp]}|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)\"\{(.+?)\}\"/m,
-        "\\1#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_c_o]}cite#{Mx[:fa_c]}")                                                                                                       #cite /blockquote?
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|[^\\])\^\{(.+?)\}\^/m,
-        "\\1#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}")                                                                                                      #superscript
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|[^\\]),\{(.+?)\},/m,
-        "\\1#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}")                                                                                                          #subscript
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:nbsp]}|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)\+\{(.+?)\}\+/m,
-        "\\1#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}")                                                                                                                #inserted text
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:nbsp]}|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)-\{(.+?)\}-/m,
-        "\\1#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}")                                                                                                                #strikethrough - deleted text
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:nbsp]}|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>|\d+)\^(\S+?)\^/,
-        "\\1#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}")                                                                                                      #superscript single word, watch digit added
+      dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:nbsp]}|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|#{Mx[:lnk_o]}|#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}|[\(\[\{]|\>)\*\{(.+?)\}\*/m,
+          "\\1#{@emph[:o]}\\2#{@emph[:c]}").                                                                                                                             #emphasis
+        gsub(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:nbsp]}|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|#{Mx[:lnk_o]}|#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}|[\(\[\{]|\>)!\{(.+?)\}!/m,
+          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}").                                                                                                                   #bold
+        gsub(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:nbsp]}|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|#{Mx[:lnk_o]}|#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}|[\(\[\{]|\(|\>)\/\{(.+?)\}\//m,
+          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}").                                                                                                             #italics
+        gsub(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:nbsp]}|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|#{Mx[:lnk_o]}|#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}|[\(\[\{]|\>)_\{(.+?)\}_/m,
+          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}").                                                                                                       #underscore
+        gsub(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:nbsp]}|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|#{Mx[:lnk_o]}|#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}|[\(\[\{]|\>)#\{(.+?)\}#/m,
+          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_monospace_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_monospace_c]}").                                                                                                         #monospace
+        gsub(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:nbsp]}|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)\"\{(.+?)\}\"/m,
+          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_c_o]}cite#{Mx[:fa_c]}").                                                                                                      #cite /blockquote?
+        gsub(/(^|[^\\])\^\{(.+?)\}\^/m,
+          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}").                                                                                                     #superscript
+        gsub(/(^|[^\\]),\{(.+?)\},/m,
+          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}").                                                                                                         #subscript
+        gsub(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:nbsp]}|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)\+\{(.+?)\}\+/m,
+          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}").                                                                                                               #inserted text
+        gsub(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:nbsp]}|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)-\{(.+?)\}-/m,
+          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}").                                                                                                               #strikethrough - deleted text
+        gsub(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:nbsp]}|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>|\d+)\^(\S+?)\^/,
+          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}")                                                                                                      #superscript single word, watch digit added
       dob
     end
     def bodymarkup(dob)
@@ -304,26 +303,25 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Syntax
         if word
           word.each do |w| # _ - / # | : ! ^ ~
             unless w =~/~\{|\}~|~\[|\]~|^\^~|~\^|\*~\S+|~#|\{t?~|\{table|https?:\/\/\S+/             # do something earlier about table!!
-              w.gsub!(/\\?~/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#126#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                                       #escaped special character
+              w=w.gsub(/\\?~/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#126#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                                       #escaped special character
             end
-            w.gsub!(/^\<$/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#lt#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                                          #escaped special character
-            w.gsub!(/^\>$/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#gt#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                                          #escaped special character
+            w=w.gsub(/^\<$/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#lt#{Mx[:gl_c]}").gsub(/^\>$/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#gt#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                                          #escaped special character
             line_array << w
           end
           dob.obj=line_array.join(' ')
           dob.obj=dob.obj.strip
         end
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/^([*#-.]{1,12})$/,'\1 ~#')                                                 #ocn off for these paragraph separators
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/~\{(.+?)\}~/m,Mx[:en_a_o] + '\1' + Mx[:en_a_c])
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/~\[([^*+].+?)\]~/m,Mx[:en_b_o] + '* \1' + Mx[:en_b_c])                     #default if markup does not specify
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/~\[(.+?)\]~/m,Mx[:en_b_o] + '\1' + Mx[:en_b_c])
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/^([*#-.]{1,12})$/,'\1 ~#').                                                #ocn off for these paragraph separators
+          gsub(/~\{(.+?)\}~/m,Mx[:en_a_o] + '\1' + Mx[:en_a_c]).
+          gsub(/~\[([^*+].+?)\]~/m,Mx[:en_b_o] + '* \1' + Mx[:en_b_c]).                    #default if markup does not specify
+          gsub(/~\[(.+?)\]~/m,Mx[:en_b_o] + '\1' + Mx[:en_b_c])
         if dob.is =='heading' \
         and dob.ln ==1
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/\s*@title\b/," #{@md.title.full}")
-          if defined? @md.creator.author \
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/\s*@title\b/," #{@md.title.full}")
+          dob.obj=if defined? @md.creator.author \
           and @md.creator.author
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/\s+(?:@creator|@author)/,",#{Mx[:br_line]}#{@md.creator.author}")
-          else dob.obj.gsub!(/\s+(?:@creator|@author)/,'')
+            dob.obj.gsub(/\s+(?:@creator|@author)/,",#{Mx[:br_line]}#{@md.creator.author}")
+          else dob.obj.gsub(/\s+(?:@creator|@author)/,'')
           end
         end
         if defined? @md.title \
@@ -332,113 +330,113 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Syntax
         and defined? @md.creator \
         and @md.creator
           if dob.is =='heading'
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/^\s*@title\s*$/,@md.title.full) if dob.lv =~/1/
-            if dob.lv =~/[23]/ \
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/^\s*@title\s*$/,@md.title.full) if dob.lv =~/1/
+            dob.obj=if dob.lv =~/[23]/ \
             and defined? @md.creator.author \
             and @md.creator.author
-              dob.obj.gsub!(/^\s*(?:(by\s+)?(?:@creator|@author))\s*$/,"\\1#{@md.creator.author}")
-            else dob.obj.gsub!(/^\s*(?:(by\s+)?(?:@creator|@author))\s*$/,'\1')
+              dob.obj.gsub(/^\s*(?:(by\s+)?(?:@creator|@author))\s*$/,"\\1#{@md.creator.author}")
+            else dob.obj.gsub(/^\s*(?:(by\s+)?(?:@creator|@author))\s*$/,'\1')
             end
           end
         end
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/<(https?:\/\/\S+?)>/,'< \1 >')                                   #catch problem markup
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/<:=(\S+?)>/,'{ c_\1.png 14x14 }image')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(//,'<:\1>')                                              #escaped special character
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/ /,"#{Mx[:nbsp]}")                                          #escaped special character
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\\~/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#126#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                             #escaped special character
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\\\{/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#123#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                            #escaped special character
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\\\}/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#125#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                            #escaped special character
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\\\<>/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#gt#{Mx[:gl_c]}#{Mx[:gl_o]}#gt#{Mx[:gl_c]}") #escaped special character
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\\\/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#gt#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                             #escaped special character
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\\\_/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#095#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                            #escaped special character
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\\\-/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#045#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                            #escaped special character
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\\\+/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#043#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                            #escaped special character
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\\\//,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#047#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                            #escaped special character
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\\\#/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#035#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                            #escaped special character
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\\\&/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#038#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                            #& #escaped special character
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\\\|/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#124#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                            #not really a sisu special character but made available as possibility
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\\\:/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#058#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                            #not really a sisu special character but made available as possibility
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\\\!/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#033#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                            #not really a sisu special character but made available as possibility
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\\\^/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#094#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                            #not really a sisu special character but made available as possibility
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\\\,/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#044#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                            #not really a sisu special character but made available as possibility
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\\\\/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#092#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                            #escaped special character
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\\\*/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#042#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                            #escaped special character
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\\\!/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#033#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                            #escaped special character
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/<(https?:\/\/\S+?)>/,'< \1 >').                                   #catch problem markup
+          gsub(/<:=(\S+?)>/,'{ c_\1.png 14x14 }image').
+          gsub(//,'<:\1>').                                              #escaped special character
+          gsub(/ /,"#{Mx[:nbsp]}").                                          #escaped special character
+          gsub(/\\~/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#126#{Mx[:gl_c]}").                             #escaped special character
+          gsub(/\\\{/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#123#{Mx[:gl_c]}").                            #escaped special character
+          gsub(/\\\}/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#125#{Mx[:gl_c]}").                            #escaped special character
+          gsub(/\\\<>/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#gt#{Mx[:gl_c]}#{Mx[:gl_o]}#gt#{Mx[:gl_c]}"). #escaped special character
+          gsub(/\\\/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#gt#{Mx[:gl_c]}").                             #escaped special character
+          gsub(/\\\_/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#095#{Mx[:gl_c]}").                            #escaped special character
+          gsub(/\\\-/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#045#{Mx[:gl_c]}").                            #escaped special character
+          gsub(/\\\+/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#043#{Mx[:gl_c]}").                            #escaped special character
+          gsub(/\\\//,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#047#{Mx[:gl_c]}").                            #escaped special character
+          gsub(/\\\#/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#035#{Mx[:gl_c]}").                            #escaped special character
+          gsub(/\\\&/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#038#{Mx[:gl_c]}").                            #& #escaped special character
+          gsub(/\\\|/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#124#{Mx[:gl_c]}").                            #not really a sisu special character but made available as possibility
+          gsub(/\\\:/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#058#{Mx[:gl_c]}").                            #not really a sisu special character but made available as possibility
+          gsub(/\\\!/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#033#{Mx[:gl_c]}").                            #not really a sisu special character but made available as possibility
+          gsub(/\\\^/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#094#{Mx[:gl_c]}").                            #not really a sisu special character but made available as possibility
+          gsub(/\\\,/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#044#{Mx[:gl_c]}").                            #not really a sisu special character but made available as possibility
+          gsub(/\\\\/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#092#{Mx[:gl_c]}").                            #escaped special character
+          gsub(/\\\*/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#042#{Mx[:gl_c]}").                            #escaped special character
+          gsub(/\\\!/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#033#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                             #escaped special character
         if dob.obj=~/(?:https?:|ftp:|\{([^{}]+?)\}(?:#|:|[.]{1,2}\/))\S+/m
           if dob.obj=~/(?:^|[#{Mx[:gl_c]}#{Mx[:nbsp]} ])\{~\^ (?:.+?)\s*\}(?:(?:https?:|ftp:|:|[.]{1,2}\/)\S+?)\s*#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/m
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|[#{Mx[:gl_c]}#{Mx[:nbsp]} ])\{~\^ ([^}]+?)\s*\}((?:https?:|ftp:|:|[.]{1,2}\/)\S+?)\s*#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/m,
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(^|[#{Mx[:gl_c]}#{Mx[:nbsp]} ])\{~\^ ([^}]+?)\s*\}((?:https?:|ftp:|:|[.]{1,2}\/)\S+?)\s*#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/m,
               "\\1#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\\2#{Mx[:lnk_c]}\\3 #{Mx[:en_a_o]}\\3 \\4#{Mx[:en_a_c]}") # watch
           end
           if dob.obj=~/(?:^|[#{Mx[:gl_c]}#{Mx[:nbsp]} ])\{~\^ (?:.+?)\s*\}(?:(?:https?:|ftp:|:|[.]{1,2}\/)\S+?)([;,.]?)(?=\s|[#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}]|$)/m
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|[#{Mx[:gl_c]}#{Mx[:nbsp]} ])\{~\^ (.+?)\s*\}((?:https?:|ftp:|:|[.]{1,2}\/)\S+?)([;,.]?)(?=\s|[#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}]|$)/m,
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(^|[#{Mx[:gl_c]}#{Mx[:nbsp]} ])\{~\^ (.+?)\s*\}((?:https?:|ftp:|:|[.]{1,2}\/)\S+?)([;,.]?)(?=\s|[#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}]|$)/m,
               "\\1#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\\2#{Mx[:lnk_c]}\\3\\4 #{Mx[:en_a_o]}\\3#{Mx[:en_a_c]} ")
           end
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|[^#])\{\s*([^{}]+?)\s*\}((?:https?:|:|[.]{2}\/|#)\S+?)(?=\s|[#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}#{Mx[:en_a_o]}#{Mx[:en_b_o]}]|$)/,
-            "\\1#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\\2#{Mx[:lnk_c]}\\3") #linked (text or image, however text cannot include modified face, e.g. bold, ital, underline)
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|[#{Mx[:gl_c]}#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:en_a_o]}#{Mx[:en_b_o]}(\s])((?:https?|ftp):\/\/\S+?\.[^>< ]+?)([,.;'"]?)(?=[\s#{Mx[:en_a_c]}#{Mx[:en_b_c]}#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}]|$)/m,
-            %{\\1#{Mx[:url_o]}\\2#{Mx[:url_c]}\\3})
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#(\S+?[^>< ]+?)([()\[\]]*[,.;:!?'"]{0,2})(?=[\s#{Mx[:en_a_c]}#{Mx[:en_b_c]}#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}]|$)/m,
-            %{#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}\\1#{Mx[:rel_c]}\\2})
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_c]}:(\S+?[^>< ]+?)([()\[\]]*[,.;:!?'"]{0,2})(?=[\s#{Mx[:en_a_c]}#{Mx[:en_b_c]}#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}]|$)/m,
-            %{#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}:\\1#{Mx[:rel_c]}\\2})
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_c]}[.]{2}\/(\S+?[^>< ]+?)([()\[\]]*[,.;:!?'"]{0,2})(?=[\s#{Mx[:en_a_c]}#{Mx[:en_b_c]}#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}]|$)/m,
-            %{#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}:\\1#{Mx[:rel_c]}\\2})
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(^|[^#])\{\s*([^{}]+?)\s*\}((?:https?:|:|[.]{2}\/|#)\S+?)(?=\s|[#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}#{Mx[:en_a_o]}#{Mx[:en_b_o]}]|$)/,
+              "\\1#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\\2#{Mx[:lnk_c]}\\3"). #linked (text or image, however text cannot include modified face, e.g. bold, ital, underline)
+            gsub(/(^|[#{Mx[:gl_c]}#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:en_a_o]}#{Mx[:en_b_o]}(\s])((?:https?|ftp):\/\/\S+?\.[^>< ]+?)([,.;'"]?)(?=[\s#{Mx[:en_a_c]}#{Mx[:en_b_c]}#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}]|$)/m,
+              %{\\1#{Mx[:url_o]}\\2#{Mx[:url_c]}\\3}).
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#(\S+?[^>< ]+?)([()\[\]]*[,.;:!?'"]{0,2})(?=[\s#{Mx[:en_a_c]}#{Mx[:en_b_c]}#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}]|$)/m,
+              %{#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}\\1#{Mx[:rel_c]}\\2}).
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_c]}:(\S+?[^>< ]+?)([()\[\]]*[,.;:!?'"]{0,2})(?=[\s#{Mx[:en_a_c]}#{Mx[:en_b_c]}#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}]|$)/m,
+              %{#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}:\\1#{Mx[:rel_c]}\\2}).
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_c]}[.]{2}\/(\S+?[^>< ]+?)([()\[\]]*[,.;:!?'"]{0,2})(?=[\s#{Mx[:en_a_c]}#{Mx[:en_b_c]}#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}]|$)/m,
+              %{#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}:\\1#{Mx[:rel_c]}\\2})
         end
         if dob.obj=~/_(?:https?|ftp):\S+/m           # _http://url #CHECK
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|[#{Mx[:gl_c]}#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:en_a_o]}#{Mx[:en_b_o]}(\s])(_(?:https?|ftp):\/\/\S+?\.[^>< ]+?)([,.;'"]?)(?=[\s#{Mx[:en_a_c]}#{Mx[:en_b_c]}#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}]|$)/m,
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(^|[#{Mx[:gl_c]}#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:en_a_o]}#{Mx[:en_b_o]}(\s])(_(?:https?|ftp):\/\/\S+?\.[^>< ]+?)([,.;'"]?)(?=[\s#{Mx[:en_a_c]}#{Mx[:en_b_c]}#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}]|$)/m,
             %{\\1#{Mx[:url_o]}\\2#{Mx[:url_c]}\\3})
         end
         dob=fontface(dob)
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/<[:e]\s+(.+?)!?>/,
-          "#{Mx[:en_a_o]}\\1#{Mx[:en_a_c]}")                                                                                                                             #not tested
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/^\s*_\*\s*/,
-          "#{Mx[:gl_bullet]}")                                                                                                                                           #bullets, shortcut
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/=\{(.+?)\}/,
-          "#{Mx[:idx_o]}\\1#{Mx[:idx_c]}")
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/^\s*_([1-9])\*\s*/,
-          "#{Mx[:pa_o]}:i\\1:\\1#{Mx[:pa_c]}#{Mx[:gl_bullet]}")                                                                                                              #bullets, shortcut
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/^\s*_([1-9])\s+/,
-          "#{Mx[:pa_o]}:i\\1:\\1#{Mx[:pa_c]}")                                                                                                                               #indent
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/^\s*_([1-9])!\s+(.+?)\s*$/,
-          "#{Mx[:pa_o]}:i\\1:\\1#{Mx[:pa_c]}#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]} ")                                                                                                                               #indent bold
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/^\s*__([1-9])\s+/,
-          "#{Mx[:pa_o]}:i0:\\1#{Mx[:pa_c]}")                                                                                                                               #hang
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/^\s*__([1-9])!\s+(.+?)\s*$/,
-          "#{Mx[:pa_o]}:i0:\\1#{Mx[:pa_c]}#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]} ")                                                                                                                          #hangdef
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/^\s*_([0-9])_([0-9])\s+/,
-          "#{Mx[:pa_o]}:i\\1:\\2#{Mx[:pa_c]}")                                                                                                                               #hang
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/^\s*_([0-9])_([0-9])!\s+(.+?)\s*$/,
-          "#{Mx[:pa_o]}:i\\1:\\2#{Mx[:pa_c]}#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\3#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]} ")                                                                                                                          #hangdef
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/<:hi>/,"#{Mx[:fa_hilite_o]}") #'')   # bright yellow rgb(255,255,0) pale yellow rgb(255,255,200)
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/<:\/hi>/,"#{Mx[:fa_hilite_c]}") #'')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/(#{Mx[:gr_o]}verse#{Mx[:gr_c]}.+)/m,"\\1\n")
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/[ ]+($)/,'\1')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\{\s*(.+?)\s*\}(https?:\S+?)([;,.]?)(?=\s|[#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}#{Mx[:en_a_o]}#{Mx[:en_b_o]}]|$)/,
-          "#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\\1#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\\2#{Mx[:url_c]}\\3") #any remaining linked text or image
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\{\s*(.+?)\s*\}(#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]})/,
-          "#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\\1#{Mx[:lnk_c]}\\2") #any remaining linked text or image
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|\s)([a-zA-Z0-9._-]+\@\S+?\.[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+)/,"\\1#{Mx[:url_o]}\\2#{Mx[:url_c]}")
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|[ ])\{\s*(.+?)\s*\}(\S+?)([;,.]?)(?=\s|[#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}#{Mx[:en_a_o]}#{Mx[:en_b_o]}]|$)/,
-          "\\1#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\\2#{Mx[:lnk_c]}\\3\\4") #any remaining linked text or image
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\{\s*(.+?)\s*\}#([a-zA-Z0-9][a-zA-Z0-9_-]*)([;,.]?)(?=\s|[#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}#{Mx[:en_a_o]}#{Mx[:en_b_o]}]|$)/,
-          "#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\\1#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}\\2#{Mx[:rel_c]}\\3") #any remaining linked text or image, check need
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\{\s*(.+?)\s*\}(#{Mx[:rel_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:rel_c]})/,
-          "#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\\1#{Mx[:lnk_c]}\\2") #any remaining linked text or image, check need
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\{\s*(.+?)\s*\}(image)/,
-          "#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\\1#{Mx[:lnk_c]}\\2")      #linked image
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/<[:e]\s+(.+?)!?>/,
+            "#{Mx[:en_a_o]}\\1#{Mx[:en_a_c]}").                                                                                                                             #not tested
+          gsub(/^\s*_\*\s*/,
+            "#{Mx[:gl_bullet]}").                                                                                                                                           #bullets, shortcut
+          gsub(/=\{(.+?)\}/,
+            "#{Mx[:idx_o]}\\1#{Mx[:idx_c]}").
+          gsub(/^\s*_([1-9])\*\s*/,
+            "#{Mx[:pa_o]}:i\\1:\\1#{Mx[:pa_c]}#{Mx[:gl_bullet]}").                                                                                                              #bullets, shortcut
+          gsub(/^\s*_([1-9])\s+/,
+            "#{Mx[:pa_o]}:i\\1:\\1#{Mx[:pa_c]}").                                                                                                                               #indent
+          gsub(/^\s*_([1-9])!\s+(.+?)\s*$/,
+            "#{Mx[:pa_o]}:i\\1:\\1#{Mx[:pa_c]}#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]} ").                                                                                                                               #indent bold
+          gsub(/^\s*__([1-9])\s+/,
+            "#{Mx[:pa_o]}:i0:\\1#{Mx[:pa_c]}").                                                                                                                               #hang
+          gsub(/^\s*__([1-9])!\s+(.+?)\s*$/,
+            "#{Mx[:pa_o]}:i0:\\1#{Mx[:pa_c]}#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]} ").                                                                                                                          #hangdef
+          gsub(/^\s*_([0-9])_([0-9])\s+/,
+            "#{Mx[:pa_o]}:i\\1:\\2#{Mx[:pa_c]}").                                                                                                                               #hang
+          gsub(/^\s*_([0-9])_([0-9])!\s+(.+?)\s*$/,
+            "#{Mx[:pa_o]}:i\\1:\\2#{Mx[:pa_c]}#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\3#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]} ").                                                                                                                          #hangdef
+          gsub(/<:hi>/,"#{Mx[:fa_hilite_o]}"). #'')   # bright yellow rgb(255,255,0) pale yellow rgb(255,255,200)
+          gsub(/<:\/hi>/,"#{Mx[:fa_hilite_c]}"). #'')
+          gsub(/(#{Mx[:gr_o]}verse#{Mx[:gr_c]}.+)/m,"\\1\n").
+          gsub(/[ ]+($)/,'\1').
+          gsub(/\{\s*(.+?)\s*\}(https?:\S+?)([;,.]?)(?=\s|[#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}#{Mx[:en_a_o]}#{Mx[:en_b_o]}]|$)/,
+            "#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\\1#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\\2#{Mx[:url_c]}\\3"). #any remaining linked text or image
+          gsub(/\{\s*(.+?)\s*\}(#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]})/,
+            "#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\\1#{Mx[:lnk_c]}\\2"). #any remaining linked text or image
+          gsub(/(^|\s)([a-zA-Z0-9._-]+\@\S+?\.[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+)/,"\\1#{Mx[:url_o]}\\2#{Mx[:url_c]}").
+          gsub(/(^|[ ])\{\s*(.+?)\s*\}(\S+?)([;,.]?)(?=\s|[#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}#{Mx[:en_a_o]}#{Mx[:en_b_o]}]|$)/,
+            "\\1#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\\2#{Mx[:lnk_c]}\\3\\4"). #any remaining linked text or image
+          gsub(/\{\s*(.+?)\s*\}#([a-zA-Z0-9][a-zA-Z0-9_-]*)([;,.]?)(?=\s|[#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}#{Mx[:en_a_o]}#{Mx[:en_b_o]}]|$)/,
+            "#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\\1#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}\\2#{Mx[:rel_c]}\\3"). #any remaining linked text or image, check need
+          gsub(/\{\s*(.+?)\s*\}(#{Mx[:rel_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:rel_c]})/,
+            "#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\\1#{Mx[:lnk_c]}\\2"). #any remaining linked text or image, check need
+          gsub(/\{\s*(.+?)\s*\}(image)/,
+            "#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\\1#{Mx[:lnk_c]}\\2")      #linked image
       elsif dob.is=='table'
         dob=fontface(dob)
       elsif dob.is =='code'
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:meta_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:meta_c]}\s*/,'@\1: ')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s)<(br(?: \/)?)>([\s,.]|$)/,'\1<\2>\3') #convert 
 
 back, clumsy
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:meta_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:meta_c]}\s*/,'@\1: ').
+          gsub(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s)<(br(?: \/)?)>([\s,.]|$)/,'\1<\2>\3') #convert 
 
 back, clumsy
         if dob.number_
           codeline=[]
           ln=1
           dob.obj.split(/#{Mx[:gr_o]}codeline#{Mx[:gr_c]}||\n/).each_with_index do |cl,i|
             unless i == 0
-              cl.gsub!(Mx[:br_nl],'')
+              cl=cl.gsub(Mx[:br_nl],'')
               w=3-ln.to_s.length
               cl = "#{ln}#{Mx[:nbsp]*w}#{Mx[:vline]}#{cl}#{Mx[:br_nl]}"
               ln +=1
@@ -448,7 +446,7 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Syntax
           codeline= codeline.join("")
           dob.obj=codeline
         else
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gr_o]}codeline#{Mx[:gr_c]}/,"\n")
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:gr_o]}codeline#{Mx[:gr_c]}/,"\n")
         end
         dob
       else # @\S+?:
@@ -474,62 +472,62 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Syntax
       # +2                  
       puts 'tech'
       @data.each do |line|
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|[\(\[]|\>)e\{(.+?)\}e/,
-          "\\1#{@emph[:o]}\\2#{@emph[:c]}")                                                        #emphasis
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|[\(\[]|\>)b\{(.+?)\}b/,
-          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}")                                              #bold
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|[\(\[]|\>)u\{(.+?)\}u/,
-          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}")                                  #underscore
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|[\(\[]|\>)c\{(.+?)\}c/,
-          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_c_o]}cite#{Mx[:fa_c]}")                                 #cite
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|[\(\[]|\>)i\{(.+?)\}i/,
-          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}")                                        #italics
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|[\(\[]|\>)!\{(.+?)\}!/,
-          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}")                                              #bold
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|[\(\[]|\>)\*\{(.+?)\}\*/,
-          "\\1#{@emph[:o]}\\2#{@emph[:c]}")                                                        #emphasis
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|[\(\[]|\>)_\{(.+?)\}_/,
-          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}")                                  #underscore
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|[\(\[]|\(|\>)\/\{(.+?)\}\//,
-          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}")                                        #italics
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)\"\{(.+?)\}\"/,
-          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_c_o]}cite#{Mx[:fa_c]}")
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)\^\{(.+?)\}\^/,
-          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}")
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)9\{(.+?)\}9/,
-          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}")
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>),\{(.+?)\},/,
-          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}")
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)6\{(.+?)\}6/,
-          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}")
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)\+\{(.+?)\}\+/,
-          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}")
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)v\{(.+?)\}v/,
-          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}")
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)-\{(.+?)\}-/,
-          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}")
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)x\{(.+?)\}x/,
-          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}")
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)\*(\S+?)\*/,
-          "\\1#{@emph[:o]}\\2#{@emph[:c]}")                                                        #emphasise single word, watch
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)\!(\S+?)\!/,
-          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}")                                              #bold single word, watch
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)\/([\(\)a-zA-Z0-9']+?)\/([ ,.;:'"~$]|[^a-zA-Z0-9])/,
-          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}\\3")                                     #italics single word, watch
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)_(\S+?)_/,
-          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}")                                  #underscore single word, watch
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)\^(\S+?)\^/,
-          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}")                                #check  #superscript single word, watch digit added
-        line.gsub!(/^\s*_\([1-9]\)\(\*\+\)\s*/,
-          "#{Mx[:pa_o]}:i\\1#{Mx[:pa_c]}#{Mx[:fa_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_c_o]}")                            #bullets, shortcut
-        line.gsub!(/^\s*_\([1-9]\)\s+/,
-          "#{Mx[:pa_o]}:i\\1#{Mx[:pa_c]}") #watch
-        line.gsub!(/^\s*__\([1-9]\)\s+/,
-          "#{Mx[:pa_o]}:h\\1#{Mx[:pa_c]}") #watch
-        #line.gsub!(/^\s*__\([1-9]\)!\s+/,
-        #  "#{Mx[:pa_o]}:hd\\1#{Mx[:pa_c]}") #watch
-        line.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_line]}\s*_[12]\s+/,
-          "#{Mx[:br_line]} ")                                                                      #indent used in endnotes, not implemented, replace when ready with: line.gsub!(/(?:
|
)\s*_([12])\s+/,'
<:i\1> ')
+        line=line.gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|[\(\[]|\>)e\{(.+?)\}e/,
+            "\\1#{@emph[:o]}\\2#{@emph[:c]}").                                                        #emphasis
+          gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|[\(\[]|\>)b\{(.+?)\}b/,
+            "\\1#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}").                                              #bold
+          gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|[\(\[]|\>)u\{(.+?)\}u/,
+            "\\1#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}").                                  #underscore
+          gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|[\(\[]|\>)c\{(.+?)\}c/,
+            "\\1#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_c_o]}cite#{Mx[:fa_c]}").                                 #cite
+          gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|[\(\[]|\>)i\{(.+?)\}i/,
+            "\\1#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}").                                        #italics
+          gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|[\(\[]|\>)!\{(.+?)\}!/,
+            "\\1#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}").                                              #bold
+          gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|[\(\[]|\>)\*\{(.+?)\}\*/,
+            "\\1#{@emph[:o]}\\2#{@emph[:c]}").                                                        #emphasis
+          gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|[\(\[]|\>)_\{(.+?)\}_/,
+            "\\1#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}").                                  #underscore
+          gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|[\(\[]|\(|\>)\/\{(.+?)\}\//,
+            "\\1#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}").                                        #italics
+          gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)\"\{(.+?)\}\"/,
+            "\\1#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_c_o]}cite#{Mx[:fa_c]}").
+          gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)\^\{(.+?)\}\^/,
+            "\\1#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}").
+          gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)9\{(.+?)\}9/,
+            "\\1#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}").
+          gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>),\{(.+?)\},/,
+            "\\1#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}").
+          gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)6\{(.+?)\}6/,
+            "\\1#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}").
+          gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)\+\{(.+?)\}\+/,
+            "\\1#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}").
+          gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)v\{(.+?)\}v/,
+            "\\1#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}").
+          gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)-\{(.+?)\}-/,
+            "\\1#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}").
+          gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)x\{(.+?)\}x/,
+            "\\1#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}").
+          gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)\*(\S+?)\*/,
+            "\\1#{@emph[:o]}\\2#{@emph[:c]}").                                                        #emphasise single word, watch
+          gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)\!(\S+?)\!/,
+            "\\1#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}").                                              #bold single word, watch
+          gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)\/([\(\)a-zA-Z0-9']+?)\/([ ,.;:'"~$]|[^a-zA-Z0-9])/,
+            "\\1#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}\\3").                                     #italics single word, watch
+          gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)_(\S+?)_/,
+            "\\1#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}").                                  #underscore single word, watch
+          gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)\^(\S+?)\^/,
+            "\\1#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}").                                #check  #superscript single word, watch digit added
+          gsub(/^\s*_\([1-9]\)\(\*\+\)\s*/,
+            "#{Mx[:pa_o]}:i\\1#{Mx[:pa_c]}#{Mx[:fa_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_c_o]}").                            #bullets, shortcut
+          gsub(/^\s*_\([1-9]\)\s+/,
+            "#{Mx[:pa_o]}:i\\1#{Mx[:pa_c]}"). #watch
+          gsub(/^\s*__\([1-9]\)\s+/,
+            "#{Mx[:pa_o]}:h\\1#{Mx[:pa_c]}"). #watch
+          #line.gsub(/^\s*__\([1-9]\)!\s+/,
+          #  "#{Mx[:pa_o]}:hd\\1#{Mx[:pa_c]}"). #watch
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:br_line]}\s*_[12]\s+/,
+            "#{Mx[:br_line]} ")                                                                      #indent used in endnotes, not implemented, replace when ready with: line.gsub(/(?:
|
)\s*_([12])\s+/,'
<:i\1> ')
       end
       @data
     end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/db_columns.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/db_columns.rb
index 89d4c7e3..cf4ba9c7 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/db_columns.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/db_columns.rb
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.title.full \
           and @md.title.full=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.title.full
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.title.main \
           and @md.title.main=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.title.main
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.title.sub \
           and @md.title.sub=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.title.sub
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.title.short \
           and @md.title.short=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.title.short
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.title.edition \
           and @md.title.edition=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.title.edition
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.title.note \
           and @md.title.note=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.title.note
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
         def tuple
           t=if @lang.list[@md.opt.lng][:n]
             txt=@lang.list[@md.opt.lng][:n]
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.opt.lng \
           and @md.opt.lng=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.opt.lng
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -302,8 +302,8 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
             @md.creator.author_detail.each do |h|
               txt=txt + %{#{h[:the]}, #{h[:others]}; }
             end
-            txt.gsub!(/[;, ]+\s*$/,'')
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=txt.gsub(/[;, ]+\s*$/,'')
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.creator.author_hon \
           and @md.creator.author_hon=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.creator.author_hon
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.creator.author_nationality_detail \
           and @md.creator.author_nationality=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.creator.author_nationality_detail
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -374,8 +374,8 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
             @md.creator.editor_detail.each do |h|
               txt=txt + %{#{h[:the]}, #{h[:others]}; }
             end
-            txt.gsub!(/[;, ]+\s*$/,'')
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=txt.gsub(/[;, ]+\s*$/,'')
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -402,8 +402,8 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
             @md.creator.contributor_detail.each do |h|
               txt=txt + %{#{h[:the]}, #{h[:others]}; }
             end
-            txt.gsub!(/[;, ]+\s*$/,'')
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=txt.gsub(/[;, ]+\s*$/,'')
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -430,8 +430,8 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
             @md.creator.illustrator_detail.each do |h|
               txt=txt + %{#{h[:the]}, #{h[:others]}; }
             end
-            txt.gsub!(/[;, ]+\s*$/,'')
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=txt.gsub(/[;, ]+\s*$/,'')
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -458,8 +458,8 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
             @md.creator.photographer_detail.each do |h|
               txt=txt + %{#{h[:the]}, #{h[:others]}; }
             end
-            txt.gsub!(/[;, ]+\s*$/,'')
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=txt.gsub(/[;, ]+\s*$/,'')
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -485,8 +485,8 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
             @md.creator.translator_detail.each do |h|
               txt=txt + %{#{h[:the]}, #{h[:others]}; }
             end
-            txt.gsub!(/[;, ]+\s*$/,'')
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=txt.gsub(/[;, ]+\s*$/,'')
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -513,8 +513,8 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
             @md.creator.prepared_by_detail.each do |h|
               txt=txt + %{#{h[:the]}, #{h[:others]}; }
             end
-            txt.gsub!(/[;, ]+\s*$/,'')
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=txt.gsub(/[;, ]+\s*$/,'')
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -541,8 +541,8 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
             @md.creator.digitized_by_detail.each do |h|
               txt=txt + %{#{h[:the]}, #{h[:others]}; }
             end
-            txt.gsub!(/[;, ]+\s*$/,'')
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=txt.gsub(/[;, ]+\s*$/,'')
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -569,8 +569,8 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
             @md.creator.audio_detail.each do |h|
               txt=txt + %{#{h[:the]}, #{h[:others]}; }
             end
-            txt.gsub!(/[;, ]+\s*$/,'')
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=txt.gsub(/[;, ]+\s*$/,'')
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -596,8 +596,8 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
             @md.creator.video_detail.each do |h|
               txt=txt + %{#{h[:the]}, #{h[:others]}; }
             end
-            txt.gsub!(/[;, ]+\s*$/,'')
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=txt.gsub(/[;, ]+\s*$/,'')
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -630,7 +630,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
         def tuple
           t=if @lang.list[@md.opt.lng][:n]
             txt=@lang.list[@md.opt.lng][:n]
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -653,7 +653,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.opt.lng \
           and @md.opt.lng=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.opt.lng
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -675,7 +675,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.language.original \
           and @md.language.original=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.language.original
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -697,7 +697,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.language.original_char \
           and @md.language.original_char=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.language.original_char
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -733,7 +733,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.date.added_to_site \
           and @md.date.added_to_site=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.date.added_to_site
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -755,7 +755,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.date.available \
           and @md.date.available=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.date.available
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -777,7 +777,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.date.created \
           and @md.date.created=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.date.created
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -799,7 +799,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.date.issued \
           and @md.date.issued=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.date.issued
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -821,7 +821,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.date.modified \
           and @md.date.modified=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.date.modified
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -843,7 +843,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.date.published \
           and @md.date.published=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.date.published
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -865,7 +865,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.date.valid \
           and @md.date.valid=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.date.valid
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -887,7 +887,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.date.translated \
           and @md.date.translated=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.date.translated
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -909,7 +909,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.date.original_publication \
           and @md.date.original_publication=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.date.original_publication
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -932,7 +932,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.generated \
           and @md.generated.to_s=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.generated.to_s
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -958,7 +958,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.publisher \
           and @md.publisher=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.publisher
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -980,7 +980,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
 #        t=if defined? @md.current.publisher \
 #        and @md.current.publisher=~/\S+/
 #          txt=@md.current.publisher
-#          special_character_escape(txt)
+#          txt=special_character_escape(txt)
 #          "'#{txt}', "
 #        end
 #      end
@@ -1011,7 +1011,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.original.publisher \
           and @md.original.publisher=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.original.publisher
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1033,7 +1033,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.original.language \
           and @md.original.language=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.original.language
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1055,7 +1055,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.original.language_char \
           and @md.original.language_char=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.original.language_char
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1077,7 +1077,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.original.source \
           and @md.original.source=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.original.source
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1099,7 +1099,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.original.institution \
           and @md.original.institution=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.original.institution
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1121,7 +1121,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.original.nationality \
           and @md.original.nationality=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.original.nationality
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1158,7 +1158,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.rights.all \
           and @md.rights.all=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.rights.all
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1180,7 +1180,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.rights.copyright_text \
           and @md.rights.copyright_text=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.rights.copyright_text
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1202,7 +1202,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.rights.copyright_translation \
           and @md.rights.copyright_translation=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.rights.copyright_translation
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1224,7 +1224,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.rights.copyright_illustrations \
           and @md.rights.copyright_illustrations=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.rights.copyright_illustrations
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1246,7 +1246,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.rights.copyright_photographs \
           and @md.rights.copyright_photographs=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.rights.copyright_photographs
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1268,7 +1268,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.rights.copyright_preparation \
           and @md.rights.copyright_preparation=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.rights.copyright_preparation
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1290,7 +1290,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.rights.copyright_digitization \
           and @md.rights.copyright_digitization=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.rights.copyright_digitization
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1312,7 +1312,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.rights.copyright_audio \
           and @md.rights.copyright_audio=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.rights.copyright_audio
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1334,7 +1334,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.rights.copyright_video \
           and @md.rights.copyright_video=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.rights.copyright_video
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1356,7 +1356,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.rights.license \
           and @md.rights.license=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.rights.license
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1394,7 +1394,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.classify.topic_register \
           and @md.classify.topic_register=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.classify.topic_register
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1416,7 +1416,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.classify.subject \
           and @md.classify.subject=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.classify.subject
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1438,7 +1438,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.classify.type \
           and @md.classify.type=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.classify.type
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1460,7 +1460,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.classify.loc \
           and @md.classify.loc=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.classify.loc
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1482,7 +1482,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.classify.dewey \
           and @md.classify.dewey=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.classify.dewey
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1504,7 +1504,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.classify.oclc \
           and @md.classify.oclc=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.classify.oclc
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1526,7 +1526,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.classify.pg \
           and @md.classify.pg=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.classify.pg
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1548,7 +1548,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.classify.isbn \
           and @md.classify.isbn=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.classify.isbn
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1570,7 +1570,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.classify.format \
           and @md.classify.format=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.classify.format
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1592,7 +1592,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.classify.identifier \
           and @md.classify.identifier=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.classify.identifier
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1614,7 +1614,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.classify.relation \
           and @md.classify.relation=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.classify.relation
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1636,7 +1636,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.classify.coverage \
           and @md.classify.coverage=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.classify.coverage
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1658,7 +1658,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.classify.keywords \
           and @md.classify.keywords=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.classify.keywords
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1692,7 +1692,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.notes.abstract \
           and @md.notes.abstract=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.notes.abstract
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1714,7 +1714,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.notes.comment \
           and @md.notes.comment=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.notes.comment
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1736,7 +1736,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.notes.description \
           and @md.notes.description=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.notes.description
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1758,7 +1758,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.notes.history \
           and @md.notes.history=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.notes.history
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1780,7 +1780,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.notes.prefix \
           and @md.notes.prefix=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.notes.prefix
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1802,7 +1802,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.notes.prefix_a \
           and @md.notes.prefix_a=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.notes.prefix_a
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1824,7 +1824,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.notes.prefix_b \
           and @md.notes.prefix_b=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.notes.prefix_b
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1846,7 +1846,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.notes.suffix \
           and @md.notes.suffix=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.notes.suffix
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1871,7 +1871,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.fns \
           and @md.fns=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.fns
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1916,7 +1916,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
          t=if defined? @md.filesize \
          and @md.filesize=~/\S+/
            txt=@md.filesize
-           special_character_escape(txt)
+           txt=special_character_escape(txt)
            ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
          else ['','']
          end
@@ -1938,7 +1938,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.wc_words \
           and @md.wc_words=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.wc_words
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -2006,7 +2006,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.skin_name \
           and @md.skin_name=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.skin_name
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -2029,7 +2029,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           and @md.dgst_skin.class==Array \
           and @md.dgst_skin[1]=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.dgst_skin[1]
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -2051,7 +2051,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.skin \
           and @md.skin=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.skin
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -2074,7 +2074,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.links \
           and @md.links=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.links
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/db_import.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/db_import.rb
index adbe5af5..a2b66937 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/db_import.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/db_import.rb
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ module SiSU_DbImport
         src=special_character_escape(src)
         @tp[:sisutxt_f],@tp[:sisutxt_i]='sisutxt, ',"'#{src}', "
         txt=clean_searchable_text(txt_arr)
-        #special_character_escape(txt)
+        #txt=special_character_escape(txt)
         @tp[:fulltxt_f],@tp[:fulltxt_i]='fulltxt, ',"'#{txt}', "
       end
 #% title
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ module SiSU_DbImport
               @col[:lid]+=1
               txt=endnotes(txt).extract_any
               @col[:body]=SiSU_FormatShared::CSS_Format.new(@md,data).lev4_minus
-              special_character_escape(@col[:body])
+              @col[:body]=special_character_escape(@col[:body])
               @col[:plaintext]=@col[:body].dup
               @col[:plaintext]=strip_markup(@col[:plaintext])
               @col[:plaintext]=clean_searchable_text(@col[:plaintext])
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ module SiSU_DbImport
               @base_url="#{@env.url.root}/#{@md.fnb}/#{@hname}.html"
               txt=endnotes(txt).extract_any
               @col[:body]=SiSU_FormatShared::CSS_Format.new(@md,data).lev4_plus
-              special_character_escape(@col[:body])
+              @col[:body]=special_character_escape(@col[:body])
               @col[:plaintext]=@col[:body].dup
               @col[:plaintext]=strip_markup(@col[:plaintext])
               @col[:plaintext]=clean_searchable_text(@col[:plaintext])
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ module SiSU_DbImport
               @base_url="#{@env.url.root}/#{@md.fnb}/#{@hname}.html"
               txt=endnotes(txt).extract_any
               @col[:body]=SiSU_FormatShared::CSS_Format.new(@md,data).lev4_plus
-              special_character_escape(@col[:body])
+              @col[:body]=special_character_escape(@col[:body])
               @col[:plaintext]=@col[:body].dup
               @col[:plaintext]=strip_markup(@col[:plaintext])
               @col[:plaintext]=clean_searchable_text(@col[:plaintext])
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ module SiSU_DbImport
               @base_url="#{@env.url.root}/#{@md.fnb}/#{@hname}.html"
               txt=endnotes(txt).extract_any
               @col[:body]=SiSU_FormatShared::CSS_Format.new(@md,data).lev4_plus
-              special_character_escape(@col[:body])
+              @col[:body]=special_character_escape(@col[:body])
               @col[:plaintext]=@col[:body].dup
               @col[:plaintext]=strip_markup(@col[:plaintext])
               @col[:plaintext]=clean_searchable_text(@col[:plaintext])
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ module SiSU_DbImport
               else
                 SiSU_FormatShared::CSS_Format.new(@md,data).norm
               end
-              special_character_escape(@col[:body])
+              @col[:body]=special_character_escape(@col[:body])
               @col[:plaintext]=@col[:body].dup
               @col[:plaintext]=strip_markup(@col[:plaintext])
               @col[:plaintext]=clean_searchable_text(@col[:plaintext])
@@ -424,9 +424,9 @@ module SiSU_DbImport
                     nr,txt,digest_clean=$1,$2.strip,0
                   end
                   @id_n+=1
-                  special_character_escape(txt)
+                  txt=special_character_escape(txt)
                   body=SiSU_FormatShared::CSS_Format.new(@md,data).endnote(nr,txt)
-                  strip_markup(txt)
+                  txt=strip_markup(txt)
                   if txt.size > (SiSU_DbColumns::ColumnSize.new.endnote_clean - 1)
                     puts "\n\nTOO LARGE (ENDNOTE - see error log)\n\n"
                     open("#{Dir.pwd}/pg_documents_error_log",'a') do |error|
@@ -463,9 +463,9 @@ module SiSU_DbImport
                     nr,txt,digest_clean=$1,$2.strip,0
                   end
                   @id_n+=1
-                  special_character_escape(txt)
+                  txt=special_character_escape(txt)
                   body=SiSU_FormatShared::CSS_Format.new(@md,data).endnote(nr,txt)
-                  strip_markup(txt)
+                  txt=strip_markup(txt)
                   if txt.size > (SiSU_DbColumns::ColumnSize.new.endnote_clean - 1)
                     puts "\n\nTOO LARGE (ENDNOTE - see error log)\n\n"
                     open("#{Dir.pwd}/pg_documents_error_log",'a') do |error|
@@ -502,9 +502,9 @@ module SiSU_DbImport
                     nr,txt,digest_clean=$1,$2.strip,0
                   end
                   @id_n+=1
-                  special_character_escape(txt)
+                  txt=special_character_escape(txt)
                   body=SiSU_FormatShared::CSS_Format.new(@md,data).endnote(nr,txt)
-                  strip_markup(txt)
+                  txt=strip_markup(txt)
                   if txt.size > (SiSU_DbColumns::ColumnSize.new.endnote_clean - 1)
                     puts "\n\nTOO LARGE (ENDNOTE - see error log)\n\n"
                     open("#{Dir.pwd}/pg_documents_error_log",'a') do |error|
@@ -568,14 +568,14 @@ module SiSU_DbImport
         : nil
       end
       def clean_text(base_url=nil)
-        if base_url
-          @txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(\d+).+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,%{\\1})
-          @txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([*]\d+).+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,%{\\1})
-          @txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([+]\d+).+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,%{\\1})
+        @txt=if base_url
+          @txt.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(\d+).+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,%{\\1}).
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([*]\d+).+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,%{\\1}).
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([+]\d+).+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,%{\\1})
         else
-          @txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(\d+).+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'\1')
-          @txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([*]\d+).+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'\1')
-          @txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([+]\d+).+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'\1')
+          @txt.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(\d+).+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'\1').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([*]\d+).+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'\1').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([+]\d+).+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'\1')
         end
         @txt
       end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/db_sqltxt.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/db_sqltxt.rb
index 49dcf10a..e65a8521 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/db_sqltxt.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/db_sqltxt.rb
@@ -59,46 +59,45 @@
 module SiSU_DbText
   class Prepare
     def special_character_escape(str)
-      str.gsub!(/'/,"''") #string.gsub!(/'/,"\047") #string.gsub!(/'/,"\\'")
-      str.gsub!(/(\\)/m,'\1\1') #ok but with warnings, double backslash on sqlite #str.gsub!(/[\\]/m,'\\x5C') #ok but with warnings, but not for sqlite #str.gsub!(/(\\)/m,'\1') #ok for sqlite not for pgsql
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,"
\n")
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tag_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:tag_c]}/,'') #check
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\s*(\S+?\.(?:png|jpg))(?:\s+\d+x\d+)?(.+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}\S+/,'[image: \1] \2')
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\s*(.+?)\s*#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:file|ftp):\/\/\S+?([.,!?]?(?:\s|$))/,'\1\2')
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\s*(.+?)\s*#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1')
-      str
+      str=str.gsub(/'/,"''"). #string.gsub!(/'/,"\047") #string.gsub!(/'/,"\\'")
+        gsub(/(\\)/m,'\1\1'). #ok but with warnings, double backslash on sqlite #str.gsub!(/[\\]/m,'\\x5C') #ok but with warnings, but not for sqlite #str.gsub!(/(\\)/m,'\1') #ok for sqlite not for pgsql
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,"
\n").
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:tag_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:tag_c]}/,''). #check
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\s*(\S+?\.(?:png|jpg))(?:\s+\d+x\d+)?(.+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}\S+/,'[image: \1] \2').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\s*(.+?)\s*#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:file|ftp):\/\/\S+?([.,!?]?(?:\s|$))/,'\1\2').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\s*(.+?)\s*#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1')
     end
     def clean_searchable_text(arr) #produce clean, searchable, plaintext from document source
       txt_arr,en=[],[]
       arr=arr.class==String ? arr.split(/\n+/m) : arr
       arr.each do |s|
-        s.gsub!(/([*\/_-])\{(.+?)\}\1/m,'\2')
-        s.gsub!(/^(?:block|group|poem|code)\{/m,''); s.gsub!(/^\}(?:block|group|poem|code)/m,'')
-        s.gsub!(/\A(?:@\S+:\s+.+)\Z/m,'')
+        s=s.gsub(/([*\/_-])\{(.+?)\}\1/m,'\2').
+          gsub(/^(?:block|group|poem|code)\{/m,'').gsub(/^\}(?:block|group|poem|code)/m,'').
+          gsub(/\A(?:@\S+:\s+.+)\Z/m,'')
         if s =~/^:A~/
           if defined? @md.creator \
           and defined? @md.creator.author \
           and not @md.creator.author.empty?
-            s.gsub!(/@author/,@md.creator.author)
+            s=s.gsub(/@author/,@md.creator.author)
           else
             SiSU_Screen::Ansi.new('v','WARNING Document Author information missing; provide @creator: :author:',@md.fnb).warn unless @md.opt.cmd.inspect =~/q/
           end
           if defined? @md.title \
           and defined? @md.title.full \
           and not @md.title.full.empty?
-            s.gsub!(/@title/,@md.title.full)
+            s=s.gsub(/@title/,@md.title.full)
           else
             SiSU_Screen::Ansi.new('v','WARNING Document Title missing; provide @title:',@md.fnb).warn unless @md.opt.cmd.inspect =~/q/
           end
         end
-        s.gsub!(/^(?:_[1-9]\*?|_\*)\s+/m,'')
-        s.gsub!(/^(?:[1-9]\~(\S+)?)\s+/m,'')
-        s.gsub!(/^(?::?[A-C]\~(\S+)?)\s+/m,'')
-        s.gsub!(/^%{1,3} .+/m,'') #removed even if contained in code block
-        s.gsub!(/
/m,' ')
+        s=s.gsub(/^(?:_[1-9]\*?|_\*)\s+/m,'').
+          gsub(/^(?:[1-9]\~(\S+)?)\s+/m,'').
+          gsub(/^(?::?[A-C]\~(\S+)?)\s+/m,'').
+          gsub(/^%{1,3} .+/m,''). #removed even if contained in code block
+          gsub(/
/m,' ')
         en << s.scan(/~\{\s*(.+?)\s*\}~/m)
-        s.gsub!(/~\{.+?\}~/m,'')
-        s.gsub!(/ \s+/m,' ')
+        s=s.gsub(/~\{.+?\}~/m,'').
+          gsub(/ \s+/m,' ')
         #special_character_escape(s)
         s
       end
@@ -109,17 +108,16 @@ module SiSU_DbText
       txt
     end
     def strip_markup(str) #define rules, make same as in dal clean
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(\d+)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'[\1]')
-      str.gsub!(/(?: \\;|#{Mx[:nbsp]})+/,' ')
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_o]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}\d+(.+)#{Mx[:tc_c]}/u,'\1')         #tables
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}\d+#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,' ')                          #tables
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,' ')                                                     #tables tidy later
-      str.gsub!(/<.+?>/,'')
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif).+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:file|ftp)\/\/:\S+ /,' [image] ') # else image names found in search
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif).+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}/,' [image]') # else image names found in search
-      str.gsub!(/\s\s+/,' ')
-      str.strip!
-      str
+      str=str.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(\d+)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'[\1]').
+        gsub(/(?: \\;|#{Mx[:nbsp]})+/,' ').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_o]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}\d+(.+)#{Mx[:tc_c]}/u,'\1').         #tables
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}\d+#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,' ').                          #tables
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,' ').                                                     #tables tidy later
+        gsub(/<.+?>/,'').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif).+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:file|ftp)\/\/:\S+ /,' [image] '). # else image names found in search
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif).+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}/,' [image]'). # else image names found in search
+        gsub(/\s\s+/,' ').
+        strip
     end
     def unique_words(str)
       a=str.scan(/[a-zA-Z0-9\\\/_-]{2,}/) #a=str.scan(/\S+{2,}/)
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/defaults.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/defaults.rb
index 55aeef21..1c9dd94f 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/defaults.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/defaults.rb
@@ -735,8 +735,8 @@ module SiSU_Viz
           when /\/i$/; 'i'
           else         ''
           end
-          r.gsub!(/^\/(.+?)\/i?/,'\1')
-          r.gsub!(/\(/,'(?:') # avoid need to escape use of brackets within regex provided
+          r=r.gsub(/^\/(.+?)\/i?/,'\1').
+            gsub(/\(/,'(?:') # avoid need to escape use of brackets within regex provided
           m='\b(' + r + ')\b'
           make[:str]
           make[:regx]=if x =~/i/; /#{m}/i
@@ -756,8 +756,8 @@ module SiSU_Viz
           when /\/i$/; 'i'
           else         ''
           end
-          r.gsub!(/^\/(.+?)\/i?/,'\1')
-          r.gsub!(/\(/,'(?:') # avoid need to escape use of brackets within regex provided
+          r.gsub(/^\/(.+?)\/i?/,'\1').
+            gsub(/\(/,'(?:') # avoid need to escape use of brackets within regex provided
           m='\b(' + r + ')\b'
           make[:str]
           make[:regx]=if x =~/i/; /#{m}/i
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/digests.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/digests.rb
index 5f5d90b3..91299d4c 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/digests.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/digests.rb
@@ -153,9 +153,9 @@ module SiSU_DigestView
           if para =~/#{Mx[:id_o]}~(\d+);((?:\w|[0-6]:)\d+);(\w\d+)#{Mx[:id_c]}#{Mx[:id_o]}([0-9a-f]{#{@dl}}):([0-9a-f]{#{@dl}})#{Mx[:id_c]}/
             ocn,h1,h2,d_clean,d_all=$1,$2,$3,$4,$5
             @ocn=ocn unless ocn.to_i==0
-            para.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'\1')
-            para.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'\1')
-            para.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'\1')
+            para=para.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'\1').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'\1').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'\1')
             if para=~/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}[\d*+]+.+?#{Mx[:id_o]}[0-9a-f]{#{@dl}}#{Mx[:id_c]}#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/
               para_endnotes << para.scan(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]})([\d*+]+).+?#{Mx[:id_o]}([0-9a-f]{#{@dl}})#{Mx[:id_c]}(?:#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_c]})/)
             end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/epub.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/epub.rb
index 259cdbe0..c87112cf 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/epub.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/epub.rb
@@ -498,7 +498,7 @@ module SiSU_EPUB
         SiSU_Screen::Ansi.new(@md.opt.cmd,'Scroll & Segtoc').txt_grey if @md.opt.cmd =~/[MVv]/
         format_head_toc=SiSU_EPUB_Format::HeadToc.new(@md)
         dochead=format_head_toc.head
-        dochead.gsub!(/toc\.(html)/,'doc.\1') #kludge
+        dochead=dochead.gsub(/toc\.(html)/,'doc.\1') #kludge
         toc_shared << dochead #<< ads.div.major
         segtoc << format_head_toc.head #<< ads.div.major
         if SiSU_EPUB_Format::HeadToc.method_defined? :toc_head_escript
@@ -566,7 +566,7 @@ module SiSU_EPUB
         #Segtoc tail added here
         segtoc << seg_toc_band_bottom
         segtoc << format_head_toc.xhtml_close
-        segtoc.flatten!.compact!
+        segtoc=segtoc.flatten.compact #watch
         SiSU_EPUB::Source::Output.new(@md,segtoc).segtoc
         segtoc=[]
         @toc[:scr],@toc[:seg]=[],[]
@@ -666,7 +666,7 @@ module SiSU_EPUB
           filename_html_segtoc=@make.epub.xhtml_segtoc
           filename_html_index=@make.epub.xhtml_index
           @output.each do |para|
-            para.strip!
+            para=para.strip
             unless para =~/\A\s*\Z/
               filename_html_segtoc.puts para,"\n"
               filename_html_index.puts para,"\n"
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/epub_concordance.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/epub_concordance.rb
index 9c90d482..1106ec13 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/epub_concordance.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/epub_concordance.rb
@@ -213,46 +213,46 @@ WOK
             and toy !~/^0$/
               line.obj=line.obj.split(@rgx_splitlist).join(' ') #%take in word or other match
               for word in line.obj.scan(@rgx_scanlist) #%take in word or other match
-                word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}|#{Mx[:lnk_c]}|#{Mx[:url_o]}|#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'')
-                word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}/,'')
-                word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_c_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:fa_c]}/,'')
-                word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#[a-z]+#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'')
-                word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#[0-9]+#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'')
-                word.gsub!(/^\S$/,'')
+                word=word.gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}|#{Mx[:lnk_c]}|#{Mx[:url_o]}|#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'').
+                  gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}/,'').
+                  gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_c_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:fa_c]}/,'').
+                  gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#[a-z]+#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'').
+                  gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#[0-9]+#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'').
+                  gsub(/^\S$/,'')
                 word=nil if word.empty?
                 word=nil if word =~@rxp_excluded0 #watch
                 word=nil if word =~@rxp_excluded1 #watch
                 word=nil if word =~/^\S$/
                 if word
-                  word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_nl]}|#{Mx[:br_line]}/,' ')
-                  word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_o]}[a-z]{1,7}#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c_o]}[a-z]{1,7}#{Mx[:fa_c]}/,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}(?:[0-9a-f]{32}:[0-9a-f]{32}|[0-9a-f]{64}:[0-9a-f]{64})#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}(?:[0-9a-f]{32}|[0-9a-f]{64})#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(?:\d|[*+])*|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}(?:\d|[*+])*|#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/mi,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}/,''); word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_c_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:fa_c]}/,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/<\/?\S+?>/,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/^\@+/,'')
-                  word.strip!
-                  word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}.+/,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/[\.,;:"]$/,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/["]/,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/^\s*[\(]/,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/[\(]\s*$/,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/^(?:See|e\.?g\.?).+/,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/^\s*[.,;:]\s*/,'')
-                  word.strip!
-                  word.gsub!(/^\(?[a-zA-Z]\)$/,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/^\d+(st|nd|rd|th)$/,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/^(\d+\.?)+$/, '')
-                  word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}|#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/:name#\S+/,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/^\S$/,'')
+                  word=word.gsub(/#{Mx[:br_nl]}|#{Mx[:br_line]}/,' ').
+                    gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_o]}[a-z]{1,7}#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c_o]}[a-z]{1,7}#{Mx[:fa_c]}/,'').
+                    gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}(?:[0-9a-f]{32}:[0-9a-f]{32}|[0-9a-f]{64}:[0-9a-f]{64})#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'').
+                    gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}(?:[0-9a-f]{32}|[0-9a-f]{64})#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'').
+                    gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(?:\d|[*+])*|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}(?:\d|[*+])*|#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/mi,'').
+                    gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}/,'').gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_c_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:fa_c]}/,'').
+                    gsub(/<\/?\S+?>/,'').
+                    gsub(/^\@+/,'').
+                    strip.
+                    gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}.+/,'').
+                    gsub(/[\.,;:"]$/,'').
+                    gsub(/["]/,'').
+                    gsub(/^\s*[\(]/,'').
+                    gsub(/[\(]\s*$/,'').
+                    gsub(/^(?:See|e\.?g\.?).+/,'').
+                    gsub(/^\s*[.,;:]\s*/,'').
+                    strip.
+                    gsub(/^\(?[a-zA-Z]\)$/,'').
+                    gsub(/^\d+(st|nd|rd|th)$/,'').
+                    gsub(/^(\d+\.?)+$/, '').
+                    gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}|#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'').
+                    gsub(/:name#\S+/,'').
+                    gsub(/^\S$/,'')
                   word=nil if word =~/^\S$/
                   word=nil if word =~/^\s*$/ #watch
                   if word
                     unless word =~/[A-Z][A-Z]/ \
                     or word =~/\w+\s\w+/
-                      word.capitalize!
+                      word=word.capitalize
                     end
                     @freq[word] +=1
                     @word_map[word] ||= []
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/epub_format.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/epub_format.rb
index 3f7ea4d5..c1987fa0 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/epub_format.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/epub_format.rb
@@ -1493,12 +1493,12 @@ WOK
             m=(m.empty?) \
             ? (surname + other_names)
             : (m + '; ' + surname + ', ' + other_names)
-            m.gsub!(//,'>')
-            m.gsub!(/<br(?: \/)?>/,';')
+            m=m.gsub(//,'>').
+              gsub(/<br(?: \/)?>/,';')
           end
           x=@md.creator.author.dup
-          x.gsub!(//,'>')
-          x.gsub!(/<br(?: \/)?>/,'
')
+          x=x.gsub(//,'>').
+            gsub(/<br(?: \/)?>/,'
')
           %{\n    #{x}}
         else ''
         end
@@ -1515,12 +1515,12 @@ WOK
             m=(m.empty?) \
             ? (surname + other_names)
             : (m + '; ' + surname + ', ' + other_names)
-            m.gsub!(//,'>')
-            m.gsub!(/<br(?: \/)?>/,';')
+            m=m.gsub(//,'>').
+              gsub(/<br(?: \/)?>/,';')
           end
           x=@md.creator.editor.dup
-          x.gsub!(//,'>')
-          x.gsub!(/<br(?: \/)?>/,'
')
+          x=x.gsub(//,'>').
+            gsub(/<br(?: \/)?>/,'
')
           %{\n    #{x}}
         else ''
         end
@@ -1537,12 +1537,12 @@ WOK
             m=(m.empty?) \
             ? (surname + other_names)
             : (m + '; ' + surname + ', ' + other_names)
-            m.gsub!(//,'>')
-            m.gsub!(/<br(?: \/)?>/,';')
+            m=m.gsub(//,'>').
+              gsub(/<br(?: \/)?>/,';')
           end
           x=@md.creator.translator.dup
-          x.gsub!(//,'>')
-          x.gsub!(/<br(?: \/)?>/,'
')
+          x=x.gsub(//,'>').
+            gsub(/<br(?: \/)?>/,'
')
           %{\n    #{x}}
         else ''
         end
@@ -1559,28 +1559,28 @@ WOK
             m=(m.empty?) \
             ? (surname + other_names)
             : (m + '; ' + surname + ', ' + other_names)
-            m.gsub!(//,'>')
-            m.gsub!(/<br(?: \/)?>/,';')
+            m=m.gsub(//,'>').
+              gsub(/<br(?: \/)?>/,';')
           end
           x=@md.creator.illustrator.dup
-          x.gsub!(//,'>')
-          x.gsub!(/<br(?: \/)?>/,'
')
+          x=x.gsub(//,'>').
+            gsub(/<br(?: \/)?>/,'
')
           %{\n    #{x}}
         else ''
         end
         date_published=if defined? @md.date.published \
         and @md.date.published =~/\S+/
           x=@md.date.published.dup
-          x.gsub!(//,'>')
-          x.gsub!(/<br(?: \/)?>/,'
')
+          x=x.gsub(//,'>').
+            gsub(/<br(?: \/)?>/,'
')
           %{\n    #{x}}
         else ''
         end
         subject=if defined? @md.classify.subject \
         and @md.classify.subject =~/\S+/
           x=@md.classify.subject.dup
-          x.gsub!(//,'>')
-          x.gsub!(/<br(?: \/)?>/,'
')
+          x=x.gsub(//,'>').
+            gsub(/<br(?: \/)?>/,'
')
           %{\n    #{x}}
         else ''
         end
@@ -2177,7 +2177,7 @@ WOK
         end
       end
       if @txt and not @txt.empty?
-        @txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}[-~]##{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'')
+        @txt=@txt.gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}[-~]##{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'')
       end
       @p_num=ParagraphNumber.new(@md,@ocn)
       @vz=SiSU_Env::GetInit.instance.skin
@@ -2216,60 +2216,60 @@ WOK
 
 }
     end
-    def para_form_css(tag,attrib)                                                    # regular paragraphs shaped here
+    def para_form_css(tag,attrib,txt)                                                    # regular paragraphs shaped here
       ul=ulc=''
       ul,ulc="
    \n  ","\n  
" if @tag =~/li/
       %{
 

   #{@p_num.ocn_display}
   #{ul}<#{tag} class="#{attrib}" #{@p_num.id}>
-    #{@named}#{@txt}
+    #{@named}#{txt}
   #{ulc}
 

 }
     end
     def para
-      para_form_css('p','norm')
+      para_form_css('p','norm',@txt)
     end
     def group
-      para_form_css('p','group')
+      para_form_css('p','group',@txt)
     end
     def block
-      para_form_css('p','block')
+      para_form_css('p','block',@txt)
     end
     def alt
-      para_form_css('p','alt')
+      para_form_css('p','alt',@txt)
     end
     def verse
-      para_form_css('p','verse')
+      para_form_css('p','verse',@txt)
     end
     def code
-      para_form_css('p','code')
+      para_form_css('p','code',@txt)
     end
     def center
-      para_form_css('p','center')
+      para_form_css('p','center',@txt)
     end
     def bold
-      para_form_css('p','bold')
+      para_form_css('p','bold',@txt)
     end
     def bullet
-      para_form_css('li','bullet')
+      para_form_css('li','bullet',@txt)
     end
     def table
       @txt=if @t_o.obj !~/^
')
-      @txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_obj]}/,'

')
-      para_form_css('p','norm')
+      @txt=@txt.gsub(/#{Mx[:br_page_new]}|#{Mx[:br_page]}/,'

').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:br_obj]}/,'

')
+      para_form_css('p','norm',@txt)
     end
     def format(tag,attrib)
-      para_form_css(tag,attrib)
+      para_form_css(tag,attrib,@txt)
     end
     def title_heading(tag,attrib)
       %{
@@ -2298,8 +2298,8 @@ WOK
     def title_heading4
       ''
     end
-    def seg_heading_sub(tag,attrib)
-      @txt.gsub!(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ')
+    def seg_heading_sub(tag,attrib,txt)
+      txt=txt.gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ')
       %{
 

   #{@p_num.ocn_display}
@@ -2320,10 +2320,10 @@ WOK
 }
     end
     def seg_heading5
-      seg_heading_sub('p','bold')
+      seg_heading_sub('p','bold',@txt)
     end
     def seg_heading6
-      seg_heading_sub('p','bold')
+      seg_heading_sub('p','bold',@txt)
     end
     def dl #check :trailer
       "
#{@txt} #{@trailer}
"
@@ -2333,18 +2333,19 @@ WOK
     

   
'
     end
-    def gsub_body
-      case @txt
+    def gsub_body #unused
+      @txt=case @txt
       when /^(?:#{Mx[:pa_o]}i[1-9]#{Mx[:pa_c]}\s*)?\((i+|iv|v|vi+|ix|x|xi+)\)/
-        @txt.gsub!(/^\((i+|iv|v|vi+|ix|x|xi+)\)/,'(\1)')
-        @txt.gsub!(/^(#{Mx[:pa_o]}i[1-9]#{Mx[:pa_c]})\s*\((i+|iv|v|vi+|ix|x|xi+)\)/,'\1(\2)')
+        @txt.gsub(/^\((i+|iv|v|vi+|ix|x|xi+)\)/,'(\1)').
+          gsub(/^(#{Mx[:pa_o]}i[1-9]#{Mx[:pa_c]})\s*\((i+|iv|v|vi+|ix|x|xi+)\)/,'\1(\2)')
       when /^(?:#{Mx[:pa_o]}i[1-9]#{Mx[:pa_c]}\s*)?\(?(\d|[a-z])+\)/
-        @txt.gsub!(/^\((\d+|[a-z])+\)/,'(\1)')
-        @txt.gsub!(/^(#{Mx[:pa_o]}i[1-9]#{Mx[:pa_c]})\s*\((\d+|[a-z])+\)/,'\1(\2)')
+        @txt.gsub(/^\((\d+|[a-z])+\)/,'(\1)').
+          gsub(/^(#{Mx[:pa_o]}i[1-9]#{Mx[:pa_c]})\s*\((\d+|[a-z])+\)/,'\1(\2)')
       when /^\s*\d{1,3}\.\s/
-        @txt.gsub!(/^\s*(\d+\.)/,'\1')
+        @txt.gsub(/^\s*(\d+\.)/,'\1')
       when /^\s*[A-Z]\.\s/
-        @txt.gsub!(/^\s*([A-Z]\.)/,'\1')
+        @txt.gsub(/^\s*([A-Z]\.)/,'\1')
+      else @txt
       end
     end
     def bold_para
@@ -2356,9 +2357,9 @@ WOK
      
 #{@vz.table_close}}
     end
-    def bold_heading
-      @txt.gsub!(/[1-9]~\S+/,'')
-      @txt.gsub!(/[1-9]~/,'')
+    def bold_heading #unused
+      @txt=@txt.gsub(/[1-9]~\S+/,'').
+        gsub(/[1-9]~/,'')
       %{

     #{@txt}
   

@@ -2444,9 +2445,8 @@ WOK
 }
     end
     def clean(txt)
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'')
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'')
-      txt
+      txt=txt.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'')
     end
     def subtoc_lev(tag,attrib)
       @txt=clean(@txt)
@@ -2458,10 +2458,10 @@ WOK
       note=''
       if txt =~/(#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})/m # had \s* at end
         note=$1
-        note.gsub!(/[\n\s]+/m,' ')
-        txt.gsub!(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ')
-        txt.gsub!(/ \d+<\/sup> /m,'')
-        txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:nbsp]}\d+<\/sup>#{Mx[:nbsp]}/m,'') #remove
+        note=note.gsub(/[\n\s]+/m,' ')
+        txt=txt.gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ').
+          gsub(/ \d+<\/sup> /m,'').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:nbsp]}\d+<\/sup>#{Mx[:nbsp]}/m,'') #remove
       end
       %{<#{tag} class="#{attrib}">
     #{txt} #{note}
@@ -2473,8 +2473,8 @@ WOK
     def subtoc_lev6
       subtoc_lev('h6','subtoc') if @txt
     end
-    def heading_sub(tag,attrib)
-      @txt.gsub!(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ')
+    def heading_sub(tag,attrib,txt)
+      txt=txt.gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ')
       %{
 

   #{@p_num.ocn_display}
@@ -2496,10 +2496,10 @@ WOK
 }
     end
     def heading5
-      heading_sub('p','bold')
+      heading_sub('p','bold',@txt)
     end
     def heading6
-      heading_sub('p','bold')
+      heading_sub('p','bold',@txt)
     end
     def navigation_heading4
       %{
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/epub_segments.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/epub_segments.rb
index e8bc3f20..1119d8c8 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/epub_segments.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/epub_segments.rb
@@ -114,11 +114,10 @@ WOK
           filename_seg << @seg[:headings] << @seg[:main] << "\n\n"
         end
         filename_seg << @seg[:tail] << @seg[:nav] << @seg[:close]
-        filename_seg.flatten!.compact!
+        filename_seg=filename_seg.flatten.compact #watch
         filename_seg.each do |str|
           unless str =~/\A\s*\Z/
-            str.strip!
-            @output_epub_cont_seg << str
+            @output_epub_cont_seg << str.strip
           end
         end
         @output_epub_cont_seg.close
@@ -187,10 +186,10 @@ WOK
         #  #while dob.obj =~/href="#{Xx[:segment]}#+(\S+?)"/
         #  #  m=$1
         #  #  if map_nametags[m][:segname]
-        #  #    dob.obj.sub!(/href="#{Xx[:segment]}#+(\S+?)"/,%{href="#{map_nametags[m][:segname]}#{Sfx[:html]}#\\1"})
+        #  #    dob.obj=dob.obj.sub(/href="#{Xx[:segment]}#+(\S+?)"/,%{href="#{map_nametags[m][:segname]}#{Sfx[:html]}#\\1"})
         #  #  else
         #  #    p "NOT FOUND name_tags: #{m}"
-        #  #    dob.obj.sub!(/href="#{Xx[:segment]}#+(\S+?)"/,%{href="#\\1"}) # not satisfactory
+        #  #    dob.obj=dob.obj.sub(/href="#{Xx[:segment]}#+(\S+?)"/,%{href="#\\1"}) # not satisfactory
         #  #  end
         #  #end
         #end
@@ -329,7 +328,7 @@ WOK
         txt_obj={ txt: @@heading1, ocn_display: @p_num.ocn_display }
         format_seg=SiSU_EPUB_Format::FormatSeg.new(@md,txt_obj)
         @@seg[:headings] << format_seg.title_heading1.gsub(clean,'')
-        @@heading1.gsub!(/  [\d*+]+<\/sup> <\/a>/,'')
+        @@heading1=@@heading1.gsub(/  [\d*+]+<\/sup> <\/a>/,'')
       end
       if @@is2==1
         heading2=@@heading2
@@ -340,7 +339,7 @@ WOK
         txt_obj={ txt: heading2, ocn_display: @p_num.ocn_display }
         format_seg=SiSU_EPUB_Format::FormatSeg.new(@md,txt_obj)
         @@seg[:headings] << format_seg.title_heading2.gsub(clean,'')
-        @@heading2.gsub!(/  [\d*+]+<\/sup> <\/a>/,'')
+        @@heading2=@@heading2.gsub(/  [\d*+]+<\/sup> <\/a>/,'')
       end
       if @@is3==1
         heading3=@@heading3
@@ -351,7 +350,7 @@ WOK
         txt_obj={ txt: heading3, ocn_display: @p_num.ocn_display }
         format_seg=SiSU_EPUB_Format::FormatSeg.new(@md,txt_obj)
         @@seg[:headings] << format_seg.title_heading3.gsub(clean,'')
-        @@heading3.gsub!(/  [\d*+]+<\/sup> <\/a>/,'')
+        @@heading3=@@heading3.gsub(/  [\d*+]+<\/sup> <\/a>/,'')
       end
       if @@is4==1
         heading4=@@heading4
@@ -413,7 +412,7 @@ WOK
           sto.break
       end
       if @md.flag_separate_endnotes # may need to revisit, check
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/"\s+href="#note_ref(\d+)">/,%{" href=\"endnotes#{Sfx[:epub_xhtml]}#note_ref\\1">})       #endnote- twice #removed file type
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/"\s+href="#note_ref(\d+)">/,%{" href=\"endnotes#{Sfx[:epub_xhtml]}#note_ref\\1">})       #endnote- twice #removed file type
       end
       if dob.is =~/heading|para/ \
       and (not dob.ocn or dob.ocn.to_s.empty?)
@@ -464,7 +463,7 @@ WOK
     end
     def get_subtoc_endnotes(data) #get endnotes & sub-table of contents subtoc
       data.each do |dob|
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/(.+?)<\/a>/mi,'\1')
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(.+?)<\/a>/mi,'\1')
         if @md.flag_auto_endnotes
           if (dob.is=='heading' \
           || dob.is=='heading_insert') \
@@ -516,7 +515,7 @@ WOK
             if dob.obj=~/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}#{pls}\d+\s.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/m
               endnote_array << dob.obj.scan(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}#{pls}\d+\s.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/m)
             end
-            endnote_array.flatten! #.compact! #check compacting
+            endnote_array=endnote_array.flatten #.compact #check compacting
             endnote_array.each do |note|
               note_match=note.dup
               note_match_seg=note.dup
@@ -541,7 +540,7 @@ WOK
               note_match_all_seg=format_seg.endnote_seg_body(@@fn) #BUG WATCH 200408
               @@seg[:endnote_all] << note_match_all_seg
             end
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ')
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ')
           end
         end
       end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/epub_tune.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/epub_tune.rb
index 62bcc4e0..dfb19caf 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/epub_tune.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/epub_tune.rb
@@ -101,98 +101,97 @@ module SiSU_EPUB_Tune
         html
       else html.obj
       end
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(#[0-9]{3})#{Mx[:gl_c]}/u,'&\1;')
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#([a-z]{2,4})#{Mx[:gl_c]}/u,'&\1;')
-      str.gsub!(/\*/u,'*')   # *
-      str.gsub!(/\+/u,'+')   # +
-      str.gsub!(/¢/u,'¢')    # ¢
-      str.gsub!(/£/u,'£')   # £
-      str.gsub!(/¥/u,'¥')     # ¥
-      str.gsub!(/§/u,'§')    # §
-      str.gsub!(/©/u,'©')    # ©
-      str.gsub!(/ª/u,'ª')    # ª
-      str.gsub!(/«/u,'«')   # «
-      str.gsub!(/®/u,'®')     # ®
-      str.gsub!(/°/u,'°')     # °
-      str.gsub!(/±/u,'±')  # ±
-      str.gsub!(/²/u,'²')    # ²
-      str.gsub!(/³/u,'³')    # ³
-      str.gsub!(/µ/u,'µ')   # µ
-      str.gsub!(/¶/u,'¶')    # ¶
-      str.gsub!(/¹/u,'¹')    # ¹
-      str.gsub!(/º/u,'º')    # º
-      str.gsub!(/»/u,'»')   # »
-      str.gsub!(/¼/u,'¼')  # ¼
-      str.gsub!(/½/u,'½')  # ½
-      str.gsub!(/¾/u,'¾')  # ¾
-      str.gsub!(/×/u,'×')   # ×
-      str.gsub!(/÷/u,'÷')  # ÷
-      str.gsub!(/¿/u,'¿')  # ¿
-      str.gsub!(/À/u,'À')  # À
-      str.gsub!(/Á/u,'Á')  # Á
-      str.gsub!(/Â/u,'Â')   # Â
-      str.gsub!(/Ã/u,'Ã')  # Ã
-      str.gsub!(/Ä/u,'Ä')    # Ä
-      str.gsub!(/Å/u,'Å')   # Å
-      str.gsub!(/Æ/u,'Æ')   # Æ
-      str.gsub!(/Ç/u,'Ç')  # Ç
-      str.gsub!(/È/u,'È')  # È
-      str.gsub!(/É/u,'É')  # É
-      str.gsub!(/Ê/u,'Ê')   # Ê
-      str.gsub!(/Ë/u,'Ë')    # Ë
-      str.gsub!(/Ì/u,'Ì')  # Ì
-      str.gsub!(/Í/u,'Í')  # Í
-      str.gsub!(/Î/u,'Î')   # Î
-      str.gsub!(/Ï/u,'Ï')    # Ï
-      str.gsub!(/Ð/u,'Ð')     # Ð
-      str.gsub!(/Ñ/u,'Ñ')  # Ñ
-      str.gsub!(/Ò/u,'Ò')  # Ò
-      str.gsub!(/Ó/u,'Ó')  # Ó
-      str.gsub!(/Ô/u,'Ô')   # Ô
-      str.gsub!(/Õ/u,'Õ')  # Õ
-      str.gsub!(/Ö/u,'Ö')    # Ö
-      str.gsub!(/Ø/u,'Ø')  # Ø
-      str.gsub!(/Ù/u,'Ù')  # Ù
-      str.gsub!(/Ú/u,'Ú')  # Ú
-      str.gsub!(/Û/u,'Û')   # Û
-      str.gsub!(/Ü/u,'Ü')    # Ü
-      str.gsub!(/Ý/u,'Ý')  # Ý
-      str.gsub!(/Þ/u,'Þ')   # Þ
-      str.gsub!(/ß/u,'ß')   # ß
-      str.gsub!(/à/u,'à')  # à
-      str.gsub!(/á/u,'á')  # á
-      str.gsub!(/â/u,'â')   # â
-      str.gsub!(/ã/u,'ã')  # ã
-      str.gsub!(/ä/u,'ä')    # ä
-      str.gsub!(/å/u,'å')   # å
-      str.gsub!(/æ/u,'æ')   # æ
-      str.gsub!(/ç/u,'ç')  # ç
-      str.gsub!(/è/u,'è')  # è
-      str.gsub!(/é/u,'é')  # é
-      str.gsub!(/ê/u,'ê')   # ê
-      str.gsub!(/ë/u,'ë')    # ë
-      str.gsub!(/ì/u,'ì')  # ì
-      str.gsub!(/í/u,'í')  # í
-      str.gsub!(/î/u,'î')   # î
-      str.gsub!(/ï/u,'ï')    # ï
-      str.gsub!(/ð/u,'ð')     # ð
-      str.gsub!(/ñ/u,'ñ')  # ñ
-      str.gsub!(/ò/u,'ò')  # ò
-      str.gsub!(/ó/u,'ó')  # ó
-      str.gsub!(/ô/u,'ô')   # ô
-      str.gsub!(/õ/u,'õ')  # õ
-      str.gsub!(/ö/u,'ö')    # ö
-      str.gsub!(/ø/u,'ø')  # ø
-      str.gsub!(/ù/u,'ù')  # ú
-      str.gsub!(/ú/u,'ú')  # û
-      str.gsub!(/û/u,'û')   # ü
-      str.gsub!(/ü/u,'ü')    # ý
-      str.gsub!(/þ/u,'þ')   # þ
-      str.gsub!(/ÿ/u,'ÿ')    # ÿ
-      str.gsub!(/ý/u,'ý')
-      str.gsub!(/
/u,'
')
-      str.gsub(/#{Mx[:nbsp]}/u,' ')
-      str
+      str=str.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(#[0-9]{3})#{Mx[:gl_c]}/u,'&\1;').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#([a-z]{2,4})#{Mx[:gl_c]}/u,'&\1;').
+        gsub(/\*/u,'*').   # *
+        gsub(/\+/u,'+').   # +
+        gsub(/¢/u,'¢').    # ¢
+        gsub(/£/u,'£').   # £
+        gsub(/¥/u,'¥').     # ¥
+        gsub(/§/u,'§').    # §
+        gsub(/©/u,'©').    # ©
+        gsub(/ª/u,'ª').    # ª
+        gsub(/«/u,'«').   # «
+        gsub(/®/u,'®').     # ®
+        gsub(/°/u,'°').     # °
+        gsub(/±/u,'±').  # ±
+        gsub(/²/u,'²').    # ²
+        gsub(/³/u,'³').    # ³
+        gsub(/µ/u,'µ').   # µ
+        gsub(/¶/u,'¶').    # ¶
+        gsub(/¹/u,'¹').    # ¹
+        gsub(/º/u,'º').    # º
+        gsub(/»/u,'»').   # »
+        gsub(/¼/u,'¼').  # ¼
+        gsub(/½/u,'½').  # ½
+        gsub(/¾/u,'¾').  # ¾
+        gsub(/×/u,'×').   # ×
+        gsub(/÷/u,'÷').  # ÷
+        gsub(/¿/u,'¿').  # ¿
+        gsub(/À/u,'À').  # À
+        gsub(/Á/u,'Á').  # Á
+        gsub(/Â/u,'Â').   # Â
+        gsub(/Ã/u,'Ã').  # Ã
+        gsub(/Ä/u,'Ä').    # Ä
+        gsub(/Å/u,'Å').   # Å
+        gsub(/Æ/u,'Æ').   # Æ
+        gsub(/Ç/u,'Ç').  # Ç
+        gsub(/È/u,'È').  # È
+        gsub(/É/u,'É').  # É
+        gsub(/Ê/u,'Ê').   # Ê
+        gsub(/Ë/u,'Ë').    # Ë
+        gsub(/Ì/u,'Ì').  # Ì
+        gsub(/Í/u,'Í').  # Í
+        gsub(/Î/u,'Î').   # Î
+        gsub(/Ï/u,'Ï').    # Ï
+        gsub(/Ð/u,'Ð').     # Ð
+        gsub(/Ñ/u,'Ñ').  # Ñ
+        gsub(/Ò/u,'Ò').  # Ò
+        gsub(/Ó/u,'Ó').  # Ó
+        gsub(/Ô/u,'Ô').   # Ô
+        gsub(/Õ/u,'Õ').  # Õ
+        gsub(/Ö/u,'Ö').    # Ö
+        gsub(/Ø/u,'Ø').  # Ø
+        gsub(/Ù/u,'Ù').  # Ù
+        gsub(/Ú/u,'Ú').  # Ú
+        gsub(/Û/u,'Û').   # Û
+        gsub(/Ü/u,'Ü').    # Ü
+        gsub(/Ý/u,'Ý').  # Ý
+        gsub(/Þ/u,'Þ').   # Þ
+        gsub(/ß/u,'ß').   # ß
+        gsub(/à/u,'à').  # à
+        gsub(/á/u,'á').  # á
+        gsub(/â/u,'â').   # â
+        gsub(/ã/u,'ã').  # ã
+        gsub(/ä/u,'ä').    # ä
+        gsub(/å/u,'å').   # å
+        gsub(/æ/u,'æ').   # æ
+        gsub(/ç/u,'ç').  # ç
+        gsub(/è/u,'è').  # è
+        gsub(/é/u,'é').  # é
+        gsub(/ê/u,'ê').   # ê
+        gsub(/ë/u,'ë').    # ë
+        gsub(/ì/u,'ì').  # ì
+        gsub(/í/u,'í').  # í
+        gsub(/î/u,'î').   # î
+        gsub(/ï/u,'ï').    # ï
+        gsub(/ð/u,'ð').     # ð
+        gsub(/ñ/u,'ñ').  # ñ
+        gsub(/ò/u,'ò').  # ò
+        gsub(/ó/u,'ó').  # ó
+        gsub(/ô/u,'ô').   # ô
+        gsub(/õ/u,'õ').  # õ
+        gsub(/ö/u,'ö').    # ö
+        gsub(/ø/u,'ø').  # ø
+        gsub(/ù/u,'ù').  # ú
+        gsub(/ú/u,'ú').  # û
+        gsub(/û/u,'û').   # ü
+        gsub(/ü/u,'ü').    # ý
+        gsub(/þ/u,'þ').   # þ
+        gsub(/ÿ/u,'ÿ').    # ÿ
+        gsub(/ý/u,'ý').
+        gsub(/
/u,'
').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:nbsp]}/u,' ')
     end
   end
   class Tune
@@ -224,23 +223,23 @@ module SiSU_EPUB_Tune
     def markup
       @tuned_file=[]
       @data.each do |dob|
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}#([a-zA-Z]+)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'&\1;')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}(#[0-9]+)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'&\1;')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,'
') unless dob.is=='table'
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'\1')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'\1')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'\1')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'\1')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,'\1')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'\1')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,'\1')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,'\1')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_monospace_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_monospace_c]}/,'\1') # tt, kbd
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}:name#(\S+?)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/^#{Mx[:gl_bullet]}/m,'●  ')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:nbsp]}/,' ')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/<(p|br)>/,'<\1 />')
-        dob=SiSU_EPUB_Tune::CleanXHTML.new(dob).clean
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}#([a-zA-Z]+)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'&\1;').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}(#[0-9]+)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'&\1;')
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,'
') unless dob.is=='table'
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'\1').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'\1').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'\1').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'\1').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,'\1').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'\1').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,'\1').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,'\1').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_monospace_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_monospace_c]}/,'\1'). # tt, kbd
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}:name#(\S+?)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'').
+          gsub(/^#{Mx[:gl_bullet]}/m,'●  ').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:nbsp]}/,' ').
+          gsub(/<(p|br)>/,'<\1 />')
+        dob.obj=SiSU_EPUB_Tune::CleanXHTML.new(dob.obj).clean
         @tuned_file << dob
       end
     end
@@ -272,29 +271,32 @@ module SiSU_EPUB_Tune
               %{#{caption}}
             else %{#{caption}}
             end
-            word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|image)/,ins)
+            word=word.gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|image)/,ins)
           else
             link=m[/(.+)/m]
             png=m.scan(/\S+/)[0].strip
             link=link.strip
-            u.sub!(/^#*/,'') #make neater
+            u=u.sub(/^#*/,'') #make neater
             if map_nametags[u] \
             and map_nametags[u][:segname]
-              if u=~/^\d+$/
-                u.gsub!(/^(\d+)$/,"#{map_nametags[u][:segname]}#{Sfx[:xhtml]}#o\\1") if u !~/\// unless http_
-              else
-                u.gsub!(/(\S+)/,"#{map_nametags[u][:segname]}#{Sfx[:xhtml]}#\\1") if u !~/\// unless http_
+              u=unless http_
+                u=if u=~/^\d+$/
+                  u.gsub(/^(\d+)$/,"#{map_nametags[u][:segname]}#{Sfx[:xhtml]}#o\\1") if u !~/\//
+                else
+                  u.gsub(/(\S+)/,"#{map_nametags[u][:segname]}#{Sfx[:xhtml]}#\\1") if u !~/\//
+                end
+              else u
               end
             elsif u =~/^:/
-              u.gsub!(/^:/,"#{@env.url.root}/")
+              u=u.gsub(/^:/,"#{@env.url.root}/")
             elsif u =~/^\.\.\//
-              u.gsub!(/^\.\.\//,"#{@env.url.root}/")
+              u=u.gsub(/^\.\.\//,"#{@env.url.root}/")
             elsif u =~/https?:\/\//
             else p "NOT FOUND name_tags: #{u}"
             end
             ins=%{#{link}}
-            word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}/,ins)
-            word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:rel_c]}/,ins)
+            word=word.gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}/,ins).
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:rel_c]}/,ins)
           end
           word
         else word
@@ -309,56 +311,57 @@ module SiSU_EPUB_Tune
       data.each do |dob|
         unless dob.is=='code'
           if dob.obj =~/<::\s+/ #watch
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/<::\s+(\S+?)\s+!>/,
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/<::\s+(\S+?)\s+!>/,
               %{\\1})
           end
           if dob.obj =~/<:image\s+/
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/<:image\s+(http\S+)\s+(\S+)\s+(\S+)\s+(\S+)\s+>/,
-              %{})
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/<:image\s+(http\S+)\s+(\S+)\s+>/,
-              %{})
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/<:image\s+(\S+)\s+(\S+)\s+(\S+)\s+>/,
-              %{})
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/<:image\s+(\S+)\s+>/,
-              %{})
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/<:image\s+(http\S+)\s+(\S+)\s+(\S+)\s+(\S+)\s+>/,
+                %{}).
+              gsub(/<:image\s+(http\S+)\s+(\S+)\s+>/,
+                %{}).
+              gsub(/<:image\s+(\S+)\s+(\S+)\s+(\S+)\s+>/,
+                %{}).
+              gsub(/<:image\s+(\S+)\s+>/,
+                %{})
           end
           if dob.obj =~/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|#{Mx[:rel_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:rel_c]}|image)/
             @word_mode=dob.obj.scan(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|#{Mx[:rel_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:rel_c]}|image)[()\[\]]*[,.;:!?'"]{0,2}|(?:#{Mx[:gl_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:gl_c]})+|[^#{Mx[:lnk_o]}#{Mx[:lnk_c]}]+/mu)
             words=urls(@word_mode)
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/.+/m,words)
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/.+/m,words)
           end
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/\\copyright/i,%{©})
-          if (dob.obj !~/\<:ad\s+\.\.\//)
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/\<:ad\s+(\S+)?\s+(\S+\.png)\s+(.+)?\;\s+(.+)?\;\s*!\>/,
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/\\copyright/i,%{©})
+          dob.obj=if (dob.obj !~/\<:ad\s+\.\.\//)
+            dob.obj.gsub(/\<:ad\s+(\S+)?\s+(\S+\.png)\s+(.+)?\;\s+(.+)?\;\s*!\>/,
               %{\n
\\3
\n})
           else
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/\<:ad\s+(\S+)?\s+(\S+\.png)\s+(.+)?\;\s+(.+)?\;\s*\>/,
+            dob.obj.gsub(/\<:ad\s+(\S+)?\s+(\S+\.png)\s+(.+)?\;\s+(.+)?\;\s*\>/,
               %{\n
\\3
\n})
           end
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/!pick/,%{stellar})
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/!new/,%{ new})
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/<:h(.{1,7}?)>/,'\1')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/<:to(\d{1,7}?)>/,'to { \1 } ')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1') #http ftp matches escaped, no decoration
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}([a-zA-Z0-9._-]+\@\S+?\.[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,%{#{@brace_url.xml_open}\\1#{@brace_url.xml_close}})
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,%{#{@brace_url.xml_open}\\1#{@brace_url.xml_close}}) #http ftp matches with decoration
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/!pick/,%{stellar}).
+            gsub(/!new/,%{ new}).
+            gsub(/<:h(.{1,7}?)>/,'\1').
+            gsub(/<:to(\d{1,7}?)>/,'to { \1 } ').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1'). #http ftp matches escaped, no decoration
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}([a-zA-Z0-9._-]+\@\S+?\.[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,%{#{@brace_url.xml_open}\\1#{@brace_url.xml_close}}).
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,%{#{@brace_url.xml_open}\\1#{@brace_url.xml_close}}) #http ftp matches with decoration
           if dob.obj =~/..\/\S+/ \
           and dob.obj !~/(\"..\/\S+?\"|>\s*..\/\S+<)/
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/(\.\.\/\S+)/,'\1')
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(\.\.\/\S+)/,'\1')
           end
-          dob.obj.gsub!(//m,'>')
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(//m,'>')
         end
         @tuned_file << dob
       end
     end
     def amp_html
-      data=@data
+      data,data_new=@data,[]
       data.each do |dob|
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/&/u,'&')
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/&/u,'&')
+        data_new << dob
       end
-      data
+      data_new
     end
     def endnotes_html
       data=@data
@@ -367,23 +370,23 @@ module SiSU_EPUB_Tune
       ast,pls='*','+'
       data.each do |dob|
         unless dob.is =~/^code/
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(#{Mx[:en_a_o]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]})(\d+)\s+(.+?)(#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_c]})/,
-            %{#{Mx[:nbsp]}#{Mx[:nbsp]}\\2#{Mx[:nbsp]} } +  #note- endnote-
-            %{\\1\\2 #{Mx[:nbsp]}\\2. \\3 \\4}) #endnote- note- (careful may have switched)
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(#{Mx[:en_b_o]})[*](\d+)\s+(.+?)(#{Mx[:en_b_c]})/,
-            %{#{Mx[:nbsp]}#{Mx[:nbsp]}#{ast}\\2#{Mx[:nbsp]} } +  #note- endnote-
-            %{\\1#{ast}\\2 #{Mx[:nbsp]}#{ast}\\2. \\3 \\4}) #endnote- note- (careful may have switched)
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(#{Mx[:en_b_o]})[+](\d+)\s+(.+?)(#{Mx[:en_b_c]})/,
-            %{#{Mx[:nbsp]}#{Mx[:nbsp]}#{pls}\\2#{Mx[:nbsp]} } +  #note- endnote-
-            %{\\1#{pls}\\2 #{Mx[:nbsp]}#{pls}\\2. \\3 \\4}) #endnote- note- (careful may have switched) # double-check there may here be a bug
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(#{Mx[:en_a_o]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]})(\d+)\s+(.+?)(#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_c]})/,
+              %{#{Mx[:nbsp]}#{Mx[:nbsp]}\\2#{Mx[:nbsp]} } +  #note- endnote-
+              %{\\1\\2 #{Mx[:nbsp]}\\2. \\3 \\4}). #endnote- note- (careful may have switched)
+            gsub(/(#{Mx[:en_b_o]})[*](\d+)\s+(.+?)(#{Mx[:en_b_c]})/,
+              %{#{Mx[:nbsp]}#{Mx[:nbsp]}#{ast}\\2#{Mx[:nbsp]} } +  #note- endnote-
+              %{\\1#{ast}\\2 #{Mx[:nbsp]}#{ast}\\2. \\3 \\4}). #endnote- note- (careful may have switched)
+            gsub(/(#{Mx[:en_b_o]})[+](\d+)\s+(.+?)(#{Mx[:en_b_c]})/,
+              %{#{Mx[:nbsp]}#{Mx[:nbsp]}#{pls}\\2#{Mx[:nbsp]} } +  #note- endnote-
+              %{\\1#{pls}\\2 #{Mx[:nbsp]}#{pls}\\2. \\3 \\4}) #endnote- note- (careful may have switched) # double-check there may here be a bug
           if dob.obj =~/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([*+]+)\s+.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/
             m=$1.length.to_i
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/(#{Mx[:en_a_o]})[*]+\s+(.+?)(#{Mx[:en_a_c]})/,
-              %{#{Mx[:nbsp]}#{Mx[:nbsp]}#{ast*m}#{Mx[:nbsp]} } +  #note- endnote-
-              %{\\1#{ast*m} #{Mx[:nbsp]}#{ast*m} \\2 \\3}) #endnote- note- (careful may have switched)
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/(#{Mx[:en_a_o]})([+]+)\s+(.+?)(#{Mx[:en_a_c]})/,
-              %{#{Mx[:nbsp]}#{Mx[:nbsp]}#{pls*m}#{Mx[:nbsp]} } +  #note- endnote-
-              %{\\1#{pls*m} #{Mx[:nbsp]}#{pls*m} \\2 \\3}) #endnote- note- (careful may have switched)
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(#{Mx[:en_a_o]})[*]+\s+(.+?)(#{Mx[:en_a_c]})/,
+                %{#{Mx[:nbsp]}#{Mx[:nbsp]}#{ast*m}#{Mx[:nbsp]} } +  #note- endnote-
+                %{\\1#{ast*m} #{Mx[:nbsp]}#{ast*m} \\2 \\3}). #endnote- note- (careful may have switched)
+              gsub(/(#{Mx[:en_a_o]})([+]+)\s+(.+?)(#{Mx[:en_a_c]})/,
+                %{#{Mx[:nbsp]}#{Mx[:nbsp]}#{pls*m}#{Mx[:nbsp]} } +  #note- endnote-
+                %{\\1#{pls*m} #{Mx[:nbsp]}#{pls*m} \\2 \\3}) #endnote- note- (careful may have switched)
           end
         end
         @tuned_file << dob
@@ -393,8 +396,7 @@ module SiSU_EPUB_Tune
       data=@data
       @tuned_file=[]
       data.each do |dob|
-        dob.obj.strip!
-        dob.obj.chomp!
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.strip.chomp
         @tuned_file << dob
       end
       @tuned_file << "\n" if (@md.fns =~/\.sst0/) #remove
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/harvest_authors.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/harvest_authors.rb
index 3d3c2378..fa6934a5 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/harvest_authors.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/harvest_authors.rb
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ module SiSU_Harvest_Authors
       else
         #p "missing author field: #{@filename} title: #{@title}; author: #{@author_format}"
       end
-      idx_array[lang].flatten!
+      idx_array[lang]=idx_array[lang].flatten
       idx_array
     end
   end
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ module SiSU_Harvest_Authors
         @@the_idx_authors[lang] ||= {}
         idx_array.each do |idx|
           idx[:author][:last_first_format_a].each do |author|
-            author.strip!
+            author=author.strip
             if @@the_idx_authors[lang][author].class==NilClass
               @@the_idx_authors[lang][author]={ md: [] }
             end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/harvest_topics.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/harvest_topics.rb
index 6bdc7e12..504e0a4d 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/harvest_topics.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/harvest_topics.rb
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ module SiSU_Harvest_Topics
           g=@idx_list.scan(/[^;]+/)
           idxl=[]
           g.each do |i|
-            i.strip!
+            i=i.strip
             idxl << { filename: filename, file: file, rough_idx: i, title: @fulltitle, author: creator, page: page, lang: lang  }
           end
           idxl
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ module SiSU_Harvest_Topics
       else
         p "missing required field in #{@filename} - [title]: <<#{@title}>>; [author]: <<#{@author_format}>>; [idx]: <<#{@idx_list}>>" if @opt.cmd.inspect =~/[VM]/
       end
-      idx_array[lang].flatten!
+      idx_array[lang]=idx_array[lang].flatten
       idx_array
     end
   end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/html.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/html.rb
index 3006ff95..2c249348 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/html.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/html.rb
@@ -488,8 +488,8 @@ WOK
       end
       def level_crosslink
         dob=@data
-        if dob !~/^4~!/
-          dob.gsub!(/^4~!\s+(\S+)\s+(.+)/,
+        dob=if dob !~/^4~!/
+          dob.gsub(/^4~!\s+(\S+)\s+(.+)/,
             %{

   
     #{@png.crosslink_ext}
@@ -498,7 +498,7 @@ WOK
   

 })
         else
-          dob.gsub!(/^4~!\s+(\S+)\s+(.+)/,
+          dob.gsub(/^4~!\s+(\S+)\s+(.+)/,
             %{

   
     
@@ -521,7 +521,7 @@ WOK
         SiSU_Screen::Ansi.new(@md.opt.cmd,'Scroll & Segtoc').txt_grey if @md.opt.cmd =~/[MVv]/
         format_head_toc=SiSU_HTML_Format::HeadToc.new(@md)
         dochead=format_head_toc.head
-        dochead.gsub!(/toc\.(html)/,'doc.\1') #kludge
+        dochead=dochead.gsub(/toc\.(html)/,'doc.\1') #kludge
         ads=SiSU_HTML_Promo::Ad.new(@md)
         toc_shared << dochead << ads.div.major
         @segtoc << format_head_toc.head << ads.div.major
@@ -584,7 +584,7 @@ WOK
         @segtoc << @seg_toc_band_bottom
         ads=SiSU_HTML_Promo::Ad.new(@md)
         @segtoc << format_head_toc.seg_navigation_tail << ads.div.close << ads.display << format_head_toc.html_close
-        @segtoc.flatten!.compact!
+        @segtoc=@segtoc.flatten.compact #watch
         SiSU_HTML::Source::Output.new(@segtoc,@md).segtoc
         @segtoc=[]
         @toc[:scr],@toc[:seg]=[],[]
@@ -603,7 +603,7 @@ WOK
         scroll=[]
         hr='
'
         scroll << @scr_toc << '
' << hr << @scr_body << @scr_endnotes << hr << @scr_owner_details << '
' << @scr_tails
-        scroll.flatten!.compact!
+        scroll=scroll.flatten.compact #watch
       end
     end
     class Seg < SiSU_HTML_Seg::Seg
@@ -617,12 +617,12 @@ WOK
         begin
           @filename_html_scroll=@file.write_file.html_scroll
           @data.each do |para|
-            para.strip!
-            para.gsub!(/<:.+?>/,'')
-            para.gsub!(Xx[:html_relative2],@file.path_rel_links.html_scroll_2)
-            para.gsub!(Xx[:html_relative1],@file.path_rel_links.html_scroll_1)
-            #para.gsub!(/#{Xx[:html_relative]}/,@file.path_rel_links.html_scroll)
-            para.gsub!(/#{Rx[:mx_fa_clean]}/,'')
+            para=para.strip.
+              gsub(/<:.+?>/,'').
+              gsub(Xx[:html_relative2],@file.path_rel_links.html_scroll_2).
+              gsub(Xx[:html_relative1],@file.path_rel_links.html_scroll_1).
+             #gsub(/#{Xx[:html_relative]}/,@file.path_rel_links.html_scroll).
+              gsub(/#{Rx[:mx_fa_clean]}/,'')
             unless para =~/\A\s*\Z/
               @filename_html_scroll.puts para,"\n"
             end
@@ -635,10 +635,10 @@ WOK
         begin
           @filename_html_segtoc=@file.write_file.html_segtoc
           @data.each do |para|
-            para.strip!
-            para.gsub!(//,'')
-            para.gsub!(Xx[:html_relative2],@file.path_rel_links.html_seg_2)
-            para.gsub!(Xx[:html_relative1],@file.path_rel_links.html_seg_1)
+            para=para.strip.
+              gsub(//,'').
+              gsub(Xx[:html_relative2],@file.path_rel_links.html_seg_2).
+              gsub(Xx[:html_relative1],@file.path_rel_links.html_seg_1)
             unless para =~/\A\s*\Z/
               @filename_html_segtoc.puts para,"\n"
             end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/html_format.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/html_format.rb
index be4427ac..fdf7f568 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/html_format.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/html_format.rb
@@ -75,14 +75,14 @@ module SiSU_HTML_Format
       or @skin_no_ocn
         ocn_class='ocn_off'
         @ocn.gsub(/^(\d+|)$/,
-        %{})
+          %{})
       elsif @ocn.to_i==0
         @ocn.gsub(/^(\d+|)$/,
-        %{ })
+          %{})
       else
         ocn_class='ocn'
         @ocn.gsub(/^(\d+|)$/,
-        %{})
+          %{})
       end
     end
     def name
@@ -653,7 +653,7 @@ WOK
         @file=SiSU_Env::FileOp.new(@md) if @md
         if @file.output_dir_structure.by_language_code? \
         or @file.output_dir_structure.by_filetype?
-          nxt.gsub!(/sisu_manifest\.html/,"../../manifest/#{@file.base_filename.manifest}")
+          nxt=nxt.gsub(/sisu_manifest\.html/,"../../manifest/#{@file.base_filename.manifest}")
         end
       end
       %{
@@ -715,7 +715,7 @@ WOK
         @file=SiSU_Env::FileOp.new(@md) if @md
         if @file.output_dir_structure.by_language_code? \
         or @file.output_dir_structure.by_filetype?
-          nxt.gsub!(/sisu_manifest\.html/,"../../manifest/#{@file.base_filename.manifest}")
+          nxt=nxt.gsub(/sisu_manifest\.html/,"../../manifest/#{@file.base_filename.manifest}")
         end
       end
       %{

@@ -974,7 +974,7 @@ WOK
       end
       @headnamed= (@headname ? %{} : nil)
       if @txt and not @txt.empty?
-        @txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}[-~]##{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'')
+        @txt=@txt.gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}[-~]##{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'')
       end
       @p_num=ParagraphNumber.new(@md,@ocn)
       @vz=SiSU_Env::GetInit.instance.skin
@@ -1081,8 +1081,8 @@ WOK
       para_form_css('p','norm')
     end
     def break
-      @txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_page_new]}|#{Mx[:br_page]}/,'

')
-      @txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_obj]}/,'

')
+      @txt=@txt.gsub(/#{Mx[:br_page_new]}|#{Mx[:br_page]}/,'

').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:br_obj]}/,'

')
       para_form_css('p','norm')
     end
     def format(tag,attrib)
@@ -1141,7 +1141,7 @@ WOK
       ''
     end
     def seg_heading_sub(tag,attrib)
-      @txt.gsub!(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ')
+      @txt=@txt.gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ')
       %{
 

   #{@p_num.ocn_display}
@@ -1176,15 +1176,16 @@ WOK
   
'
     end
     def gsub_body #fix
-      case @txt
+      @txt=case @txt
       when /^\((i+|iv|v|vi+|ix|x|xi+)\)/
-        @txt.gsub!(/^\((i+|iv|v|vi+|ix|x|xi+)\)/,'(\1)')
+        @txt.gsub(/^\((i+|iv|v|vi+|ix|x|xi+)\)/,'(\1)')
       when /^\(?(\d|[a-z])+\)/
-        @txt.gsub!(/^\((\d+|[a-z])+\)/,'(\1)')
+        @txt.gsub(/^\((\d+|[a-z])+\)/,'(\1)')
       when /^\s*\d{1,3}\.\s/
-        @txt.gsub!(/^\s*(\d+\.)/,'\1')
+        @txt.gsub(/^\s*(\d+\.)/,'\1')
       when /^\s*[A-Z]\.\s/
-        @txt.gsub!(/^\s*([A-Z]\.)/,'\1')
+        @txt.gsub(/^\s*([A-Z]\.)/,'\1')
+      else @txt
       end
     end
     def bold_para
@@ -1197,8 +1198,8 @@ WOK
 #{@vz.table_close}}
     end
     def bold_heading
-      @txt.gsub!(/[1-9]~(\S+)/,'')
-      @txt.gsub!(/[1-9]~/,'')
+      @txt=@txt.gsub(/[1-9]~(\S+)/,'').
+        gsub(/[1-9]~/,'')
       %{

     #{@txt}
   

@@ -1286,8 +1287,8 @@ WOK
 }
     end
     def clean(txt)
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'')
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'')
+      txt=txt.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'')
       txt
     end
     def subtoc_lev(tag,attrib)
@@ -1300,9 +1301,9 @@ WOK
       note=''
       if txt =~/(#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})/m # had \s* at end
         note=$1
-        note.gsub!(/[\n\s]+/m,' ')
-        txt.gsub!(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ')
-        txt.gsub!(/ \d+<\/sup> /m,'')
+        note=note.gsub(/[\n\s]+/m,' ')
+        txt=txt.gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ').
+          gsub(/ \d+<\/sup> /m,'')
       end
       %{<#{tag} class="#{attrib}">
     #{txt} #{note}
@@ -1315,7 +1316,7 @@ WOK
       subtoc_lev('h6','subtoc') if @txt
     end
     def heading_sub(tag,attrib)
-      @txt.gsub!(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ')
+      @txt=@txt.gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ')
       %{
 

   #{@p_num.ocn_display}
@@ -1407,7 +1408,7 @@ WOK
       lev('h0','toc')
     end
     def strip_endnotes(txt)
-      txt.gsub!(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ')
+      txt=txt.gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ')
       txt
     end
     def mini_lev1
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/html_minitoc.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/html_minitoc.rb
index 96ef5d75..d70fa7e1 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/html_minitoc.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/html_minitoc.rb
@@ -75,10 +75,10 @@
         @toc=[]
         @data.each do |txt|
           if (txt.is =='heading' or txt.is =='heading_insert')
-            txt.obj.gsub!(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}).+?(?:#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_c]})/m,'') #remove endnotes from toc
-            txt.obj.gsub!(/ \d+<\/sup> <\/a>/,'')
-            txt.obj.gsub!(@pat_strip_heading_name,'\1')
-            txt.obj.gsub(/(.*?)<\/a>(.*)/,'\1') #2002w42 altered gsub! - problematic? - suspect
+            txt.obj=txt.obj.gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}).+?(?:#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_c]})/m,''). #remove endnotes from toc
+              gsub(/ \d+<\/sup> <\/a>/,'').
+              gsub(@pat_strip_heading_name,'\1')
+              #gsub(/(.*?)<\/a>(.*)/,'\1') #2002w42 altered gsub - problematic? - suspect
             toc=case txt.ln
             when 1; SiSU_HTML_MiniToc::TocMini.new(@md,txt).level_1
             when 2; SiSU_HTML_MiniToc::TocMini.new(@md,txt).level_2
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@
         txt=@data
         if (txt.is =='heading' or txt.is =='heading_insert') \
         and txt.ocn !=0
-          txt.obj.gsub!(@pat_strip_heading_name,'\1')
+          txt.obj=txt.obj.gsub(@pat_strip_heading_name,'\1')
         end
         title=unless txt.obj =~/Document Information/; txt.obj
         else
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@
         txt=@data
         if (txt.is =='heading' or txt.is =='heading_insert') \
         and txt.ocn !=0
-          txt.obj.gsub!(@pat_strip_heading_name,'\1')
+          txt.obj=txt.obj.gsub(@pat_strip_heading_name,'\1')
         end
         txt_obj={ txt: txt.obj }
         format_toc=SiSU_HTML_Format::FormatToc.new(@md,txt_obj)
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@
         txt=@data
         if (txt.is =='heading' or txt.is =='heading_insert') \
         and txt.ocn !=0
-          txt.obj.gsub!(@pat_strip_heading_name,'\1')
+          txt.obj=txt.obj.gsub(@pat_strip_heading_name,'\1')
         end
         toc={}
           lnk_n_txt=%{  
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@
         txt=@data
         if (txt.is =='heading' or txt.is =='heading_insert') \
         and txt.ocn !=0
-          txt.obj.gsub!(@pat_strip_heading_name,'\1')
+          txt.obj=txt.obj.gsub(@pat_strip_heading_name,'\1')
         end
         toc={}
           lnk_n_txt=%{  
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/html_scroll.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/html_scroll.rb
index f540b104..89f88b04 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/html_scroll.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/html_scroll.rb
@@ -81,14 +81,14 @@ module SiSU_HTML_Scroll
       @rcdc=false
       @scr={ body: [], metadata: [], owner_details: [] }
       data.each do |dob|
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{@md.file.output_path.html_seg.rel_image}/m,@md.file.output_path.html_scroll.rel_image)
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{@md.file.output_path.html_seg.rel_image}/m,@md.file.output_path.html_scroll.rel_image)
         if defined? dob.name and dob.name =~/^meta/ \
         and dob.obj =~/Document Information/
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(Document Information(?: \(metadata\))?)/,'\1')
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(Document Information(?: \(metadata\))?)/,'\1')
         end
         if dob.obj =~/^Metadata$/ \
         and dob.lv =='B'
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Metadata/,'')
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/Metadata/,'')
         end
         if defined? dob.name \
         and dob.name =~/^metadata/ \
@@ -96,11 +96,11 @@ module SiSU_HTML_Scroll
         and dob.obj =~/SiSU Metadata, document information/
           @rcdc=true
         end
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/href="[a-z0-9._-]+(#\S+?")/m,'href="\1') # internal document links
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/href="#{Xx[:segment]}/m,'href="')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:\s*#{Mx[:br_page]}\s*|\s*#{Mx[:br_page_new]}\s*)+/m,'
')
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/href="[a-z0-9._-]+(#\S+?")/m,'href="\1'). # internal document links
+          gsub(/href="#{Xx[:segment]}/m,'href="').
+          gsub(/(?:\s*#{Mx[:br_page]}\s*|\s*#{Mx[:br_page_new]}\s*)+/m,'
')
         if dob.obj !~/(^#{Rx[:meta]}|#{Mx[:br_eof]})/
-          unless dob.is =~/^code/; dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ')
+          unless dob.is =~/^code/; dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ')
           end
           if defined? dob.ocn
             @p_num=SiSU_HTML_Format::ParagraphNumber.new(@md,dob.ocn)
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ module SiSU_HTML_Scroll
               sto.heading_body4
               book_idx=SiSU_Particulars::CombinedSingleton.instance.get_idx_html(@md.opt).html_idx
               book_idx.each do |x| #takes book index prepared for segments and strips segment identifying info
-                x.gsub!(/(\1(?:-\d+)?)<\/a>/,'\2')
+                x=x.gsub(/(\1(?:-\d+)?)<\/a>/,'\2')
               end
               book_idx.join("\n")
             #elsif dob.ln==4 \
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/html_segments.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/html_segments.rb
index 20ab0726..ba825ae4 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/html_segments.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/html_segments.rb
@@ -106,12 +106,12 @@ module SiSU_HTML_Seg
           filename_seg << @minitoc << @seg[:headings] << @seg[:main] << "\n
\n"
         end
         filename_seg << @seg[:tail] << @seg[:tocband_bannerless] << @seg[:credits]
-        filename_seg.flatten!.compact!
+        filename_seg=filename_seg.flatten.compact #watch
         filename_seg.each do |str|
           unless str =~/\A\s*\Z/
-            str.strip!
-            str.gsub!(Xx[:html_relative2],@file.path_rel_links.html_seg_2)
-            str.gsub!(Xx[:html_relative1],@file.path_rel_links.html_seg_1)
+            str=str.strip.
+              gsub(Xx[:html_relative2],@file.path_rel_links.html_seg_2).
+              gsub(Xx[:html_relative1],@file.path_rel_links.html_seg_1)
             @output_seg_file << str
           end
         end
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ module SiSU_HTML_Seg
         txt_obj={ txt: @@heading1, ocn_display: @p_num.ocn_display }
         format_seg=SiSU_HTML_Format::FormatSeg.new(@md,txt_obj)
         @@seg[:headings] << format_seg.title_heading1.gsub(clean,'')
-        @@heading1.gsub!(/  [\d*+]+<\/sup> <\/a>/,'')
+        @@heading1=@@heading1.gsub(/  [\d*+]+<\/sup> <\/a>/,'')
       end
       if @@is2==1
         heading2=@@heading2
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ module SiSU_HTML_Seg
         txt_obj={ txt: heading2, ocn_display: @p_num.ocn_display }
         format_seg=SiSU_HTML_Format::FormatSeg.new(@md,txt_obj)
         @@seg[:headings] << format_seg.title_heading2.gsub(clean,'')
-        @@heading2.gsub!(/  [\d*+]+<\/sup> <\/a>/,'')
+        @@heading2=@@heading2.gsub(/  [\d*+]+<\/sup> <\/a>/,'')
       end
       if @@is3==1
         heading3=@@heading3
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ module SiSU_HTML_Seg
         txt_obj={ txt: heading3, ocn_display: @p_num.ocn_display }
         format_seg=SiSU_HTML_Format::FormatSeg.new(@md,txt_obj)
         @@seg[:headings] << format_seg.title_heading3.gsub(clean,'')
-        @@heading3.gsub!(/  [\d*+]+<\/sup> <\/a>/,'')
+        @@heading3=@@heading3.gsub(/  [\d*+]+<\/sup> <\/a>/,'')
       end
       if @@is4==1
         heading4=@@heading4
@@ -421,13 +421,13 @@ module SiSU_HTML_Seg
           sto.break
         end
         if @md.flag_separate_endnotes
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/"\s+href="#_(\d+)">/,%{" href=\"endnotes#{Sfx[:html]}#_\\1">})       #endnote- twice #removed file type
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/"\s+href="#_(\d+)">/,%{" href=\"endnotes#{Sfx[:html]}#_\\1">})       #endnote- twice #removed file type
         end
         if dob.obj !~/#{@vz.margin_txt_w1}|#{@vz.margin_txt_w2}/
           if dob.is =~/heading|para/ and (not dob.ocn or dob.ocn.to_s.empty?)
             format_seg=SiSU_HTML_Format::FormatSeg.new(@md,dob)
           end
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/\s*(-\{{2}~\d+|<:e[:_]\d+>).*/,'')                   #potentially dagerous - removes all paragraphs with  #?? workpoint
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/\s*(-\{{2}~\d+|<:e[:_]\d+>).*/,'')                   #potentially dagerous - removes all paragraphs with  #?? workpoint
           if dob.obj =~/ /                #endnote- note-
             format_seg=SiSU_HTML_Format::FormatSeg.new(@md,dob)
             dob=format_seg.no_paranum
@@ -471,7 +471,7 @@ module SiSU_HTML_Seg
     end
     def get_subtoc_endnotes(data) #get endnotes & sub-table of contents subtoc
       data.each do |dob|
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/(.+?)<\/a>/mi,'\1')
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(.+?)<\/a>/mi,'\1')
         if @md.flag_auto_endnotes
           if (dob.is=='heading' or dob.is=='heading_insert') \
           and dob.ln.to_s =~/^[1234]/ \
@@ -523,7 +523,7 @@ module SiSU_HTML_Seg
             if dob.obj=~/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}[+]\d+\s.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/m
               endnote_array << dob.obj.scan(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}[+]\d+\s.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/m)
             end
-            endnote_array.flatten!.compact! #check compacting
+            endnote_array=endnote_array.flatten.compact #watch, check compacting
             endnote_array.each do |note|
               note_match=note.dup
               note_match_seg=note.dup
@@ -548,7 +548,7 @@ module SiSU_HTML_Seg
               note_match_all_seg=format_seg.endnote_seg_body(@@fn) #BUG WATCH 200408
               @@seg[:endnote_all] << note_match_all_seg
             end
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ')
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ')
           end
         end
       end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/html_tune.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/html_tune.rb
index 1b5cca4d..fab17b78 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/html_tune.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/html_tune.rb
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ module SiSU_HTML_Tune
       data=[]
       @data.each do |x|
         unless x.obj.empty?
-          x.obj.strip!
+          x.obj=x.obj.strip
           data << x
         end
       end
@@ -106,94 +106,93 @@ module SiSU_HTML_Tune
         html
       else html.obj
       end
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(#[0-9]{3})#{Mx[:gl_c]}/u,'&\1;')
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#([a-z]{2,4})#{Mx[:gl_c]}/u,'&\1;')
-      str.gsub!(/¢/u,'¢')    # ¢
-      str.gsub!(/£/u,'£')   # £
-      str.gsub!(/¥/u,'¥')     # ¥
-      str.gsub!(/§/u,'§')    # §
-      str.gsub!(/©/u,'©')    # ©
-      str.gsub!(/ª/u,'ª')    # ª
-      str.gsub!(/«/u,'«')   # «
-      str.gsub!(/®/u,'®')     # ®
-      str.gsub!(/°/u,'°')     # °
-      str.gsub!(/±/u,'±')  # ±
-      str.gsub!(/²/u,'²')    # ²
-      str.gsub!(/³/u,'³')    # ³
-      str.gsub!(/µ/u,'µ')   # µ
-      str.gsub!(/¶/u,'¶')    # ¶
-      str.gsub!(/¹/u,'¹')    # ¹
-      str.gsub!(/º/u,'º')    # º
-      str.gsub!(/»/u,'»')   # »
-      str.gsub!(/¼/u,'¼')  # ¼
-      str.gsub!(/½/u,'½')  # ½
-      str.gsub!(/¾/u,'¾')  # ¾
-      str.gsub!(/×/u,'×')   # ×
-      str.gsub!(/÷/u,'÷')  # ÷
-      str.gsub!(/¿/u,'¿')  # ¿
-      str.gsub!(/À/u,'À')  # À
-      str.gsub!(/Á/u,'Á')  # Á
-      str.gsub!(/Â/u,'Â')   # Â
-      str.gsub!(/Ã/u,'Ã')  # Ã
-      str.gsub!(/Ä/u,'Ä')    # Ä
-      str.gsub!(/Å/u,'Å')   # Å
-      str.gsub!(/Æ/u,'Æ')   # Æ
-      str.gsub!(/Ç/u,'Ç')  # Ç
-      str.gsub!(/È/u,'È')  # È
-      str.gsub!(/É/u,'É')  # É
-      str.gsub!(/Ê/u,'Ê')   # Ê
-      str.gsub!(/Ë/u,'Ë')    # Ë
-      str.gsub!(/Ì/u,'Ì')  # Ì
-      str.gsub!(/Í/u,'Í')  # Í
-      str.gsub!(/Î/u,'Î')   # Î
-      str.gsub!(/Ï/u,'Ï')    # Ï
-      str.gsub!(/Ð/u,'Ð')     # Ð
-      str.gsub!(/Ñ/u,'Ñ')  # Ñ
-      str.gsub!(/Ò/u,'Ò')  # Ò
-      str.gsub!(/Ó/u,'Ó')  # Ó
-      str.gsub!(/Ô/u,'Ô')   # Ô
-      str.gsub!(/Õ/u,'Õ')  # Õ
-      str.gsub!(/Ö/u,'Ö')    # Ö
-      str.gsub!(/Ø/u,'Ø')  # Ø
-      str.gsub!(/Ù/u,'Ù')  # Ù
-      str.gsub!(/Ú/u,'Ú')  # Ú
-      str.gsub!(/Û/u,'Û')   # Û
-      str.gsub!(/Ü/u,'Ü')    # Ü
-      str.gsub!(/Ý/u,'Ý')  # Ý
-      str.gsub!(/Þ/u,'Þ')   # Þ
-      str.gsub!(/ß/u,'ß')   # ß
-      str.gsub!(/à/u,'à')  # à
-      str.gsub!(/á/u,'á')  # á
-      str.gsub!(/â/u,'â')   # â
-      str.gsub!(/ã/u,'ã')  # ã
-      str.gsub!(/ä/u,'ä')    # ä
-      str.gsub!(/å/u,'å')   # å
-      str.gsub!(/æ/u,'æ')   # æ
-      str.gsub!(/ç/u,'ç')  # ç
-      str.gsub!(/è/u,'è')  # è
-      str.gsub!(/é/u,'é')  # é
-      str.gsub!(/ê/u,'ê')   # ê
-      str.gsub!(/ë/u,'ë')    # ë
-      str.gsub!(/ì/u,'ì')  # ì
-      str.gsub!(/í/u,'í')  # í
-      str.gsub!(/î/u,'î')   # î
-      str.gsub!(/ï/u,'ï')    # ï
-      str.gsub!(/ð/u,'ð')     # ð
-      str.gsub!(/ñ/u,'ñ')  # ñ
-      str.gsub!(/ò/u,'ò')  # ò
-      str.gsub!(/ó/u,'ó')  # ó
-      str.gsub!(/ô/u,'ô')   # ô
-      str.gsub!(/õ/u,'õ')  # õ
-      str.gsub!(/ö/u,'ö')    # ö
-      str.gsub!(/ø/u,'ø')  # ø
-      str.gsub!(/ù/u,'ù')  # ú
-      str.gsub!(/ú/u,'ú')  # û
-      str.gsub!(/û/u,'û')   # ü
-      str.gsub!(/ü/u,'ü')    # ý
-      str.gsub!(/þ/u,'þ')   # þ
-      str.gsub!(/ÿ/u,'ÿ')    # ÿ
-      str.gsub!(/ý/u,'ý')
-      str
+      str=str.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(#[0-9]{3})#{Mx[:gl_c]}/u,'&\1;').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#([a-z]{2,4})#{Mx[:gl_c]}/u,'&\1;').
+        gsub(/¢/u,'¢').    # ¢
+        gsub(/£/u,'£').   # £
+        gsub(/¥/u,'¥').     # ¥
+        gsub(/§/u,'§').    # §
+        gsub(/©/u,'©').    # ©
+        gsub(/ª/u,'ª').    # ª
+        gsub(/«/u,'«').   # «
+        gsub(/®/u,'®').     # ®
+        gsub(/°/u,'°').     # °
+        gsub(/±/u,'±').  # ±
+        gsub(/²/u,'²').    # ²
+        gsub(/³/u,'³').    # ³
+        gsub(/µ/u,'µ').   # µ
+        gsub(/¶/u,'¶').    # ¶
+        gsub(/¹/u,'¹').    # ¹
+        gsub(/º/u,'º').    # º
+        gsub(/»/u,'»').   # »
+        gsub(/¼/u,'¼').  # ¼
+        gsub(/½/u,'½').  # ½
+        gsub(/¾/u,'¾').  # ¾
+        gsub(/×/u,'×').   # ×
+        gsub(/÷/u,'÷').  # ÷
+        gsub(/¿/u,'¿').  # ¿
+        gsub(/À/u,'À').  # À
+        gsub(/Á/u,'Á').  # Á
+        gsub(/Â/u,'Â').   # Â
+        gsub(/Ã/u,'Ã').  # Ã
+        gsub(/Ä/u,'Ä').    # Ä
+        gsub(/Å/u,'Å').   # Å
+        gsub(/Æ/u,'Æ').   # Æ
+        gsub(/Ç/u,'Ç').  # Ç
+        gsub(/È/u,'È').  # È
+        gsub(/É/u,'É').  # É
+        gsub(/Ê/u,'Ê').   # Ê
+        gsub(/Ë/u,'Ë').    # Ë
+        gsub(/Ì/u,'Ì').  # Ì
+        gsub(/Í/u,'Í').  # Í
+        gsub(/Î/u,'Î').   # Î
+        gsub(/Ï/u,'Ï').    # Ï
+        gsub(/Ð/u,'Ð').     # Ð
+        gsub(/Ñ/u,'Ñ').  # Ñ
+        gsub(/Ò/u,'Ò').  # Ò
+        gsub(/Ó/u,'Ó').  # Ó
+        gsub(/Ô/u,'Ô').   # Ô
+        gsub(/Õ/u,'Õ').  # Õ
+        gsub(/Ö/u,'Ö').    # Ö
+        gsub(/Ø/u,'Ø').  # Ø
+        gsub(/Ù/u,'Ù').  # Ù
+        gsub(/Ú/u,'Ú').  # Ú
+        gsub(/Û/u,'Û').   # Û
+        gsub(/Ü/u,'Ü').    # Ü
+        gsub(/Ý/u,'Ý').  # Ý
+        gsub(/Þ/u,'Þ').   # Þ
+        gsub(/ß/u,'ß').   # ß
+        gsub(/à/u,'à').  # à
+        gsub(/á/u,'á').  # á
+        gsub(/â/u,'â').   # â
+        gsub(/ã/u,'ã').  # ã
+        gsub(/ä/u,'ä').    # ä
+        gsub(/å/u,'å').   # å
+        gsub(/æ/u,'æ').   # æ
+        gsub(/ç/u,'ç').  # ç
+        gsub(/è/u,'è').  # è
+        gsub(/é/u,'é').  # é
+        gsub(/ê/u,'ê').   # ê
+        gsub(/ë/u,'ë').    # ë
+        gsub(/ì/u,'ì').  # ì
+        gsub(/í/u,'í').  # í
+        gsub(/î/u,'î').   # î
+        gsub(/ï/u,'ï').    # ï
+        gsub(/ð/u,'ð').     # ð
+        gsub(/ñ/u,'ñ').  # ñ
+        gsub(/ò/u,'ò').  # ò
+        gsub(/ó/u,'ó').  # ó
+        gsub(/ô/u,'ô').   # ô
+        gsub(/õ/u,'õ').  # õ
+        gsub(/ö/u,'ö').    # ö
+        gsub(/ø/u,'ø').  # ø
+        gsub(/ù/u,'ù').  # ú
+        gsub(/ú/u,'ú').  # û
+        gsub(/û/u,'û').   # ü
+        gsub(/ü/u,'ü').    # ý
+        gsub(/þ/u,'þ').   # þ
+        gsub(/ÿ/u,'ÿ').    # ÿ
+        gsub(/ý/u,'ý')
     end
   end
   class Tune
@@ -266,15 +265,15 @@ module SiSU_HTML_Tune
               %{#{caption}}
             else %{#{caption}}
             end
-            word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|image)/,ins)
+            word=word.gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|image)/,ins)
           else
             link=m[/(.+)/m]
             png=m.scan(/\S+/)[0].strip
             link=link.strip
-            u.gsub!(/(\S+)/,"#{Xx[:segment]}#\\1") if u !~/\// unless http_ #marker: in scroll remove; in seg replace
+            u=u.gsub(/(\S+)/,"#{Xx[:segment]}#\\1") if u !~/\// unless http_ #marker: in scroll remove; in seg replace
             ins=%{#{link}}
-            word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}/,ins)
-            word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:rel_c]}/,ins)
+            word=word.gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}/,ins).
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:rel_c]}/,ins)
           end
           word
         else word
@@ -288,74 +287,74 @@ module SiSU_HTML_Tune
         if dob.obj =~/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|#{Mx[:rel_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:rel_c]}|image)/
           @word_mode=dob.obj.scan(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|#{Mx[:rel_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:rel_c]}|image)[()\[\]]*[,.;:!?'"]{0,2}|(?:#{Mx[:gl_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:gl_c]})+|[^#{Mx[:lnk_o]}#{Mx[:lnk_c]}]+/mu)
           words=urls(@word_mode)
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/.+/m,words)
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/.+/m,words)
         end #consider change, do a while loop
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\\copyright/i,%{©})
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/\\copyright/i,%{©})
         if (dob.obj !~/\<:ad\s+\.\.\//)
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/\<:ad\s+(\S+)?\s+(\S+\.png)\s+(.+)?\;\s+(.+)?\;\s*!\>/,
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/\<:ad\s+(\S+)?\s+(\S+\.png)\s+(.+)?\;\s+(.+)?\;\s*!\>/,
             %{\n
\\3
\n})
         else
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/\<:ad\s+(\S+)?\s+(\S+\.png)\s+(.+)?\;\s+(.+)?\;\s*\>/,
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/\<:ad\s+(\S+)?\s+(\S+\.png)\s+(.+)?\;\s+(.+)?\;\s*\>/,
             %{\n
\\3
\n})
         end
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/!pick/,%{stellar})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/!new/,%{ new})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/<:h(.{1,7}?)>/,'\1')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/<:to(\d{1,7}?)>/,'to { \1 } ')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1') #http ftp matches escaped, no decoration
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}([a-zA-Z0-9._-]+\@\S+?\.[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,%{#{@brace_url.xml_open}\\1#{@brace_url.xml_close}})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,%{#{@brace_url.xml_open}\\1#{@brace_url.xml_close}}) #http ftp matches with decoration
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/!pick/,%{stellar}).
+          gsub(/!new/,%{ new}).
+          gsub(/<:h(.{1,7}?)>/,'\1').
+          gsub(/<:to(\d{1,7}?)>/,'to { \1 } ').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1'). #http ftp matches escaped, no decoration
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}([a-zA-Z0-9._-]+\@\S+?\.[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,%{#{@brace_url.xml_open}\\1#{@brace_url.xml_close}}).
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,%{#{@brace_url.xml_open}\\1#{@brace_url.xml_close}}) #http ftp matches with decoration
         if dob.obj =~/#{Xx[:html_relative2]}\/\S+/ \
         and dob.obj !~/(\"#{Xx[:html_relative2]}\/\S+?\"|>\s*#{Xx[:html_relative2]}\/\S+<)/
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(#{Xx[:html_relative2]}\/\S+)/,'\1')
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(#{Xx[:html_relative2]}\/\S+)/,'\1')
         end
         if dob.obj =~/..\/\S+/ \
         and dob.obj !~/(\"..\/\S+?\"|>\s*..\/\S+<)/
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/\.\.(\/\S+)/,%{\1})
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/\.\.(\/\S+)/,%{\1})
         end
-        dob.obj.gsub!(//m,'>')
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(//m,'>')
       end
       dob
     end
     def angle_brackets(dob)
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/<([a-z:\/]+)>/,"#{Dx[:lt_xml]}\\1#{Dx[:gt_xml]}")
+      dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/<([a-z:\/]+)>/,"#{Dx[:lt_xml]}\\1#{Dx[:gt_xml]}")
       dob
     end
     def endnotes_html(dob)
       unless dob.is =~/^code/
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/(#{Mx[:en_a_o]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]})(\d+)\s+(.+?)(#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_c]})/,
-          '  \2  ' + #note- endnote-
-          '\1\2  \2. \3 \4')   #endnote- note- (careful may have switched)
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/(#{Mx[:en_b_o]})([*+]\d+)\s+(.+?)(#{Mx[:en_b_c]})/,
-          '  \2  ' + #note- endnote-
-          '\1\2  \2. \3 \4')   #endnote- note- (careful may have switched)
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/(#{Mx[:en_a_o]})([*+]+)\s+(.+?)(#{Mx[:en_a_c]})/,
-          '  \2  ' + #note- endnote-
-          '\1\2  \2 \3 \4')    #endnote- note- (careful may have switched)
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(#{Mx[:en_a_o]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]})(\d+)\s+(.+?)(#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_c]})/,
+            '  \2  ' + #note- endnote-
+            '\1\2  \2. \3 \4').   #endnote- note- (careful may have switched)
+          gsub(/(#{Mx[:en_b_o]})([*+]\d+)\s+(.+?)(#{Mx[:en_b_c]})/,
+            '  \2  ' + #note- endnote-
+            '\1\2  \2. \3 \4').   #endnote- note- (careful may have switched)
+          gsub(/(#{Mx[:en_a_o]})([*+]+)\s+(.+?)(#{Mx[:en_a_c]})/,
+            '  \2  ' + #note- endnote-
+            '\1\2  \2 \3 \4')    #endnote- note- (careful may have switched)
       end
       dob
     end
     def markup(dob)
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}#([a-zA-Z]+)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'&\1;')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}(#[0-9]+)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'&\1;')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,'
') unless dob.is=='table'
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'\1')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'\1')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'\1')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'\1')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,'\1')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'\1')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,'\1')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,'\1')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_monospace_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_monospace_c]}/,'\1') # tt, kbd
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}:name#(\S+?)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/^#{Mx[:gl_bullet]}/m,'●  ')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:nbsp]}/,' ')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/<(p|br)>/,'<\1 />')
+      dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}#([a-zA-Z]+)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'&\1;').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}(#[0-9]+)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'&\1;')
+      dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,'
') unless dob.is=='table'
+      dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'\1').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'\1').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'\1').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'\1').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,'\1').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'\1').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,'\1').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,'\1').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_monospace_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_monospace_c]}/,'\1'). # tt, kbd
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}:name#(\S+?)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'').
+        gsub(/^#{Mx[:gl_bullet]}/m,'●  ').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:nbsp]}/,' ').
+        gsub(/<(p|br)>/,'<\1 />')
       dob=SiSU_HTML_Tune::CleanHTML.new(dob).clean
       dob
     end
@@ -363,8 +362,7 @@ module SiSU_HTML_Tune
       data=@data
       @tuned_file=[]
       data.each do |dob|
-        dob.obj.strip!
-        dob.obj.chomp!
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.strip.chomp
         @tuned_file << dob
       end
       @tuned_file << "\n" if (@md.fns =~/\.sst0/) #remove
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/manifest.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/manifest.rb
index 253b01d9..3310fa98 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/manifest.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/manifest.rb
@@ -117,8 +117,8 @@ module SiSU_Manifest
       def output
         manifest=@f.write_file.manifest
         @manifest[:html].each do |x|
-          x.gsub!(Xx[:html_relative2],@f.path_rel_links.html_scroll_2)
-          x.gsub!(Xx[:html_relative1],@f.path_rel_links.html_scroll_1)
+          x=x.gsub(Xx[:html_relative2],@f.path_rel_links.html_scroll_2).
+            gsub(Xx[:html_relative1],@f.path_rel_links.html_scroll_1)
           manifest << x
         end
       end
@@ -180,8 +180,7 @@ module SiSU_Manifest
           end
         end
         manifests
-        @m.uniq!
-        @m
+        @m=@m.uniq
       end
       def languages(id,file)
         flv=published_manifests?
@@ -201,7 +200,7 @@ module SiSU_Manifest
         end
       end
       def metadata(id,info)
-        info.to_s.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_line]}/,'
')
+        info=info.to_s.gsub(/#{Mx[:br_line]}/,'
')
         @manifest[:html] << %{\n}
       end
       def links(url,lnk,target)
@@ -772,8 +771,8 @@ WOK
           if @env.manifest_minitoc?
             if @env.output_dir_structure.by_language_code? \
             or @env.output_dir_structure.by_filetype?
-              minitoc.gsub!(//,'')                                           # remove dummy headings (used by html) #check
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'^\1^')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,'[\1]')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'++\1++')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,'--\1--')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,'"\1"')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_monospace_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_monospace_c]}/,'\1')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/\A\s*#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}#{Mx[:br_line]}([,.:!?](?: |$))?/m,"#{Mx[:br_line]}.I \\1\\2#{Mx[:br_line]}")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/\s*#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}([,.:!?](?: |$))?/m,"#{Mx[:br_line]}.I \\1\\2#{Mx[:br_line]}")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/\A\s*#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}([,.:!?](?: |$))?#{Mx[:br_line]}/m,"#{Mx[:br_line]}.BI \\1\\2#{Mx[:br_line]}")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/\s*#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}([,.:!?](?: |$))?/,"#{Mx[:br_line]}.B \\1\\2#{Mx[:br_line]}")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/\s*#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}([,.:!?](?: |$))?/,"#{Mx[:br_line]}.I \\1\\2#{Mx[:br_line]}")
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/.+?<-#>/,'').                                           # remove dummy headings (used by html) #check
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'^\1^').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,'[\1]').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'++\1++').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,'--\1--').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,'"\1"').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_monospace_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_monospace_c]}/,'\1').
+            gsub(/\A\s*#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}#{Mx[:br_line]}([,.:!?](?: |$))?/m,"#{Mx[:br_line]}.I \\1\\2#{Mx[:br_line]}").
+            gsub(/\s*#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}([,.:!?](?: |$))?/m,"#{Mx[:br_line]}.I \\1\\2#{Mx[:br_line]}").
+            gsub(/\A\s*#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}([,.:!?](?: |$))?#{Mx[:br_line]}/m,"#{Mx[:br_line]}.BI \\1\\2#{Mx[:br_line]}").
+            gsub(/\s*#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}([,.:!?](?: |$))?/,"#{Mx[:br_line]}.B \\1\\2#{Mx[:br_line]}").
+            gsub(/\s*#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}([,.:!?](?: |$))?/,"#{Mx[:br_line]}.I \\1\\2#{Mx[:br_line]}")
           unless dob.is=='code'
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:^|\s)#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}([,.:!?](?: |$))?/,"\\1 #{@brace_url.txt_open}\\2#{@brace_url.txt_close}\\3")
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s)#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}([,.:!?](?: |$))?/,"\\1#{@brace_url.txt_open}\\2#{@brace_url.txt_close}\\3")
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(?:^|\s)#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}([,.:!?](?: |$))?/,"\\1 #{@brace_url.txt_open}\\2#{@brace_url.txt_close}\\3").
+              gsub(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s)#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}([,.:!?](?: |$))?/,"\\1#{@brace_url.txt_open}\\2#{@brace_url.txt_close}\\3")
             @manpage[:endnotes]=extract_endnotes(dob.obj)
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([\d*+]+)\s*(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/m,'[^\1]') # endnote marker marked up
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([\d*+]+)\s*(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/m,'[^\1]') # endnote marker marked up
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#amp#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'&') ##{Mx[:gl_o]}#095#{Mx[:gl_c]}
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#033#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'!')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#035#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'#')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#042#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'*')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#045#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'-')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#092#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\e')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#047#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'/')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#095#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'_')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#123#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'{')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#125#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'}')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#126#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'~')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#169#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'©')
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([\d*+]+)\s*(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/m,'[^\1]'). # endnote marker marked up
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([\d*+]+)\s*(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/m,'[^\1]'). # endnote marker marked up
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#amp#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'&'). ##{Mx[:gl_o]}#095#{Mx[:gl_c]}
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#033#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'!').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#035#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'#').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#042#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'*').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#045#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'-').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#092#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\e').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#047#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'/').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#095#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'_').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#123#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'{').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#125#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'}').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#126#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'~').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#169#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'©')
           else
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/\\/,'\e')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]})\s*/,"\n\n")                                   # watch
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/\\/,'\e').
+              gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]})\s*/,"\n\n")                                   # watch
             #dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]})+\s*/,"\n")                                   # watch
           end
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(^| |#{Mx[:nbsp]}|\s|\*)\\\*/,'\1\\\\\*') #man page requires
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/┆/,'|')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/\s\.(\S+)/,' \\.\1')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(\n\.)(\S\S\S+)/m,'\1\\.\2')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/-/,'\-') #manpages use this
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/~/,'~') if dob.obj #manpages use this
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(^| |#{Mx[:nbsp]}|\s|\*)\\\*/,'\1\\\\\*'). #man page requires
+            gsub(/┆/,'|').
+            gsub(/\s\.(\S+)/,' \\.\1').
+            gsub(/(\n\.)(\S\S\S+)/m,'\1\\.\2').
+            gsub(/-/,'\-') #manpages use this
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/~/,'~') if dob.obj #manpages use this
           if dob.is =~/block|group|verse|alt|code/
             if dob.is =='code'
-              dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|[^}])_([<>])/m,'\1\2') # _> _<
-              dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|[^}])_([<>])/m,'\1\2') # _<_<
-              dob.obj.gsub!(/\A(.+)?\Z/m,".nf\n\n\\1\n\n.fi")
+              dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(^|[^}])_([<>])/m,'\1\2'). # _> _<
+                gsub(/(^|[^}])_([<>])/m,'\1\2'). # _<_<
+                gsub(/\A(.+)?\Z/m,".nf\n\n\\1\n\n.fi")
             end
           end
           #dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]})+\s*/m,"\n.br\n")                                   # watch
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]})+\s*/m,"\n\n")                                   # watch
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]})+\s*/m,"\n\n")                                   # watch
           blit=dob.obj.scan(/\[[^\]]+\]|[^\[]+/)
           blit_array=[]
           blit.each do |x|
-            if x =~/^\[/
-              x.gsub!(/\s+/,' \ ') #manpages use this
+            x=if x =~/^\[/
+              x.gsub(/\s+/,' \ ') #manpages use this
             else x
             end
             blit_array << x
           end
           dob.obj=blit_array.join
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}:name#\S+?#{Mx[:gl_c]}/mi,'') #added
-          #dob.obj.gsub!(/\s\\\s+(#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]})/,'\1') #a messy solution
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_page]}\s*|#{Mx[:br_page_new]}/,'')                                         # remove page breaks
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s)#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1\2')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(.+?)<\/a>/m,'\1')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}name#\S+?#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'')                                     # remove name links
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ |#{Mx[:nbsp]}/,' ')                                          # decide on
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\s*(\S+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif)) .+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'    [ \1 ]') #"[ #{dir.url.images_local}\/\\1 ]")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\s*(\S+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif)) .+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}image/,'    [ \1 ]') #"[ #{dir.url.images_local}\/\\1 ]")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/^(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\s*\S+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif)\s+.+?"(.*?)"\s*#{Mx[:lnk_c]}\S+/,'[image: "\1"]')
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}:name#\S+?#{Mx[:gl_c]}/mi,''). #added
+          #gsub(/\s\\\s+(#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]})/,'\1'). #a messy solution
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:br_page]}\s*|#{Mx[:br_page_new]}/,'').                                         # remove page breaks
+            gsub(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s)#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1\2').
+            gsub(/(.+?)<\/a>/m,'\1').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}name#\S+?#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'').                                     # remove name links
+            gsub(/ |#{Mx[:nbsp]}/,' ').                                          # decide on
+            gsub(/(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\s*(\S+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif)) .+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'    [ \1 ]'). #"[ #{dir.url.images_local}\/\\1 ]")
+            gsub(/(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\s*(\S+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif)) .+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}image/,'    [ \1 ]'). #"[ #{dir.url.images_local}\/\\1 ]")
+            gsub(/^(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\s*\S+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif)\s+.+?"(.*?)"\s*#{Mx[:lnk_c]}\S+/,'[image: "\1"]')
           wordlist=dob.obj.scan(/\S+/)
           if dob.obj !~/(^#{Rx[:meta]}|#{Mx[:br_eof]}|#{Mx[:br_endnotes]})/
             if dob.obj =~@regx #/.+?<~\d+;\w\d+;\w\d+>.*/ #watch change
@@ -362,14 +362,14 @@ WOK
               dob.obj=''
             end
             if dob.obj
-              dob.obj.gsub!(/\s(\[)/m,' \ \1')
-              dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]})\s*/,"\n\n")                                   # watch
-              dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#126#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'~')
-              dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#123#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'{')
-              dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:pa_o]}\S+#{Mx[:pa_c]}/,' ')
+              dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/\s(\[)/m,' \ \1').
+                gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]})\s*/,"\n\n").                                   # watch
+                gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#126#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'~').
+                gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#123#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'{').
+                gsub(/#{Mx[:pa_o]}\S+#{Mx[:pa_c]}/,' ')
               unless dob.is =='code'
-                dob.obj.gsub!(//,' ')
-                dob.obj.gsub!(/<:\S+>/,' ')
+                dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(//,' ').
+                  gsub(/<:\S+>/,' ')
               end
             end
             dob
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ WOK
           if para.class==Array \
           and para.length > 0
             para.each do |line|
-              line.gsub!(/\s+$/m,'')
+              line=line.gsub(/\s+$/m,'')
               filename_manpage.puts line           #unix manpage
             end
           else filename_manpage.puts para          #unix manpage # /^([*=-]|\.){5}/
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/odf.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/odf.rb
index 8f1f60b4..d58da74e 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/odf.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/odf.rb
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ module SiSU_ODF
         @@odf[:tail] << "\n"
       end
       def heading(dob,p_num='')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tag_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:tag_c]}/,'') #check
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:tag_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:tag_c]}/,'') #check
         m=/#{$1}/
         breakpage=''
         if @md.fns \
@@ -232,29 +232,29 @@ module SiSU_ODF
         end
         if m; m.each do |i|
             cont,url=i[1],i[2]
-            cont.gsub!(/([)(\]\[])/,"\\\\\\1")
-            cont.gsub!(/([+?])/,"\\\\\\1") # incorrect handling of +
-            url.gsub!(/([+?])/,"\\\\\\1")
-            dob.obj.sub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}[ ]*#{cont}[ ]*#{Mx[:lnk_c]}image/m,image_odf(i))
-            dob.obj.sub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}[ ]*#{cont}[ ]*#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}#{url}#{Mx[:url_c]}/m,image_odf(i))
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/\\([)(\]\[?])/,'\1') #clumsy fix
+            cont=cont.gsub(/([)(\]\[])/,"\\\\\\1").
+              gsub(/([+?])/,"\\\\\\1") # incorrect handling of +
+            url=url.gsub(/([+?])/,"\\\\\\1")
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.sub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}[ ]*#{cont}[ ]*#{Mx[:lnk_c]}image/m,image_odf(i)).
+              sub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}[ ]*#{cont}[ ]*#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}#{url}#{Mx[:url_c]}/m,image_odf(i)).
+              sub(/\\([)(\]\[?])/,'\1') #clumsy fix
           end
           m=nil
         end
         dob
       end
       def text_link_odf(txt,url,trail)
-        txt.gsub!(/(\\\+)/,'+') #this is convoluted, and risky :-(
-        url.gsub!(/(\\\+)/,'+') #this is convoluted, and risky :-(
+        txt=txt.gsub(/(\\\+)/,'+') #this is convoluted, and risky :-(
+        url=url.gsub(/(\\\+)/,'+') #this is convoluted, and risky :-(
         map_nametags=SiSU_Particulars::CombinedSingleton.instance.get_map_nametags(@md).nametags_map
         t=case url
         when /^https?:/
           %{#{txt.strip}#{trail}}
         when /^:/                 # site same document collection html link
-          url.gsub!(/^:/,"#{@env.url.root}/")
+          url=url.gsub(/^:/,"#{@env.url.root}/")
           %{#{txt.strip}#{trail}}
         when /^\.\.\//                 # site same document collection html link
-          url.gsub!(/^\.\.\//,"#{@env.url.root}/")
+          url=url.gsub(/^\.\.\//,"#{@env.url.root}/")
           %{#{txt.strip}#{trail}}
         else                           # document internal link
           if map_nametags[url] \
@@ -273,11 +273,11 @@ module SiSU_ODF
         if m
           m.each do |i|
             txt,url,trail=i[1],i[2]
-            txt.gsub!(/([)(\]\[])/,"\\\\\\1")
-            txt.gsub!(/([+?*])/,"\\\\\\1") # problems with +
-            url.gsub!(/([+?])/,"\\\\\\1") # problems with +
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}[ ]*#{txt}#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}#{url}#{Mx[:url_c]}/m,text_link_odf(txt,url,trail)) #make sure trailing ']' are not caught in url
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/\\([)(\]\[?])/,'\1') #clumsy fix
+            txt=txt.gsub(/([)(\]\[])/,"\\\\\\1").
+              gsub(/([+?*])/,"\\\\\\1") # problems with +
+            url=url.gsub(/([+?])/,"\\\\\\1") # problems with +
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}[ ]*#{txt}#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}#{url}#{Mx[:url_c]}/m,text_link_odf(txt,url,trail)). #make sure trailing ']' are not caught in url
+              gsub(/\\([)(\]\[?])/,'\1') #clumsy fix
           end
           m=nil
         end
@@ -288,23 +288,23 @@ module SiSU_ODF
         if m
           m.each do |i|
             txt,url,trail=i[1],i[2]
-            txt.gsub!(/([)(\]\[])/,"\\\\\\1")
-            txt.gsub!(/([+?*])/,"\\\\\\1") # problems with +
-            url.gsub!(/([+?])/,"\\\\\\1") # problems with +
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}[ ]*#{txt}#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}#{url}#{Mx[:rel_c]}/m,text_link_odf(txt,url,trail)) #make sure trailing ']' are not caught in url
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/\\([)(\]\[?])/,'\1') #clumsy fix
+            txt=txt.gsub(/([)(\]\[])/,"\\\\\\1").
+              gsub(/([+?*])/,"\\\\\\1") # problems with +
+            url=url.gsub(/([+?])/,"\\\\\\1") # problems with +
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}[ ]*#{txt}#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}#{url}#{Mx[:rel_c]}/m,text_link_odf(txt,url,trail)). #make sure trailing ']' are not caught in url
+              gsub(/\\([)(\]\[?])/,'\1') #clumsy fix
           end
           m=nil
         end
         dob
       end
       def normal(dob,p_num='')                                                           #P1 - P3
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
-          '\1') #http ftp matches escaped, no decoration
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}([a-zA-Z0-9._-]+\@\S+?\.[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
-          %{#{@brace_url.xml_open}\\1#{@brace_url.xml_close}})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
-          %{#{@brace_url.xml_open}\\1#{@brace_url.xml_close}}) #http ftp matches with decoration
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+            '\1'). #http ftp matches escaped, no decoration
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}([a-zA-Z0-9._-]+\@\S+?\.[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+            %{#{@brace_url.xml_open}\\1#{@brace_url.xml_close}}).
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+            %{#{@brace_url.xml_open}\\1#{@brace_url.xml_close}}) #http ftp matches with decoration
         dob.obj= if dob.is=='para' \
         and dob.indent.to_s =~/[0-9]/ \
         and dob.indent == dob.hang
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ module SiSU_ODF
       def fontface(dob)
       end
       def footnote_urls(str)
-        str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+        str=str.gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
           %{#{@brace_url.xml_open}\\1#{@brace_url.xml_close}})
         str=text_link(str) if str =~/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}/
         str=text_link_relative(str) if str =~/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:rel_c]}/
@@ -334,11 +334,11 @@ module SiSU_ODF
           @astx||=10000
           @astxs||=20000
           if str =~/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}\d+\s+/
-            str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'\1 \2')
+            str=str.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'\1 \2')
           end
           if str =~/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([*]+)\s+/
             a=$1.gsub(/([*])/,"\\\\\\1")
-              str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([*]+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,%{\\1 \\2})
+              str=str.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([*]+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,%{\\1 \\2})
               @astxs+=1
           end
           if str=~/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}[*+]+\s/
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ module SiSU_ODF
               a=x[0].gsub(/([*+])/,"\\\\\\1")
               str=group_clean(str)
               str=footnote_urls(str)
-              str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(#{a})\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,%{\\1 \\2})
+              str=str.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(#{a})\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,%{\\1 \\2})
               @astx+=1
             end
           end
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ module SiSU_ODF
               a=x[0].gsub(/([*+])/,"\\\\\\1")
               str=group_clean(str)
               str=footnote_urls(str)
-              str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}(#{a})\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,%{\\1 \\2})
+              str=str.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}(#{a})\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,%{\\1 \\2})
               @astx+=1
             end
           end
@@ -368,12 +368,11 @@ module SiSU_ODF
         t_o
       end
       def group_clean(str)
-        str.gsub!(/&nbsp;| |#{Mx[:nbsp]}/,' ')
-        str.gsub!(//,'>')
-        str.gsub!(/<(text:span text:style-name="Span_\S+?"|\/text:span)>/,'<\1>') #works, not ideal
-        str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_line]}/,'
')
-        str.gsub!(/<br(?:\s+\/)?>/,'
')
-        str
+        str=str.gsub(/&nbsp;| |#{Mx[:nbsp]}/,' ').
+          gsub(//,'>').
+          gsub(/<(text:span text:style-name="Span_\S+?"|\/text:span)>/,'<\1>'). #works, not ideal
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:br_line]}/,'
').
+          gsub(/<br(?:\s+\/)?>/,'
')
       end
       def poem(dob,p_num)                                                             #P4 #same as group
         parray=[]
@@ -388,19 +387,19 @@ module SiSU_ODF
       end
       def group(dob,p_num)                                                            #P4 #same as verse
         parray=[]
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
-          '\1') #http ftp matches escaped, no decoration
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}([a-zA-Z0-9._-]+\@\S+?\.[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
-          %{#{@brace_url.xml_open}\\1#{@brace_url.xml_close}})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
-          %{#{@brace_url.xml_open}\\1#{@brace_url.xml_close}}) #http ftp matches with decoration
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+            '\1'). #http ftp matches escaped, no decoration
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}([a-zA-Z0-9._-]+\@\S+?\.[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+            %{#{@brace_url.xml_open}\\1#{@brace_url.xml_close}}).
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+            %{#{@brace_url.xml_open}\\1#{@brace_url.xml_close}}) #http ftp matches with decoration
         dob.obj.split(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/).each do |parablock|
           parablock=group_clean(parablock)
-          parablock.gsub!(/<text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="(.+?)">/m,'')
-          parablock.gsub!(/<(\/text:a)>/,'<\1>')
-          parablock.gsub!(/<(text:note text:id=.+?)>/,'<\1>')
-          parablock.gsub!(/<(text:p text:style-name="Footnote")>/,'<\1>')
-          parablock.gsub!(/<(\/?text:(?:note-citation|note-body|note|p))>/,'<\1>')
+          parablock=parablock.gsub(/<text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="(.+?)">/m,'').
+            gsub(/<(\/text:a)>/,'<\1>').
+            gsub(/<(text:note text:id=.+?)>/,'<\1>').
+            gsub(/<(text:p text:style-name="Footnote")>/,'<\1>').
+            gsub(/<(\/?text:(?:note-citation|note-body|note|p))>/,'<\1>')
           parablock=footnote(parablock)
           parray << %{#{parablock}} if parablock =~/\S+/
         end
@@ -411,19 +410,19 @@ module SiSU_ODF
       end
       def block(dob,p_num)                                                            #P4 #same as verse
         parray=[]
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
-          '\1') #http ftp matches escaped, no decoration
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}([a-zA-Z0-9._-]+\@\S+?\.[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
-          %{#{@brace_url.xml_open}\\1#{@brace_url.xml_close}})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
-          %{#{@brace_url.xml_open}\\1#{@brace_url.xml_close}}) #http ftp matches with decoration
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+            '\1'). #http ftp matches escaped, no decoration
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}([a-zA-Z0-9._-]+\@\S+?\.[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+            %{#{@brace_url.xml_open}\\1#{@brace_url.xml_close}}).
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+            %{#{@brace_url.xml_open}\\1#{@brace_url.xml_close}}) #http ftp matches with decoration
         dob.obj.split(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/).each do |parablock|
           parablock=group_clean(parablock)
-          parablock.gsub!(/<text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="(.+?)">/m,'')
-          parablock.gsub!(/<(\/text:a)>/,'<\1>')
-          parablock.gsub!(/<(text:note text:id=.+?)>/,'<\1>')
-          parablock.gsub!(/<(text:p text:style-name="Footnote")>/,'<\1>')
-          parablock.gsub!(/<(\/?text:(?:note-citation|note-body|note|p))>/,'<\1>')
+          parablock=parablock.gsub(/<text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="(.+?)">/m,'').
+            gsub(/<(\/text:a)>/,'<\1>').
+            gsub(/<(text:note text:id=.+?)>/,'<\1>').
+            gsub(/<(text:p text:style-name="Footnote")>/,'<\1>').
+            gsub(/<(\/?text:(?:note-citation|note-body|note|p))>/,'<\1>')
           parablock=footnote(parablock)
           parray << %{#{parablock}} if parablock =~/\S+/
         end
@@ -434,13 +433,13 @@ module SiSU_ODF
       end
       def code(dob,p_num)                                                             #P5
         if dob.is=='code'
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/\s\s/,'  ')
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/\s\s/,'  ')
           parray=[]
           dob.obj.split(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/).each do |parablock|
             parablock=group_clean(parablock)
-            parablock.gsub!(/^\s*$/,'
')
-            parablock.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
-              '\1') #http ftp matches escaped, no decoration
+            parablock=parablock.gsub(/^\s*$/,'
').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+                '\1') #http ftp matches escaped, no decoration
             parray << %{#{parablock}} if parablock =~/\S+/
           end
           dob.obj=parray.join \
@@ -528,18 +527,18 @@ module SiSU_ODF
           #p dob.obj if dob.obj =~safe_characters and @md.opt.cmd =~/V/ #KEEP
           dob.obj='' if dob.obj =~/#{Mx[:lv_o]}\d+:.*?#{Mx[:lv_c]}.+?#{Mx[:pa_non_object_dummy_heading]}/ #fix Mx[:lv_o]
           para_array=[]
-          dob.obj.gsub!(//,'>')
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(//,'>')
           word=dob.obj.scan(/\S+|\n/)
           if word
             word.each do |w| # _ - / # | : ! ^ ~
               unless dob =~/^(?:#{Rx[:meta]}|%+ )/m
-                w.gsub!(/&#(?:126|152);/,'~') #126 usual
-                w.gsub!(/ /,' ')
+                w=w.gsub(/&#(?:126|152);/,'~'). #126 usual
+                  gsub(/ /,' ')
                 if w !~/(?:&\S{2,7}?;)+/
-                  w.gsub!(/&/,'&')
+                  w=w.gsub(/&/,'&')
                 end
                 if w !~/&\S{1,7}?;(?:&\S{1,7}?;)+/    #imperfect
-                  w.gsub!(/(&\S{1,7};)+&/,'\1&')
+                  w=w.gsub(/(&\S{1,7};)+&/,'\1&')
                 end
               end
               para_array << w
@@ -548,50 +547,50 @@ module SiSU_ODF
             dob.obj=dob.obj.strip
           end
           if dob.is=='code' #{Mx[:gr_o]}code#{Mx[:gr_c]}/ #fix #code-block: angle brackets special characters #fix
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|[^}])_(?:<|<)/m,'\1<'); dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|[^}])_(?:>|>)/m,'\1>')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|[^}])_(?:<|<)/m,'\1<'); dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|[^}])_(?:>|>)/m,'\1>')
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(^|[^}])_(?:<|<)/m,'\1<').gsub(/(^|[^}])_(?:>|>)/m,'\1>').
+              gsub(/(^|[^}])_(?:<|<)/m,'\1<').gsub(/(^|[^}])_(?:>|>)/m,'\1>')
           end
           if dob.of=='block'
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_bullet]}/,'● ')
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_bullet]}/,'● ')
           end
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,'\1')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'\1')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,'\1')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tag_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:tag_c]}/,'') #check
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}#([a-zA-Z]+)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'&\1;')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}(#[0-9]+)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'&\1;')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}[~-]##{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'')
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,'\1').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'\1').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,'\1').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:tag_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:tag_c]}/,''). #check
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}#([a-zA-Z]+)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'&\1;').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}(#[0-9]+)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'&\1;').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}[~-]##{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'')
           if dob.is=='para' \
           and dob.bullet_
             dob.obj=' ' +
               dob.obj
           end
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_line]}/,'
')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/©/,'©') #too arbitrary
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/.+?<-#>/,'')                                           # remove dummy headings (used by html) #check
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,
-            '\1')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,
-            '\1')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,
-            '\1')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,
-            '\1')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,
-            '\1')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_monospace_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_monospace_c]}/,
-            '\1')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/­/u,'-')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ /u, ' ')       # space identify
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ /u, ' ')       # space identify
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/·/u,'*')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/[­–—]/u,'-')   #— – chk
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ < /i,'<')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/\\copy(?:right)?\b/,'©')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/\\trademark\b|\\tm\b/,'®')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/\44/,'$') #$ watch
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(.+?)<\/a>/,'\1')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}name#\S+?#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'')                                       # remove name links
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:br_line]}/,'
').
+            gsub(/©/,'©'). #too arbitrary
+            gsub(/.+?<-#>/,'').                                           # remove dummy headings (used by html) #check
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,
+              '\1').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,
+              '\1').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,
+              '\1').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,
+              '\1').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,
+              '\1').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_monospace_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_monospace_c]}/,
+              '\1').
+            gsub(/­/u,'-').
+            gsub(/ /u, ' ').       # space identify
+            gsub(/ /u, ' ').       # space identify
+            gsub(/·/u,'*').
+            gsub(/[­–—]/u,'-').   #— – chk
+            gsub(/ < /i,'<').
+            gsub(/\\copy(?:right)?\b/,'©').
+            gsub(/\\trademark\b|\\tm\b/,'®').
+            gsub(/\44/,'$'). #$ watch
+            gsub(/(.+?)<\/a>/,'\1').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}name#\S+?#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'')                                       # remove name links
           wordlist=dob.obj.scan(/\S+/)
           dob.obj=tidywords(wordlist).join(' ').strip
           @rcdc=true if @rcdc==false \
@@ -603,9 +602,11 @@ module SiSU_ODF
             if dob.is=~/heading|para|group|verse|code|table|break/ # extend, include other types
               odf_structure(@md,dob)
             end
-            dob.obj.gsub!(//,' ') if dob.obj ## Clean Prepared Text
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_o]}.+?#{Mx[:tc_c]}/,' ') if dob.obj ## CHECK Clean Prepared Text
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/<:\S+>/,' ') if dob.obj ## Clean Prepared Text
+            if dob.obj ## Clean Prepared Text
+              dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(//,' ').
+                gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_o]}.+?#{Mx[:tc_c]}/,' ').
+                gsub(/<:\S+>/,' ')
+            end
           end
         end
       end
@@ -637,8 +638,8 @@ module SiSU_ODF
   
   
 WOK
-          x.strip!
-          x.gsub!(/\n+/m,'') unless @md.opt.cmd=~/M/
+          x=x.strip
+          x=x.gsub(/\n+/m,'') unless @md.opt.cmd=~/M/
           x
         else ''
         end
@@ -660,8 +661,8 @@ WOK
     
     
 WOK
-        x.strip!
-        x.gsub!(/\n+/m,'') unless @md.opt.cmd=~/M/
+        x=x.strip
+        x=x.gsub(/\n+/m,'') unless @md.opt.cmd=~/M/
         @@odf[:head] << x
       end
       def post
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/odf_format.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/odf_format.rb
index 9167fc5e..c6d4b504 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/odf_format.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/odf_format.rb
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ module SiSU_ODF_Format
         p caller
       end
       rgx=/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}\d+\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/
-      @txt.gsub!(rgx,'\1') if @txt =~rgx
+      @txt=@txt.gsub(rgx,'\1') if @txt =~rgx
       @vz=SiSU_Env::GetInit.instance.skin
     end
     def scr_endnote_body
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ module SiSU_ODF_Format
         'Table_Heading'
       else 'P_table_cell'
       end
-      str.gsub!(/^~$/,'') # tilde / empty cell
+      str=str.gsub(/^~$/,'') # tilde / empty cell
       %{#{@br}} +
       %{#{@br}} +
       %{#{str}} +
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ module SiSU_ODF_Format
       row='' if row =~/^/,1]
       @@tablefoot << m if m
-      row.gsub!(//,'')
+      row=row.gsub(//,'')
       @cells=[]
       row.split(/\s*#{Mx[:tc_p]}/).each do |cell|
         @cells << table_tag_cell(cell,i)
@@ -226,8 +226,8 @@ module SiSU_ODF_Format
   
 
 WOK
-      x.strip!
-      x.gsub!(/\n+/m,'') unless @md.opt.cmd=~/M/
+      x=x.strip
+      x=x.gsub(/\n+/m,'') unless @md.opt.cmd=~/M/
       x
     end
     def meta_inf_manifest_xml(md)
@@ -256,8 +256,8 @@ WOK
   
 
 WOK
-      x.strip!
-      x.gsub!(/\n+/m,'') unless @md.opt.cmd=~/M/
+      x=x.strip
+      x=x.gsub(/\n+/m,'') unless @md.opt.cmd=~/M/
       x
     end
     def meta_xml
@@ -272,8 +272,8 @@ WOK
   
 
 WOK
-      x.strip!
-      x.gsub!(/\n+/m,'') unless @md.opt.cmd=~/M/
+      x=x.strip
+      x=x.gsub(/\n+/m,'') unless @md.opt.cmd=~/M/
       x
     end
     def settings_xml
@@ -375,8 +375,8 @@ WOK
   
 
 WOK
-      x.strip!
-      x.gsub!(/\n+/m,'') unless @md.opt.cmd=~/M/
+      x=x.strip
+      x=x.gsub(/\n+/m,'') unless @md.opt.cmd=~/M/
       x
     end
     def styles_xml
@@ -576,15 +576,15 @@ WOK
   
 
 WOK
-      x.strip!
-      x.gsub!(/\n+/m,'') unless @md.opt.cmd=~/M/
+      x=x.strip
+      x=x.gsub(/\n+/m,'') unless @md.opt.cmd=~/M/
       x
     end
     def mimetype
       x=< 0) \
@@ -188,7 +189,7 @@ module SiSU_Commandline
         end
         SiSU_Screen::Ansi.new(@cmd,"\tsisu " + @cmd +  ' ' + @mod.join(' ') + ' ' + @files.join(' ') + "\n").print_brown if @cmd =~/[vVM]/
       end
-#     @files.uniq!
+#     @files=@files.uniq
       @act=opt_act
       @files
       self
@@ -229,7 +230,7 @@ module SiSU_Commandline
             fn = (y[r_f,1]) \
               ? y[r_f,1]
               : y
-            fn.gsub!(/\.((?:ssm\.)?sst)/,'.-\1')
+            fn=fn.gsub(/\.((?:ssm\.)?sst)/,'.-\1')
             fullname=Dir.pwd + '/' + fn
             pt=Pathname.new(fullname)
             pth << Dir.pwd
@@ -388,7 +389,7 @@ module SiSU_Commandline
       end
       ca=[]
       unless c.empty?
-        c.gsub!(/-/,'')
+        c=c.gsub(/-/,'')
         c.scan(/CC|\S/) {|x| ca << x}
         cmd= '-' + ca.uniq.join
       end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/param.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/param.rb
index 4d439535..fc2ac877 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/param.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/param.rb
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ module SiSU_Param
       end
       def name_format(name)
         if name
-          name.strip!
+          name=name.strip
           @name_a_h=[]
           authors=name.scan(/[^;]+/)
           authors.each_with_index do |a,i|
@@ -776,8 +776,8 @@ module SiSU_Param
           m=@h['bold']
           i=(m=~/\/i$/)? 'i' : ''
           z=if m
-            x=m.gsub(/^\/(.+?)\/i?/,'\1')
-            x.gsub!(/\((?:\?:)?/,'(?:')                                         # avoid need to escape use of brackets within regex provided
+            x=m.gsub(/^\/(.+?)\/i?/,'\1').
+              gsub(/\((?:\?:)?/,'(?:')                                         # avoid need to escape use of brackets within regex provided
             rgx='\b(' + x + ')\b'
             y=((i =~/i/) ? (/#{rgx}/i) : (/#{rgx}/))
             { str: '\b(?:' + x + ')\b', regx: y, i: i }
@@ -789,8 +789,8 @@ module SiSU_Param
           m=@h['italics']
           i=((m=~/\/i$/) ? 'i' : '')
           z=if m
-            x=m.gsub(/^\/(.+?)\/i?/,'\1')
-            x.gsub!(/\((?:\?:)?/,'(?:')                                         # avoid need to escape use of brackets within regex provided
+            x=m.gsub(/^\/(.+?)\/i?/,'\1').
+              gsub(/\((?:\?:)?/,'(?:')                                         # avoid need to escape use of brackets within regex provided
             rgx='\b(' + x + ')\b'
             y=((i =~/i/) ? (/#{rgx}/i) : (/#{rgx}/))
             { str: '\b(?:' + x + ')\b', regx: y, i: i }
@@ -863,16 +863,16 @@ module SiSU_Param
             end
           end
           if manpage['name']
-            manpage['name']=manpage['name'].join("\n.br\n")
-            manpage['name'].gsub!(/(-)/m,"\\\\\\1")
-            manpage['name'].gsub!(/\A/,"\n.br\n.SH NAME\n.br\n")
+            manpage['name']=manpage['name'].join("\n.br\n").
+              gsub(/(-)/m,"\\\\\\1").
+              gsub(/\A/,"\n.br\n.SH NAME\n.br\n")
           else
             manpage['name']='man page "name/whatis" information not provided, set in header @man: name=[whatis information]'
           end
           if manpage['synopsis']
-            manpage['synopsis']=manpage['synopsis'].join("\n\n.br\n")
-            manpage['synopsis'].gsub!(/(-)/m,"\\\\\\1")
-            manpage['synopsis'].gsub!(/\A/,"\n.br\n.SH SYNOPSIS\n.br\n")
+            manpage['synopsis']=manpage['synopsis'].join("\n\n.br\n").
+              gsub(/(-)/m,"\\\\\\1").
+              gsub(/\A/,"\n.br\n.SH SYNOPSIS\n.br\n")
           else
             manpage['synopsis']=''
           end
@@ -1272,7 +1272,7 @@ module SiSU_Param
               end
             end
           end
-          para.gsub!(/<:=(\S+?)>/,'{ c_\1.png 14x14 }image')                                                           # embedded symbol (image)
+          para=para.gsub(/<:=(\S+?)>/,'{ c_\1.png 14x14 }image')                                                           # embedded symbol (image)
           if para !~/^%+\s/ \
           and para =~@rgx_image
             @ec[:image] << para.scan(@rgx_image).uniq
@@ -1284,13 +1284,12 @@ module SiSU_Param
           end
         end                                                                    #% here endeth the document loop
         if @ec[:image].length > 0
-          @ec[:image].flatten!
-          @ec[:image].uniq!
+          @ec[:image]=@ec[:image].flatten.uniq
           @ec[:image].delete_if {|x| x =~/https?:\/\// }
-          @ec[:image].sort!
+          @ec[:image]=@ec[:image].sort
         end
-        @ec[:audio].uniq!; @ec[:audio].flatten!; @ec[:audio].sort!
-        @ec[:multimedia].uniq!; @ec[:multimedia].flatten!; @ec[:multimedia].sort!
+        @ec[:audio]=@ec[:audio].uniq.flatten.sort
+        @ec[:multimedia]=@ec[:multimedia].uniq.flatten.sort
         unless @rights
           if defined? @creator.author \
           and @creator.author \
@@ -1315,10 +1314,10 @@ module SiSU_Param
              m[-1]=m[-1].scan(/[^|]+/) if m[-1] =~/[|]/
              @topic_register_array << m
            end
-           @topic_register_array.sort!
+           @topic_register_array=@topic_register_array.sort
         end
         if @i18n
-          @i18n.uniq!
+          @i18n=@i18n.uniq
           @i18n << 'en' unless @i18n.find_index("en")
         else
           @i18n=[ 'en' ]
@@ -1335,6 +1334,13 @@ module SiSU_Param
               translate.gsub!(/:?C/,'3')
               translate.gsub!(/:?B/,'2')
               translate.gsub!(/:?A/,'1')
+              # looks like an ok substituion for the above but is not, causes problems, check why
+              #translate=translate.gsub(/3/,'6').
+              #  gsub(/2/,'5').
+              #  gsub(/1/,'4').
+              #  gsub(/:?C/,'3').
+              #  gsub(/:?B/,'2').
+              #  gsub(/:?A/,'1')
               translate=if translate =~/^\d+$/; translate.to_i
               else translate
               end
@@ -1342,10 +1348,10 @@ module SiSU_Param
             end
           end
           @pagenew,@pagebreak,@num_top,@toc_lev_limit=translated
-          @markup.gsub!(/page_new\s*=\s*([\dA-C])/,"page_new=#{@pagenew}")
-          @markup.gsub!(/page_break\s*=\s*([\dA-C])/,"page_break=#{@pagebreak}")
-          @markup.gsub!(/num_top\s*=\s*([\dA-C])/,"num_top=#{@num_top}")
-          @markup.gsub!(/toc_lev_limit\s*=\s*([\dA-C])/,"toc_lev_limit=#{@toc_lev_limit}")
+          @markup=@markup.gsub(/page_new\s*=\s*([\dA-C])/,"page_new=#{@pagenew}").
+            gsub(/page_break\s*=\s*([\dA-C])/,"page_break=#{@pagebreak}").
+            gsub(/num_top\s*=\s*([\dA-C])/,"num_top=#{@num_top}").
+            gsub(/toc_lev_limit\s*=\s*([\dA-C])/,"toc_lev_limit=#{@toc_lev_limit}")
         end
         if @opt.mod.inspect =~/--papersize[=-]\S+|--pdf[=-]\S+/ \
         or  @opt.mod.inspect =~/--(?:a4|letter|legal|book|a5|b5)\b/i #command line config/header override
@@ -1394,7 +1400,7 @@ module SiSU_Param
 #         end
 #         @lang << [lang[:n],"#{c[:a]}sisu_manifest#{c[:b]}.html#{c[:c]}"]
 #       end if @flv
-        @lang.uniq!
+        @lang=@lang.uniq
         @fn=SiSU_Env::EnvCall.new(@fns).lang(fn_set_lang[:c])
         @identifier="#{@env.url.root}/#{@fnb}/#{@fn[:toc]}" #DC note constructed dc identifier
         if @en[:note] > 0 \
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/plaintext.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/plaintext.rb
index 9bef2c09..ba1cc48a 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/plaintext.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/plaintext.rb
@@ -155,13 +155,13 @@ module SiSU_Plaintext
           ? (SiSU_TextUtils::Wrap.new(e.to_s,@wrap_width,4,1))
           : (SiSU_TextUtils::Wrap.new(e.to_s,@wrap_width,1,1))
           wrap=util.line_wrap
-          if wrap =~ /^\s*[\d*+]+\s+.+?\s*\Z/m
-            wrap.gsub!(/^(\s*)([\d*+]+)\s+(.+?)\s*\Z/m, <]')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}image/,'\1 [link: local image]')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,"#{@brace_url.txt_open}\\1#{@brace_url.txt_close}")
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:rel_c]}/,'\1').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1 [link: <\2>]').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}image/,'\1 [link: local image]').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,"#{@brace_url.txt_open}\\1#{@brace_url.txt_close}")
             extract_endnotes(dob)
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'[^\1]') # endnote marker marked up
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'[^\1]') # endnote marker marked up
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(?:#lt|#060)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'<')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(?:#gt|#062)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'>')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:038|amp)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'&')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#033#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'!')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#035#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'#')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#042#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'*')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#045#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'-')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#047#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'/')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#095#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'_')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#123#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'{')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#125#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'}')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#126#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'~')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#169#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'©')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#092#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\\')
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'[^\1]'). # endnote marker marked up
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'[^\1]'). # endnote marker marked up
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(?:#lt|#060)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'<').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(?:#gt|#062)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'>').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:038|amp)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'&').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#033#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'!').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#035#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'#').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#042#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'*').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#045#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'-').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#047#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'/').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#095#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'_').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#123#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'{').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#125#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'}').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#126#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'~').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#169#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'©').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#092#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\\')
           end
-          if dob.of=='block'                                   # watch
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}●#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,"* ")
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,"\n")
-          else dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,"\n\n")
+          dob.obj=if dob.of=='block'                                   # watch
+            dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}●#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,"* ").
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,"\n")
+          else dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,"\n\n")
           end
           if dob.is=='code'
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|[^}])_([<>])/m,'\1\2') # _> _<
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|[^}])_([<>])/m,'\1\2') # _<_<
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(^|[^}])_([<>])/m,'\1\2'). # _> _<
+              gsub(/(^|[^}])_([<>])/m,'\1\2') # _<_<
           end
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(.+?)<\/a>/m,'\1')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}:name#(\S+?)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'')                       # remove name links
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ |#{Mx[:nbsp]}/,' ')                                       # decide on
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(\S+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif)) .+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'    [ \1 ]') #"[ #{dir.url.images_local}\/\\1 ]")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(\S+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif)) .+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}image/,'    [ \1 ]')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:^|[^_\\])\{\s*\S+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif)\s+.+?"(.*?)"\s*\}\S+/,'[image: "\1"]')
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1').
+            gsub(/(.+?)<\/a>/m,'\1').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}:name#(\S+?)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'').                       # remove name links
+            gsub(/ |#{Mx[:nbsp]}/,' ').                                       # decide on
+            gsub(/(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(\S+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif)) .+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'    [ \1 ]'). #"[ #{dir.url.images_local}\/\\1 ]")
+            gsub(/(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(\S+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif)) .+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}image/,'    [ \1 ]').
+            gsub(/(?:^|[^_\\])\{\s*\S+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif)\s+.+?"(.*?)"\s*\}\S+/,'[image: "\1"]')
           wordlist=dob.obj.scan(/\S+/)
           if dob.obj !~/(^#{Rx[:meta]}|#{Mx[:br_eof]}|#{Mx[:br_endnotes]})/
             #if defined? dob.ocn and dob.ocn.to_s =~/\d+/
@@ -372,9 +372,11 @@ WOK
               end # following empty line (@br) missing, fix
             end
             dob='' if (dob.obj =~// \
-            and dob.obj =~/^(-\{{2}~\d+|)/) # -endnote
-            dob.obj.gsub!(//,' ') if dob ## Clean Prepared Text
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/<:\S+>/,' ') if dob ## Clean Prepared Text
+              and dob.obj =~/^(-\{{2}~\d+|)/) # -endnote
+            if dob ## Clean Prepared Text
+              dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(//,' ').
+                gsub(/<:\S+>/,' ')
+            end
           end
         end
         @plaintext
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/plaintext_format.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/plaintext_format.rb
index 7aec6da6..f7956070 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/plaintext_format.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/plaintext_format.rb
@@ -86,9 +86,9 @@ module SiSU_PlaintextFormat
         p caller
       end
       rgx=/^#{Rx[:lv]}/
-      @txt.gsub!(rgx,'') if @txt =~rgx
+      @txt=@txt.gsub(rgx,'') if @txt =~rgx
       rgx=/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}[\d*+]+\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/
-      @txt.gsub!(rgx,'\1') if @txt =~rgx
+      @txt=@txt.gsub(rgx,'\1') if @txt =~rgx
       @vz=SiSU_Env::GetInit.instance.skin
     end
     def scr_endnote_body
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/po4a.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/po4a.rb
index a622aac9..945b07b8 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/po4a.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/po4a.rb
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ module SiSU_Po4a
       #  puts "#{@opt.fns} not a processed file type"
       #end
       r=Px[:lng_lst].join('|')
-      r.gsub!(/\|en\|/,'|')
+      r=r.gsub(/\|en\|/,'|')
       @lang_regx=%r{(?:#{r})}
       if opt.fns =~/\S+?~#{@lang_regx}\.ss[mti]/ \
       and opt.f_pth[:lng]!=opt.lng_base
@@ -187,9 +187,9 @@ module SiSU_Po4a
         @n=[]
         notes_a.flatten.each do |n| #high cost to deal with 
 appropriately within plaintext, consider
           n=n.dup.to_s
-          n.gsub!(/^([\d]+)\s+/,'^~\1 ')
-          #n.gsub!(/^([\d*+]+)\s+/,'^~\1 ')
-          n.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,'
')
+          n=n.gsub(/^([\d]+)\s+/,'^~\1 ').
+           #gsub(/^([\d*+]+)\s+/,'^~\1 ').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,'
')
           @n << n
         end
         notes_a=@n.flatten
@@ -219,13 +219,13 @@ module SiSU_Po4a
           end
           util=pot_structure(desc,orig,trans)
           wrap=util.line_wrap
-          if wrap =~ /^\s*\^~[\d*+]+\s+.+?\s*\Z/m
-            wrap.gsub!(/^\s*(\^~[\d*+]+)\s+(.+?)\s*\Z/m, </ \
           and dob_src.obj =~/^(-\{{2}~\d+|)/) # -endnote
-          dob_src.obj.gsub!(//,' ') if dob_src ## Clean Prepared Text
-          dob_src.obj.gsub!(/<:\S+>/,' ') if dob_src ## Clean Prepared Text
+          if dob_src ## Clean Prepared Text
+            dob_src.obj=dob_src.obj.gsub(//,' ').
+              gsub(/<:\S+>/,' ') if dob_src ## Clean Prepared Text
+          end
         end
         #[dob_src,dob_trn]
       end
       def markup(dob)                                     # Used for major markup instructions
         dir=SiSU_Env::InfoEnv.new(@md.fns)
         fix=[]
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,
-            "#{Px[:po_bold_o]}\\1#{Px[:po_bold_c]}")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,
-            "#{Px[:po_italics_o]}\\1#{Px[:po_italics_c]}")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,
-            "#{Px[:po_underscore_o]}\\1#{Px[:po_underscore_c]}")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,
-            "#{Px[:po_subscript_o]}\\1#{Px[:po_subscript_c]}")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,
-            "#{Px[:po_superscript_o]}\\1#{Px[:po_superscript_c]}")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,
-            "#{Px[:po_insert_o]}\\1#{Px[:po_insert_c]}")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,
-            "#{Px[:po_cite_o]}\\1#{Px[:po_cite_c]}")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,
-            "#{Px[:po_strike_o]}\\1#{Px[:po_strike_c]}")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_monospace_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_monospace_c]}/,
-            "#{Px[:po_monospace_o]}\\1#{Px[:po_monospace_c]}")
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,
+              "#{Px[:po_bold_o]}\\1#{Px[:po_bold_c]}").
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,
+              "#{Px[:po_italics_o]}\\1#{Px[:po_italics_c]}").
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,
+              "#{Px[:po_underscore_o]}\\1#{Px[:po_underscore_c]}").
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,
+              "#{Px[:po_subscript_o]}\\1#{Px[:po_subscript_c]}").
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,
+              "#{Px[:po_superscript_o]}\\1#{Px[:po_superscript_c]}").
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,
+              "#{Px[:po_insert_o]}\\1#{Px[:po_insert_c]}").
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,
+              "#{Px[:po_cite_o]}\\1#{Px[:po_cite_c]}").
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,
+              "#{Px[:po_strike_o]}\\1#{Px[:po_strike_c]}").
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_monospace_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_monospace_c]}/,
+              "#{Px[:po_monospace_o]}\\1#{Px[:po_monospace_c]}")
           notes=''
           unless dob.is=='code'
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:rel_c]}/,'\1')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1 [link: <\2>]')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}image/,'\1 [link: local image]')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1')
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:rel_c]}/,'\1').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1 [link: <\2>]').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}image/,'\1 [link: local image]').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1')
             #dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,"#{@brace_url.txt_open}\\1#{@brace_url.txt_close}")
             notes=extract_endnotes(dob)
             #% ### footnotes current state - extracted
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([\d]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'~^')   # endnote marker marked up
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([\d]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'~^').   # endnote marker marked up
             #% ### footnotes current state - keep inline
             #dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}[\d]+\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'~{ \1 }~')     # inline endnote with marker marked up
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}[\d]+\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'~[ \1 ]~')     # inline endnote with marker marked up
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([*+]+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'~{\1 \2 }~') # inline endnote with marker marked up
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([*+]+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'~[\1 \2 ]~') # inline endnote with marker marked up
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(?:#lt|#060)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'<')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(?:#gt|#062)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'>')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:038|amp)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'&')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#033#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'!')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#035#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'#')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#042#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'*')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#045#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'-')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#047#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'/')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#095#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'_')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#123#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'{')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#125#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'}')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#126#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'~')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#169#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'©')
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}[\d]+\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'~[ \1 ]~').     # inline endnote with marker marked up
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([*+]+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'~{\1 \2 }~'). # inline endnote with marker marked up
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([*+]+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'~[\1 \2 ]~'). # inline endnote with marker marked up
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(?:#lt|#060)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'<').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(?:#gt|#062)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'>').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:038|amp)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'&').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#033#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'!').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#035#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'#').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#042#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'*').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#045#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'-').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#047#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'/').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#095#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'_').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#123#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'{').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#125#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'}').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#126#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'~').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#169#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'©')
           end
-          if dob.of=='block'                                   # watch
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}●#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,"* ")
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,"\n")
-          else dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,"\n\n")
+          dob.obj=if dob.of=='block'                                   # watch
+            dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}●#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,"* ").
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,"\n")
+          else dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,"\n\n")
           end
           if dob.is=='code'
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|[^}])_([<>])/m,'\1\2') # _> _<
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|[^}])_([<>])/m,'\1\2') # _<_<
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(^|[^}])_([<>])/m,'\1\2'). # _> _<
+              gsub(/(^|[^}])_([<>])/m,'\1\2') # _<_<
           end
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_page]}\s*|#{Mx[:br_page_new]}/,'')                     # remove page breaks
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(.+?)<\/a>/m,'\1')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}:name#(\S+?)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'')                       # remove name links
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ |#{Mx[:nbsp]}/,' ')                                       # decide on
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(\S+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif)) .+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'    [ \1 ]') #"[ #{dir.url.images_local}\/\\1 ]")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(\S+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif)) .+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}image/,'    [ \1 ]') #"[ #{dir.url.images_local}\/\\1 ]")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:^|[^_\\])\{\s*\S+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif)\s+.+?"(.*?)"\s*\}\S+/,'[image: "\1"]')
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:br_page]}\s*|#{Mx[:br_page_new]}/,'').                     # remove page breaks
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1').
+            gsub(/(.+?)<\/a>/m,'\1').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}:name#(\S+?)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'').                       # remove name links
+            gsub(/ |#{Mx[:nbsp]}/,' ').                                       # decide on
+            gsub(/(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(\S+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif)) .+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'    [ \1 ]'). #"[ #{dir.url.images_local}\/\\1 ]")
+            gsub(/(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(\S+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif)) .+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}image/,'    [ \1 ]'). #"[ #{dir.url.images_local}\/\\1 ]")
+            gsub(/(?:^|[^_\\])\{\s*\S+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif)\s+.+?"(.*?)"\s*\}\S+/,'[image: "\1"]')
         [dob,notes]
       end
       def publish(fn,pot)
@@ -934,8 +936,8 @@ GSUB
           and para.length > 0
             para.each do |line|
               if line
-                line.gsub!(/\s+$/m,'')
-                line.gsub!(/^\A[ ]*\Z/m,'')
+                line=line.gsub(/\s+$/m,'').
+                  gsub(/^\A[ ]*\Z/m,'')
                 if line=~/^\A[ ]*\Z/m
                   emptyline+=1
                 else emptyline=0
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/po4a_set.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/po4a_set.rb
index e536a464..6335fb8c 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/po4a_set.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/po4a_set.rb
@@ -76,8 +76,8 @@ module SiSU_Po4aUtils
         out=[]
         out[line]=''
         @oldword='' #REMOVE @oldword
-        pa.gsub!(/
/,' 
 ')
-        pa.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,"\n\n")
+        pa=pa.gsub(/
/,' 
 ').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,"\n\n")
         words=pa.scan(/\n\n|
|\S+/m)
         while words != ''
           word=words.shift
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ module SiSU_Po4aUtils
         x=out.join(spaces_indent).gsub(/\A\n+/m,'').insert(0,spaces_hang)
         z=[]
         x.split(/\n/).each do |y|
-          y.gsub!(/"/,'\"')
+          y=y.gsub(/"/,'\"')
           y=%{"#{y}"}
           z << y
         end
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ WOK
       pot_array.each do |pa|
         z=[]
         pa.split(/\n\n/).each do |y|
-          y.gsub!(/"/,'\"')
+          y=y.gsub(/"/,'\"')
           y=%{"#{y}"}
           z << y if not y.empty?
         end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/qrcode.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/qrcode.rb
index b25504b0..49ef8ee3 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/qrcode.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/qrcode.rb
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ WOK
         #  "#{url}/sisu_manifest.#{lc}.html"
         #end
         manifests
-        @m.uniq!
+        @m=@m.uniq
         @m
       end
       def languages(id,file)
@@ -232,11 +232,11 @@ WOK
         end
       end
       def metadata(id,info)
-        info.to_s.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_line]}/,"\n")
+        info=info.to_s.gsub(/#{Mx[:br_line]}/,"\n")
         @manifest[:txt] << %{#{id}: #{info}\n}
       end
       def md_title_info(id,info)
-        info.to_s.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_line]}/,"\n")
+        info=info.to_s.gsub(/#{Mx[:br_line]}/,"\n")
         @manifest[:txt_title] << %{#{info}\n}
       end
       def links(url,lnk,target)
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/remote.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/remote.rb
index 39e929cc..4004e5f8 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/remote.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/remote.rb
@@ -143,10 +143,9 @@ module SiSU_Remote
             end
             if images \
             and images.length > 1
-              images.flatten!
-              images.uniq!
+              images=images.flatten.uniq
               images.delete_if {|x| x =~/https?:\/\// }
-              images.sort!
+              images=images.sort
               @msg,@msgs='downloading images:', [ images.join(',') ]
               @tell.call.warn unless @opt.cmd =~/q/
               image_info=image_download_url + images
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/shared_html_lite.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/shared_html_lite.rb
index 5fd0a408..94413c69 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/shared_html_lite.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/shared_html_lite.rb
@@ -109,16 +109,16 @@ module SiSU_FormatShared
               %{[#{png}]#{caption}}
             else %{[#{png}] #{caption}}
             end
-            word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|image)/,ins)
+            word=word.gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|image)/,ins)
           else
             u=case u
             when /^https?:\/\//
               u
             when /^:/
-              u.gsub!(/^:/,'')
+              u=u.gsub(/^:/,'')
               "#{@env.url.root}/#{u}"
             when /^\.\.\// # can remove
-              u.gsub!(/^\.\.\//,'')
+              u=u.gsub(/^\.\.\//,'')
               "#{@env.url.root}/#{u}"
             else
               "#{@env.url.root}/#{@md.fnb}/#{map_nametags[u][:segname]}#{Sfx[:html]}##{u}"
@@ -127,8 +127,8 @@ module SiSU_FormatShared
             png=m.scan(/\S+/)[0].strip
             link=link.strip
             ins=%{#{link}}
-            word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}/,ins)
-            word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:rel_c]}/,ins)
+            word=word.gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}/,ins).
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:rel_c]}/,ins)
             word
           end
           word
@@ -140,32 +140,32 @@ module SiSU_FormatShared
     end
     def markup_generic(s)
       s=s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'\1')
-      s=s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'\1')
-      s=s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'\1')
-      s=s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,'"\1"')
-      s=s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'+{\1}+')
-      s=s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strke_c]}/,'-{\1}-')
-      s=s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'\1')
-      s=s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,'\1')
-      s=s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_monospace_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_monospace_c]}/,'\1') # tt, kbd
-      s=s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:126|152)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/i,'~')
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'\1').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'\1').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,'"\1"').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'+{\1}+').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strke_c]}/,'-{\1}-').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'\1').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,'\1').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_monospace_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_monospace_c]}/,'\1'). # tt, kbd
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:126|152)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/i,'~')
     end
     def markup_object(t_o)
       s=t_o.obj
-      if t_o.is !='code'
+      s=if t_o.is !='code'
         s=markup_generic(s)
         if s =~/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|#{Mx[:rel_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:rel_c]}|image)/
           wm=s.scan(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|#{Mx[:rel_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:rel_c]}|image)|\S+/)
           words=urls(wm)
-          s.gsub!(/.+/m,words)
+          s=s.gsub(/.+/m,words)
         end
-        s.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(#[0-9]{3})#{Mx[:gl_c]}/u,'&\1;')
-        s.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#([a-z]{2,4})#{Mx[:gl_c]}/u,'&\1;')
-        s.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}[_\\](\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1') #http ftp matches escaped, no decoration
-        s.gsub!(/(#{Mx[:lnk_c]})#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1\2') #special case \{ e.g. \}http://url
-        s.gsub!(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s)#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,%{\\1#{@brace_url.xml_open}\\2#{@brace_url.xml_close}\\3}) #http ftp matches with decoration
+        s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(#[0-9]{3})#{Mx[:gl_c]}/u,'&\1;').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#([a-z]{2,4})#{Mx[:gl_c]}/u,'&\1;').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}[_\\](\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1'). #http ftp matches escaped, no decoration
+          gsub(/(#{Mx[:lnk_c]})#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1\2'). #special case \{ e.g. \}http://url
+          gsub(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s)#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,%{\\1#{@brace_url.xml_open}\\2#{@brace_url.xml_close}\\3}) #http ftp matches with decoration
       else
-        s.gsub!(//m,'>')
+        s.gsub(//m,'>')
       end
       s
     end
@@ -176,11 +176,11 @@ module SiSU_FormatShared
         words=urls(wm)
         s=s.gsub(/.+/m,words)
       end
-      s=s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(#[0-9]{3})#{Mx[:gl_c]}/u,'&\1;')
-      s=s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#([a-z]{2,4})#{Mx[:gl_c]}/u,'&\1;')
-      s=s.gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1\2') #http ftp matches escaped, no decoration
-      s=s.gsub(/(#{Mx[:lnk_c]})#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1\2') #special case \{ e.g. \}http://url
-      s=s.gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,%{#{@brace_url.xml_open}\\1#{@brace_url.xml_close}}) #http ftp matches with decoration
+      s=s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(#[0-9]{3})#{Mx[:gl_c]}/u,'&\1;').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#([a-z]{2,4})#{Mx[:gl_c]}/u,'&\1;').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1\2'). #http ftp matches escaped, no decoration
+        gsub(/(#{Mx[:lnk_c]})#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1\2'). #special case \{ e.g. \}http://url
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,%{#{@brace_url.xml_open}\\1#{@brace_url.xml_close}}) #http ftp matches with decoration
     end
     def paragraph
       %{
#{@txt}
\n} # << "\n"
@@ -252,39 +252,39 @@ GSUB
       @txt.split(/\n/).each do |parablock|
         m=parablock[//,1]
         @@tablefoot << m if m
-        parablock.gsub!(//,'')
+        parablock=parablock.gsub(//,'')
         @@tablehead=1 if parablock =~/#{Mx[:gr_o]}Th#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u
-        parablock.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gr_o]}Th?#{Mx[:tc_p]}.+?#{Mx[:tc_p]}~(\d+)#{Mx[:gr_c]}/,
-           %{
#{id}:
#{info}
})
+        parablock=parablock.gsub(/#{Mx[:gr_o]}Th?#{Mx[:tc_p]}.+?#{Mx[:tc_p]}~(\d+)#{Mx[:gr_c]}/,
+          %{
})
         if parablock =~/#{Mx[:gr_o]}TZ#{Mx[:gr_c]}/
           tablefoot=[]
           @@tablefoot.each {|x| tablefoot << %{
#{x}
\n}}
           @@tablefoot=[]
-          parablock.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gr_o]}TZ#{Mx[:gr_c]}/,
+          parablock=parablock.gsub(/#{Mx[:gr_o]}TZ#{Mx[:gr_c]}/,
             %{#{@vz.table_close}\n}) # +
         end
         if @@tablehead==1
           if parablock =~/#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u
-            parablock.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_o]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,
-              %{\n} +
-              %{\n')
+            parablock=parablock.gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_o]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,
+                %{\n} +
+                %{\n')
             @@tablehead=0
           end
           parablock
         else
-          parablock.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_o]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,
-            %{\n} +
-            %{\n')
+          parablock=parablock.gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_o]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,
+              %{\n} +
+              %{\n')
           parablock
         end
         @new_content << parablock
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/shared_markup_alt.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/shared_markup_alt.rb
index 27092050..9719dd3e 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/shared_markup_alt.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/shared_markup_alt.rb
@@ -68,61 +68,61 @@ module SiSU_TextRepresentation
     def strip_clean_of_extra_spaces                                              # dal output tuned
       @s=@s.dup
       @s=@s.gsub(/[ ]+([,.;:?](?:$|\s))/,'\1') unless @s =~/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}/
-      @s=@s.gsub(/ [ ]+/,' ')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/^ [ ]+/,'')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/ [ ]+$/,'')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/((?:#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]})')[ ]+(s )/,'\1\2')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/((?:#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]})')[ ]+(s )/,'\1\2')
+      @s=@s.gsub(/ [ ]+/,' ').
+        gsub(/^ [ ]+/,'').
+        gsub(/ [ ]+$/,'').
+        gsub(/((?:#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]})')[ ]+(s )/,'\1\2').
+        gsub(/((?:#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]})')[ ]+(s )/,'\1\2')
     end
     def strip_clean_of_markup                                                  # text form used in sql db search, used for digest, define rules, make same as in db clean
       @s=@s.dup                                                                  #% same as db clean -->
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'\1')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'\1')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'\1')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,'\1')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'\1')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strke_c]}/,'\1')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(\d+)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'[\1]')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'\1')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,'\1')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_hilite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_hilite_c]}/,'\1')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:126|152)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/i,'~')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'') # endnote removed
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'') # endnote removed
-      @s=@s.gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:nbsp]})+/,' ')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:br_nl]})+/,"\n")
-      @s=@s.gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:br_paragraph]})+/,"\n")
-      @s=@s.gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:br_line]})+/,"\n")
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(?:#lt|#060)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'<')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(?:#gt|#062)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'>')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:038|amp)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'&')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#033#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'!')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#035#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'#')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#042#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'*')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#045#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'-')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#047#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'/')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#095#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'_')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#123#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'{')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#125#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'}')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#126#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'~')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#169#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'©')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/\s\s+/,' ')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/\s\s+/,' ')
-      @s=@s.strip
+      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'\1').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'\1').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'\1').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,'\1').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'\1').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strke_c]}/,'\1').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(\d+)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'[\1]').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'\1').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,'\1').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_hilite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_hilite_c]}/,'\1').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:126|152)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/i,'~').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,''). # endnote removed
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,''). # endnote removed
+        gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:nbsp]})+/,' ').
+        gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:br_nl]})+/,"\n").
+        gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:br_paragraph]})+/,"\n").
+        gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:br_line]})+/,"\n").
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(?:#lt|#060)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'<').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(?:#gt|#062)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'>').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:038|amp)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'&').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#033#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'!').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#035#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'#').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#042#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'*').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#045#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'-').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#047#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'/').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#095#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'_').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#123#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'{').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#125#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'}').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#126#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'~').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#169#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'©').
+        gsub(/\s\s+/,' ').
+        gsub(/\s\s+/,' ').
+        strip
     end
     def semi_revert_markup                                             # used for digest, define rules, make same as in db clean
       if @t_o
-        @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'*{\1}*')
-        @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'/{\1}/')
-        @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'_{\1}_')
-        @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,'"{\1}"')
-        @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'+{\1}+')
-        @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strke_c]}/,'-{\1}-')
-        @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'^{\1}^')
-        @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,',{\1},')
-        @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:126|152)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/i,'~')
-        @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([\d*+]+\s+.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'~{\1}~') # endnote marker marked up
-        @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([\d*+]+\s+.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'~[\1]~') # endnote marker marked up
+        @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'*{\1}*').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'/{\1}/').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'_{\1}_').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,'"{\1}"').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'+{\1}+').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strke_c]}/,'-{\1}-').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'^{\1}^').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,',{\1},').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:126|152)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/i,'~').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([\d*+]+\s+.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'~{\1}~'). # endnote marker marked up
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([\d*+]+\s+.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'~[\1]~') # endnote marker marked up
         if @t_o.is=='heading' or @t_o.is=='para'
           @s=@s.gsub(/ [ ]+/,' ')
           @s=@s.gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:nbsp]})+/,' ')
@@ -153,28 +153,28 @@ module SiSU_TextRepresentation
     end
     def html_lite #test whether eventually can be used in db_import replacing shared_html_lite (search for SiSU_FormatShared)
       if @t_o
-        @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'\1')
-        @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'\1')
-        @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'\1')
-        @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,'"\1"')
-        @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'+{\1}+')
-        @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strke_c]}/,'-{\1}-')
-        @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'\1')
-        @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,'\1')
-        @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:126|152)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/i,'~')
+        @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'\1').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'\1').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'\1').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,'"\1"').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'+{\1}+').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strke_c]}/,'-{\1}-').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'\1').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,'\1').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:126|152)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/i,'~')
         if @t_o.is !='code'
           if @s =~/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|image)/
             wm=@s.scan(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|image)|\S+/)
             words=urls(wm)
             @s=@s.gsub(/.+/m,words)
           end
-          @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(#[0-9]{3})#{Mx[:gl_c]}/u,'&\1;')
-          @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#([a-z]{2,4})#{Mx[:gl_c]}/u,'&\1;')
-          @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1') #http ftp matches escaped, no decoration
-          @s=@s.gsub(/(#{Mx[:lnk_c]})#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1\2\3') #special case \{ e.g. \}http://url
-          @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,%{#{@url_brace.xml_open}\\1#{@url_brace.xml_close}}) #http ftp matches with decoration
+          @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(#[0-9]{3})#{Mx[:gl_c]}/u,'&\1;').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#([a-z]{2,4})#{Mx[:gl_c]}/u,'&\1;').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1'). #http ftp matches escaped, no decoration
+            gsub(/(#{Mx[:lnk_c]})#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1\2\3'). #special case \{ e.g. \}http://url
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,%{#{@url_brace.xml_open}\\1#{@url_brace.xml_close}}) #http ftp matches with decoration
         else
-          @s=@s.gsub(//m,'>')
+          @s=@s.gsub(//m,'>')
         end
         if @t_o.is=='paragraph'
           if @t_o.bullet_
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/shared_metadata.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/shared_metadata.rb
index f3834059..56856116 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/shared_metadata.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/shared_metadata.rb
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ module SiSU_Metadata
             @md.creator.author_detail.each do |n|
               x += "#{n[:the]}, #{n[:others]}; "
             end
-            x.gsub!(/;\s*$/,'')
+            x=x.gsub(/;\s*$/,'')
             ' :author: ' + x
           else nil
           end
@@ -446,7 +446,7 @@ module SiSU_Metadata
             @md.creator.contributor_detail.each do |n|
               x += "#{n[:the]}, #{n[:others]}; "
             end
-            x.gsub!(/;\s*$/,'')
+            x=x.gsub(/;\s*$/,'')
             ' :contributor: ' + x
           else nil
           end
@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@ module SiSU_Metadata
             @md.creator.illustrator_detail.each do |n|
               x += "#{n[:the]}, #{n[:others]}; "
             end
-            x.gsub!(/;\s*$/,'')
+            x=x.gsub(/;\s*$/,'')
             ' :illustrator: ' + x
           else nil
           end
@@ -470,7 +470,7 @@ module SiSU_Metadata
             @md.creator.photographer_detail.each do |n|
               x += "#{n[:the]}, #{n[:others]}; "
             end
-            x.gsub!(/;\s*$/,'')
+            x=x.gsub(/;\s*$/,'')
             ' :photographer: ' + x
           else nil
           end
@@ -482,7 +482,7 @@ module SiSU_Metadata
             @md.creator.translator_detail.each do |n|
               x += "#{n[:the]}, #{n[:others]}; "
             end
-            x.gsub!(/;\s*$/,'')
+            x=x.gsub(/;\s*$/,'')
             ' :translator: ' + x
           else nil
           end
@@ -494,7 +494,7 @@ module SiSU_Metadata
             @md.creator.audio_detail.each do |n|
               x += "#{n[:the]}, #{n[:others]}; "
             end
-            x.gsub!(/;\s*$/,'')
+            x=x.gsub(/;\s*$/,'')
             ' :audio: ' + x
           else nil
           end
@@ -506,7 +506,7 @@ module SiSU_Metadata
             @md.creator.digitized_by_detail.each do |n|
               x += "#{n[:the]}, #{n[:others]}; "
             end
-            x.gsub!(/;\s*$/,'')
+            x=x.gsub(/;\s*$/,'')
             ' :digitized_by: ' + x
           else nil
           end
@@ -518,7 +518,7 @@ module SiSU_Metadata
             @md.creator.prepared_by_detail.each do |n|
               x += "#{n[:the]}, #{n[:others]}; "
             end
-            x.gsub!(/;\s*$/,'')
+            x=x.gsub(/;\s*$/,'')
             ' :prepared_by: ' + x
           else nil
           end
@@ -736,107 +736,107 @@ module SiSU_Metadata
       def utf8
         if @s \
         and @s.class==String
-          @s.gsub!(//u,Mx[:br_paragraph])
-          @s.gsub!(//um,'>') # '>'   # >
-          @s.gsub!(/¢/um,'¢') # '¢'   # ¢
-          @s.gsub!(/£/um,'£') # '£'  # £
-          @s.gsub!(/¥/um,'¥') # '¥'    # ¥
-          @s.gsub!(/§/um,'§') # '§'   # §
-          @s.gsub!(/©/um,'©') # '©'   # ©
-          @s.gsub!(/ª/um,'ª') # 'ª'   # ª
-          @s.gsub!(/«/um,'«') # '«'  # «
-          @s.gsub!(/®/um,'®') # '®'    # ®
-          @s.gsub!(/°/um,'°') # '°'    # °
-          @s.gsub!(/±/um,'±') # '±' # ±
-          @s.gsub!(/²/um,'²') # '²'   # ²
-          @s.gsub!(/³/um,'³') # '³'   # ³
-          @s.gsub!(/µ/um,'µ') # 'µ'  # µ
-          @s.gsub!(/¶/um,'¶') # '¶'   # ¶
-          @s.gsub!(/¹/um,'¹') # '¹'   # ¹
-          @s.gsub!(/º/um,'º') # 'º'   # º
-          @s.gsub!(/»/um,'»') # '»'  # »
-          @s.gsub!(/¼/um,'¼') # '¼' # ¼
-          @s.gsub!(/½/um,'½') # '½' # ½
-          @s.gsub!(/¾/um,'¾') # '¾' # ¾
-          @s.gsub!(/×/um,'×') # '×'  # ×
-          @s.gsub!(/÷/um,'÷') # '÷' # ÷
-          @s.gsub!(/¿/um,'¿') # '¿' # ¿
-          @s.gsub!(/À/um,'À') # 'À' # À
-          @s.gsub!(/Á/um,'Á') # 'Á' # Á
-          @s.gsub!(/Â/um,'Â') # 'Â'  # Â
-          @s.gsub!(/Ã/um,'Ã') # 'Ã' # Ã
-          @s.gsub!(/Ä/um,'Ä') # 'Ä'   # Ä
-          @s.gsub!(/Å/um,'Å') # 'Å'  # Å
-          @s.gsub!(/Æ/um,'Æ') # 'Æ'  # Æ
-          @s.gsub!(/Ç/um,'Ç') # 'Ç' # Ç
-          @s.gsub!(/È/um,'È') # 'È' # È
-          @s.gsub!(/É/um,'É') # 'É' # É
-          @s.gsub!(/Ê/um,'Ê') # 'Ê'  # Ê
-          @s.gsub!(/Ë/um,'Ë') # 'Ë'   # Ë
-          @s.gsub!(/Ì/um,'Ì') # 'Ì' # Ì
-          @s.gsub!(/Í/um,'Í') # 'Í' # Í
-          @s.gsub!(/Î/um,'Î') # 'Î'  # Î
-          @s.gsub!(/Ï/um,'Ï') # 'Ï'   # Ï
-          @s.gsub!(/Ð/um,'Ð') # 'Ð'    # Ð
-          @s.gsub!(/Ñ/um,'Ñ') # 'Ñ' # Ñ
-          @s.gsub!(/Ò/um,'Ò') # 'Ò' # Ò
-          @s.gsub!(/Ó/um,'Ó') # 'Ó' # Ó
-          @s.gsub!(/Ô/um,'Ô') # 'Ô'  # Ô
-          @s.gsub!(/Õ/um,'Õ') # 'Õ' # Õ
-          @s.gsub!(/Ö/um,'Ö') # 'Ö'   # Ö
-          @s.gsub!(/Ø/um,'Ø') # 'Ø' # Ø
-          @s.gsub!(/Ù/um,'Ù') # 'Ù' # Ù
-          @s.gsub!(/Ú/um,'Ú') # 'Ú' # Ú
-          @s.gsub!(/Û/um,'Û') # 'Û'  # Û
-          @s.gsub!(/Ü/um,'Ü') # 'Ü'   # Ü
-          @s.gsub!(/Ý/um,'Ý') # 'Ý' # Ý
-          @s.gsub!(/Þ/um,'Þ') # 'Þ'  # Þ
-          @s.gsub!(/ß/um,'ß') # 'ß'  # ß
-          @s.gsub!(/à/um,'à') # 'à' # à
-          @s.gsub!(/á/um,'á') # 'á' # á
-          @s.gsub!(/â/um,'â') # 'â'  # â
-          @s.gsub!(/ã/um,'ã') # 'ã' # ã
-          @s.gsub!(/ä/um,'ä') # 'ä'   # ä
-          @s.gsub!(/å/um,'å') # 'å'  # å
-          @s.gsub!(/æ/um,'æ') # 'æ'  # æ
-          @s.gsub!(/ç/um,'ç') # 'ç' # ç
-          @s.gsub!(/è/um,'è') # 'è' # è
-          @s.gsub!(/é/um,'é') # '´'  # é
-          @s.gsub!(/ê/um,'ê') # 'ˆ'   # ê
-          @s.gsub!(/ë/um,'ë') # 'ë'   # ë
-          @s.gsub!(/ì/um,'ì') # 'ì' # ì
-          @s.gsub!(/í/um,'í') # '´'  # í
-          @s.gsub!(/î/um,'î') # 'î'  # î
-          @s.gsub!(/ï/um,'ï') # 'ï'   # ï
-          @s.gsub!(/ð/um,'ð') # 'ð'    # ð
-          @s.gsub!(/ñ/um,'ñ') # 'ñ' # ñ
-          @s.gsub!(/ò/um,'ò') # 'ò' # ò
-          @s.gsub!(/ó/um,'ó') # 'ó' # ó
-          @s.gsub!(/ô/um,'ô') # 'ô'  # ô
-          @s.gsub!(/õ/um,'õ') # 'õ' # õ
-          @s.gsub!(/ö/um,'ö') # 'ö'   # ö
-          @s.gsub!(/ø/um,'ø') # 'ø' # ø
-          @s.gsub!(/ù/um,'ú') # 'ù' # ú
-          @s.gsub!(/ú/um,'û') # 'ú' # û
-          @s.gsub!(/û/um,'ü') # 'û'  # ü
-          @s.gsub!(/ü/um,'ý') # 'ü'   # ý
-          @s.gsub!(/þ/um,'þ') # 'þ'  # þ
-          @s.gsub!(/ÿ/um,'ÿ') # 'ÿ'   # ÿ
-          @s.gsub!(/‘/um,'‘') # '‘' # ‘
-          @s.gsub!(/’/um,'’') # '’' # ’
-          @s.gsub!(/“/um,'“') # “   # “
-          @s.gsub!(/”/um,'”') # ”   # ”
-          @s.gsub!(/–/um,'–') # –   # –
-          @s.gsub!(/—/um,'—') # —   # —
-          @s.gsub!(/∝/um,'∝') # ∝    # ∝
-          @s.gsub!(/∞/um,'∞') # ∞   # ∞
-          @s.gsub!(/™/um,'™') # ™   # ™
-          @s.gsub!(/✠/um,'✠') # ✗  # ✠
-          @s.gsub!(/ /um,' ')       # space identify
-          @s.gsub!(/ /um,' ')       # space identify
-          @s.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}/u,'
')
+          @s=@s.gsub(//u,Mx[:br_paragraph]).
+            gsub(//um,'>'). # '>'   # >
+            gsub(/¢/um,'¢'). # '¢'   # ¢
+            gsub(/£/um,'£'). # '£'  # £
+            gsub(/¥/um,'¥'). # '¥'    # ¥
+            gsub(/§/um,'§'). # '§'   # §
+            gsub(/©/um,'©'). # '©'   # ©
+            gsub(/ª/um,'ª'). # 'ª'   # ª
+            gsub(/«/um,'«'). # '«'  # «
+            gsub(/®/um,'®'). # '®'    # ®
+            gsub(/°/um,'°'). # '°'    # °
+            gsub(/±/um,'±'). # '±' # ±
+            gsub(/²/um,'²'). # '²'   # ²
+            gsub(/³/um,'³'). # '³'   # ³
+            gsub(/µ/um,'µ'). # 'µ'  # µ
+            gsub(/¶/um,'¶'). # '¶'   # ¶
+            gsub(/¹/um,'¹'). # '¹'   # ¹
+            gsub(/º/um,'º'). # 'º'   # º
+            gsub(/»/um,'»'). # '»'  # »
+            gsub(/¼/um,'¼'). # '¼' # ¼
+            gsub(/½/um,'½'). # '½' # ½
+            gsub(/¾/um,'¾'). # '¾' # ¾
+            gsub(/×/um,'×'). # '×'  # ×
+            gsub(/÷/um,'÷'). # '÷' # ÷
+            gsub(/¿/um,'¿'). # '¿' # ¿
+            gsub(/À/um,'À'). # 'À' # À
+            gsub(/Á/um,'Á'). # 'Á' # Á
+            gsub(/Â/um,'Â'). # 'Â'  # Â
+            gsub(/Ã/um,'Ã'). # 'Ã' # Ã
+            gsub(/Ä/um,'Ä'). # 'Ä'   # Ä
+            gsub(/Å/um,'Å'). # 'Å'  # Å
+            gsub(/Æ/um,'Æ'). # 'Æ'  # Æ
+            gsub(/Ç/um,'Ç'). # 'Ç' # Ç
+            gsub(/È/um,'È'). # 'È' # È
+            gsub(/É/um,'É'). # 'É' # É
+            gsub(/Ê/um,'Ê'). # 'Ê'  # Ê
+            gsub(/Ë/um,'Ë'). # 'Ë'   # Ë
+            gsub(/Ì/um,'Ì'). # 'Ì' # Ì
+            gsub(/Í/um,'Í'). # 'Í' # Í
+            gsub(/Î/um,'Î'). # 'Î'  # Î
+            gsub(/Ï/um,'Ï'). # 'Ï'   # Ï
+            gsub(/Ð/um,'Ð'). # 'Ð'    # Ð
+            gsub(/Ñ/um,'Ñ'). # 'Ñ' # Ñ
+            gsub(/Ò/um,'Ò'). # 'Ò' # Ò
+            gsub(/Ó/um,'Ó'). # 'Ó' # Ó
+            gsub(/Ô/um,'Ô'). # 'Ô'  # Ô
+            gsub(/Õ/um,'Õ'). # 'Õ' # Õ
+            gsub(/Ö/um,'Ö'). # 'Ö'   # Ö
+            gsub(/Ø/um,'Ø'). # 'Ø' # Ø
+            gsub(/Ù/um,'Ù'). # 'Ù' # Ù
+            gsub(/Ú/um,'Ú'). # 'Ú' # Ú
+            gsub(/Û/um,'Û'). # 'Û'  # Û
+            gsub(/Ü/um,'Ü'). # 'Ü'   # Ü
+            gsub(/Ý/um,'Ý'). # 'Ý' # Ý
+            gsub(/Þ/um,'Þ'). # 'Þ'  # Þ
+            gsub(/ß/um,'ß'). # 'ß'  # ß
+            gsub(/à/um,'à'). # 'à' # à
+            gsub(/á/um,'á'). # 'á' # á
+            gsub(/â/um,'â'). # 'â'  # â
+            gsub(/ã/um,'ã'). # 'ã' # ã
+            gsub(/ä/um,'ä'). # 'ä'   # ä
+            gsub(/å/um,'å'). # 'å'  # å
+            gsub(/æ/um,'æ'). # 'æ'  # æ
+            gsub(/ç/um,'ç'). # 'ç' # ç
+            gsub(/è/um,'è'). # 'è' # è
+            gsub(/é/um,'é'). # '´'  # é
+            gsub(/ê/um,'ê'). # 'ˆ'   # ê
+            gsub(/ë/um,'ë'). # 'ë'   # ë
+            gsub(/ì/um,'ì'). # 'ì' # ì
+            gsub(/í/um,'í'). # '´'  # í
+            gsub(/î/um,'î'). # 'î'  # î
+            gsub(/ï/um,'ï'). # 'ï'   # ï
+            gsub(/ð/um,'ð'). # 'ð'    # ð
+            gsub(/ñ/um,'ñ'). # 'ñ' # ñ
+            gsub(/ò/um,'ò'). # 'ò' # ò
+            gsub(/ó/um,'ó'). # 'ó' # ó
+            gsub(/ô/um,'ô'). # 'ô'  # ô
+            gsub(/õ/um,'õ'). # 'õ' # õ
+            gsub(/ö/um,'ö'). # 'ö'   # ö
+            gsub(/ø/um,'ø'). # 'ø' # ø
+            gsub(/ù/um,'ú'). # 'ù' # ú
+            gsub(/ú/um,'û'). # 'ú' # û
+            gsub(/û/um,'ü'). # 'û'  # ü
+            gsub(/ü/um,'ý'). # 'ü'   # ý
+            gsub(/þ/um,'þ'). # 'þ'  # þ
+            gsub(/ÿ/um,'ÿ'). # 'ÿ'   # ÿ
+            gsub(/‘/um,'‘'). # '‘' # ‘
+            gsub(/’/um,'’'). # '’' # ’
+            gsub(/“/um,'“'). # “   # “
+            gsub(/”/um,'”'). # ”   # ”
+            gsub(/–/um,'–'). # –   # –
+            gsub(/—/um,'—'). # —   # —
+            gsub(/∝/um,'∝'). # ∝    # ∝
+            gsub(/∞/um,'∞'). # ∞   # ∞
+            gsub(/™/um,'™'). # ™   # ™
+            gsub(/✠/um,'✠'). # ✗  # ✠
+            gsub(/ /um,' ').       # space identify
+            gsub(/ /um,' ').       # space identify
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}/u,'
')
         end
         @s
       end
@@ -910,32 +910,32 @@ WOK
       def meta_para
         url_brace=SiSU_Viz::Skin.new.url_decoration
         if @inf.class==String
-          @inf.gsub!(//,'>')
-          @inf.gsub!(/<br(?: \/)?>/,'
')
+          @inf=@inf.gsub(//,'>').
+            gsub(/<br(?: \/)?>/,'
')
           if @inf =~/&/
             inf_array=[]
             word=@inf.scan(/\S+|\n/)
             word.each do |w| # _ - / # | : ! ^ ~
-              w.gsub!(/ /,' ')
+              w=w.gsub(/ /,' ')
               if w !~/&\S{2,7}?;/
-                w.gsub!(/&/,'&')
+                w=w.gsub(/&/,'&')
               end
               inf_array << w
             end
             @inf=inf_array.join(' ')
           end
-          @inf.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
-            '\1') #http ftp matches escaped, no decoration
-          @inf.gsub!(/(#{Mx[:lnk_c]})#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
-            '\1\2') #special case \{ e.g. \}http://url
-          if @inf =~/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/
-            @inf.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+          @inf=@inf.gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+              '\1'). #http ftp matches escaped, no decoration
+            gsub(/(#{Mx[:lnk_c]})#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+              '\1\2') #special case \{ e.g. \}http://url
+          @inf=if @inf =~/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/
+            @inf.gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
               %{#{url_brace.xml_open}\\1#{url_brace.xml_close}}) #http ftp matches with decoration
           else
-            @inf.gsub!(/(https?:\/\/[^<>()'"\s]+)/,
+            @inf.gsub(/(https?:\/\/[^<>()'"\s]+)/,
               %{#{url_brace.xml_open}\\1#{url_brace.xml_close}}) #http ftp matches with decoration
           end
-          @inf.gsub!(/([a-zA-Z0-9._-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+)/,
+          @inf=@inf.gsub(/([a-zA-Z0-9._-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+)/,
             %{#{url_brace.xml_open}\\1#{url_brace.xml_close}}) if @inf !~/http:\/\// # improve upon, document crash where url contains '@' symbol
         end
         </,' 
 ')
-      @para.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,"\n\n")
+      @para=@para.gsub(/
/,' 
 ').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,"\n\n")
       words=@para.scan(/\n\n|
|\S+/m)
       while words != ''
         word=words.shift
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/shared_xml.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/shared_xml.rb
index 78611ccc..dbaed6d8 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/shared_xml.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/shared_xml.rb
@@ -116,399 +116,404 @@ module SiSU_XML_Munge
           if str
             #¿ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖØÙÚÛÜÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõöøùúûü
             #¢£¥§©ª«®°±²³µ¶¹º»¼½¾×÷
-            str.gsub!(//um,'>')    # '>'     # >
-            str.gsub!(/¢/um,'¢')   # '¢'   # ¢
-            str.gsub!(/£/um,'£')   # '£'  # £
-            str.gsub!(/¥/um,'¥')   # '¥'    # ¥
-            str.gsub!(/§/um,'§')   # '§'   # §
-            str.gsub!(/©/um,'©')   # '©'   # ©
-            str.gsub!(/ª/um,'ª')   # 'ª'   # ª
-            str.gsub!(/«/um,'«')   # '«'  # «
-            str.gsub!(/®/um,'®')   # '®'    # ®
-            str.gsub!(/°/um,'°')   # '°'    # °
-            str.gsub!(/±/um,'±')   # '±' # ±
-            str.gsub!(/²/um,'²')   # '²'   # ²
-            str.gsub!(/³/um,'³')   # '³'   # ³
-            str.gsub!(/µ/um,'µ')   # 'µ'  # µ
-            str.gsub!(/¶/um,'¶')   # '¶'   # ¶
-            str.gsub!(/¹/um,'¹')   # '¹'   # ¹
-            str.gsub!(/º/um,'º')   # 'º'   # º
-            str.gsub!(/»/um,'»')   # '»'  # »
-            str.gsub!(/¼/um,'¼')   # '¼' # ¼
-            str.gsub!(/½/um,'½')   # '½' # ½
-            str.gsub!(/¾/um,'¾')   # '¾' # ¾
-            str.gsub!(/×/um,'×')   # '×'  # ×
-            str.gsub!(/÷/um,'÷')   # '÷' # ÷
-            str.gsub!(/¿/um,'¿')   # '¿' # ¿
-            str.gsub!(/À/um,'À')   # 'À' # À
-            str.gsub!(/Á/um,'Á')   # 'Á' # Á
-            str.gsub!(/Â/um,'Â')   # 'Â'  # Â
-            str.gsub!(/Ã/um,'Ã')   # 'Ã' # Ã
-            str.gsub!(/Ä/um,'Ä')   # 'Ä'   # Ä
-            str.gsub!(/Å/um,'Å')   # 'Å'  # Å
-            str.gsub!(/Æ/um,'Æ')   # 'Æ'  # Æ
-            str.gsub!(/Ç/um,'Ç')   # 'Ç' # Ç
-            str.gsub!(/È/um,'È')   # 'È' # È
-            str.gsub!(/É/um,'É')   # 'É' # É
-            str.gsub!(/Ê/um,'Ê')   # 'Ê'  # Ê
-            str.gsub!(/Ë/um,'Ë')   # 'Ë'   # Ë
-            str.gsub!(/Ì/um,'Ì')   # 'Ì' # Ì
-            str.gsub!(/Í/um,'Í')   # 'Í' # Í
-            str.gsub!(/Î/um,'Î')   # 'Î'  # Î
-            str.gsub!(/Ï/um,'Ï')   # 'Ï'   # Ï
-            str.gsub!(/Ð/um,'Ð')   # 'Ð'    # Ð
-            str.gsub!(/Ñ/um,'Ñ')   # 'Ñ' # Ñ
-            str.gsub!(/Ò/um,'Ò')   # 'Ò' # Ò
-            str.gsub!(/Ó/um,'Ó')   # 'Ó' # Ó
-            str.gsub!(/Ô/um,'Ô')   # 'Ô'  # Ô
-            str.gsub!(/Õ/um,'Õ')   # 'Õ' # Õ
-            str.gsub!(/Ö/um,'Ö')   # 'Ö'   # Ö
-            str.gsub!(/Ø/um,'Ø')   # 'Ø' # Ø
-            str.gsub!(/Ù/um,'Ù')   # 'Ù' # Ù
-            str.gsub!(/Ú/um,'Ú')   # 'Ú' # Ú
-            str.gsub!(/Û/um,'Û')   # 'Û'  # Û
-            str.gsub!(/Ü/um,'Ü')   # 'Ü'   # Ü
-            str.gsub!(/Ý/um,'Ý')   # 'Ý' # Ý
-            str.gsub!(/Þ/um,'Þ')   # 'Þ'  # Þ
-            str.gsub!(/ß/um,'ß')   # 'ß'  # ß
-            str.gsub!(/à/um,'à')   # 'à' # à
-            str.gsub!(/á/um,'á')   # 'á' # á
-            str.gsub!(/â/um,'â')   # 'â'  # â
-            str.gsub!(/ã/um,'ã')   # 'ã' # ã
-            str.gsub!(/ä/um,'ä')   # 'ä'   # ä
-            str.gsub!(/å/um,'å')   # 'å'  # å
-            str.gsub!(/æ/um,'æ')   # 'æ'  # æ
-            str.gsub!(/ç/um,'ç')   # 'ç' # ç
-            str.gsub!(/è/um,'è')   # 'è' # è
-            str.gsub!(/é/um,'é')   # '´'  # é
-            str.gsub!(/ê/um,'ê')   # 'ˆ'   # ê
-            str.gsub!(/ë/um,'ë')   # 'ë'   # ë
-            str.gsub!(/ì/um,'ì')   # 'ì' # ì
-            str.gsub!(/í/um,'í')   # '´'  # í
-            str.gsub!(/î/um,'î')   # 'î'  # î
-            str.gsub!(/ï/um,'ï')   # 'ï'   # ï
-            str.gsub!(/ð/um,'ð')   # 'ð'    # ð
-            str.gsub!(/ñ/um,'ñ')   # 'ñ' # ñ
-            str.gsub!(/ò/um,'ò')   # 'ò' # ò
-            str.gsub!(/ó/um,'ó')   # 'ó' # ó
-            str.gsub!(/ô/um,'ô')   # 'ô'  # ô
-            str.gsub!(/õ/um,'õ')   # 'õ' # õ
-            str.gsub!(/ö/um,'ö')   # 'ö'   # ö
-            str.gsub!(/ø/um,'ø')   # 'ø' # ø
-            str.gsub!(/ù/um,'ú')   # 'ù' # ú
-            str.gsub!(/ú/um,'û')   # 'ú' # û
-            str.gsub!(/û/um,'ü')   # 'û'  # ü
-            str.gsub!(/ü/um,'ý')   # 'ü'   # ý
-            str.gsub!(/þ/um,'þ')   # 'þ'  # þ
-            str.gsub!(/ÿ/um,'ÿ')   # 'ÿ'   # ÿ
-            str.gsub!(/‘/um,'‘')  # '‘'  # ‘
-            str.gsub!(/’/um,'’')  # '’'  # ’
-            str.gsub!(/“/um,'“')  # “    # “
-            str.gsub!(/”/um,'”')  # ”    # ”
-            str.gsub!(/–/um,'–')  # –    # –
-            str.gsub!(/—/um,'—')  # —    # —
-            str.gsub!(/∝/um,'∝')  # ∝     # ∝
-            str.gsub!(/∞/um,'∞')  # ∞    # ∞
-            str.gsub!(/™/um,'™')  # ™    # ™
-            str.gsub!(/✠/um,'✠') # ✗    # ✠
-            str.gsub!(/ /um,' ')       # space identify
-            str.gsub!(/ /um,' ')       # space identify
+            str=str.gsub(//um,'>').    # '>'     # >
+              gsub(/¢/um,'¢').   # '¢'   # ¢
+              gsub(/£/um,'£').   # '£'  # £
+              gsub(/¥/um,'¥').   # '¥'    # ¥
+              gsub(/§/um,'§').   # '§'   # §
+              gsub(/©/um,'©').   # '©'   # ©
+              gsub(/ª/um,'ª').   # 'ª'   # ª
+              gsub(/«/um,'«').   # '«'  # «
+              gsub(/®/um,'®').   # '®'    # ®
+              gsub(/°/um,'°').   # '°'    # °
+              gsub(/±/um,'±').   # '±' # ±
+              gsub(/²/um,'²').   # '²'   # ²
+              gsub(/³/um,'³').   # '³'   # ³
+              gsub(/µ/um,'µ').   # 'µ'  # µ
+              gsub(/¶/um,'¶').   # '¶'   # ¶
+              gsub(/¹/um,'¹').   # '¹'   # ¹
+              gsub(/º/um,'º').   # 'º'   # º
+              gsub(/»/um,'»').   # '»'  # »
+              gsub(/¼/um,'¼').   # '¼' # ¼
+              gsub(/½/um,'½').   # '½' # ½
+              gsub(/¾/um,'¾').   # '¾' # ¾
+              gsub(/×/um,'×').   # '×'  # ×
+              gsub(/÷/um,'÷').   # '÷' # ÷
+              gsub(/¿/um,'¿').   # '¿' # ¿
+              gsub(/À/um,'À').   # 'À' # À
+              gsub(/Á/um,'Á').   # 'Á' # Á
+              gsub(/Â/um,'Â').   # 'Â'  # Â
+              gsub(/Ã/um,'Ã').   # 'Ã' # Ã
+              gsub(/Ä/um,'Ä').   # 'Ä'   # Ä
+              gsub(/Å/um,'Å').   # 'Å'  # Å
+              gsub(/Æ/um,'Æ').   # 'Æ'  # Æ
+              gsub(/Ç/um,'Ç').   # 'Ç' # Ç
+              gsub(/È/um,'È').   # 'È' # È
+              gsub(/É/um,'É').   # 'É' # É
+              gsub(/Ê/um,'Ê').   # 'Ê'  # Ê
+              gsub(/Ë/um,'Ë').   # 'Ë'   # Ë
+              gsub(/Ì/um,'Ì').   # 'Ì' # Ì
+              gsub(/Í/um,'Í').   # 'Í' # Í
+              gsub(/Î/um,'Î').   # 'Î'  # Î
+              gsub(/Ï/um,'Ï').   # 'Ï'   # Ï
+              gsub(/Ð/um,'Ð').   # 'Ð'    # Ð
+              gsub(/Ñ/um,'Ñ').   # 'Ñ' # Ñ
+              gsub(/Ò/um,'Ò').   # 'Ò' # Ò
+              gsub(/Ó/um,'Ó').   # 'Ó' # Ó
+              gsub(/Ô/um,'Ô').   # 'Ô'  # Ô
+              gsub(/Õ/um,'Õ').   # 'Õ' # Õ
+              gsub(/Ö/um,'Ö').   # 'Ö'   # Ö
+              gsub(/Ø/um,'Ø').   # 'Ø' # Ø
+              gsub(/Ù/um,'Ù').   # 'Ù' # Ù
+              gsub(/Ú/um,'Ú').   # 'Ú' # Ú
+              gsub(/Û/um,'Û').   # 'Û'  # Û
+              gsub(/Ü/um,'Ü').   # 'Ü'   # Ü
+              gsub(/Ý/um,'Ý').   # 'Ý' # Ý
+              gsub(/Þ/um,'Þ').   # 'Þ'  # Þ
+              gsub(/ß/um,'ß').   # 'ß'  # ß
+              gsub(/à/um,'à').   # 'à' # à
+              gsub(/á/um,'á').   # 'á' # á
+              gsub(/â/um,'â').   # 'â'  # â
+              gsub(/ã/um,'ã').   # 'ã' # ã
+              gsub(/ä/um,'ä').   # 'ä'   # ä
+              gsub(/å/um,'å').   # 'å'  # å
+              gsub(/æ/um,'æ').   # 'æ'  # æ
+              gsub(/ç/um,'ç').   # 'ç' # ç
+              gsub(/è/um,'è').   # 'è' # è
+              gsub(/é/um,'é').   # '´'  # é
+              gsub(/ê/um,'ê').   # 'ˆ'   # ê
+              gsub(/ë/um,'ë').   # 'ë'   # ë
+              gsub(/ì/um,'ì').   # 'ì' # ì
+              gsub(/í/um,'í').   # '´'  # í
+              gsub(/î/um,'î').   # 'î'  # î
+              gsub(/ï/um,'ï').   # 'ï'   # ï
+              gsub(/ð/um,'ð').   # 'ð'    # ð
+              gsub(/ñ/um,'ñ').   # 'ñ' # ñ
+              gsub(/ò/um,'ò').   # 'ò' # ò
+              gsub(/ó/um,'ó').   # 'ó' # ó
+              gsub(/ô/um,'ô').   # 'ô'  # ô
+              gsub(/õ/um,'õ').   # 'õ' # õ
+              gsub(/ö/um,'ö').   # 'ö'   # ö
+              gsub(/ø/um,'ø').   # 'ø' # ø
+              gsub(/ù/um,'ú').   # 'ù' # ú
+              gsub(/ú/um,'û').   # 'ú' # û
+              gsub(/û/um,'ü').   # 'û'  # ü
+              gsub(/ü/um,'ý').   # 'ü'   # ý
+              gsub(/þ/um,'þ').   # 'þ'  # þ
+              gsub(/ÿ/um,'ÿ').   # 'ÿ'   # ÿ
+              gsub(/‘/um,'‘').  # '‘'  # ‘
+              gsub(/’/um,'’').  # '’'  # ’
+              gsub(/“/um,'“').  # “    # “
+              gsub(/”/um,'”').  # ”    # ”
+              gsub(/–/um,'–').  # –    # –
+              gsub(/—/um,'—').  # —    # —
+              gsub(/∝/um,'∝').  # ∝     # ∝
+              gsub(/∞/um,'∞').  # ∞    # ∞
+              gsub(/™/um,'™').  # ™    # ™
+              gsub(/✠/um,'✠'). # ✗    # ✠
+              gsub(/ /um,' ').       # space identify
+              gsub(/ /um,' ')       # space identify
           end
           dob=if defined? dob.obj
             dob.obj=str
             dob
-          elsif dob.class==String; dob
+          elsif dob.class==String
+            str
           end
           dob
         end
       end
       def html(dob='')
         if @sys.locale =~/utf-?8/i # instead ucs for utf8 # String#encode Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ /u,' ')           # space identify
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ /u,' ')           # space identify
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/ /u,' ').           # space identify
+            gsub(/ /u,' ')           # space identify
         else
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/¢/u,'¢')      # ¢
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/£/u,'£')     # £
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/¥/u,'¥')       # ¥
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/§/u,'§')      # §
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/©/u,'©')      # ©
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ª/u,'ª')      # ª
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/«/u,'«')     # «
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/®/u,'®')       # ®
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/°/u,'°')       # °
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/±/u,'±')    # ±
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/²/u,'²')      # ²
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/³/u,'³')      # ³
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/µ/u,'µ')     # µ
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/¶/u,'¶')      # ¶
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/¹/u,'¹')      # ¹
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/º/u,'º')      # º
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/»/u,'»')     # »
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/¼/u,'¼')    # ¼
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/½/u,'½')    # ½
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/¾/u,'¾')    # ¾
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/×/u,'×')     # ×
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/÷/u,'÷')    # ÷
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/¿/u,'¿')    # ¿
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/À/u,'À')    # À
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Á/u,'Á')    # Á
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Â/u,'Â')     # Â
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Ã/u,'Ã')    # Ã
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Ä/u,'Ä')      # Ä
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Å/u,'Å')     # Å
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Æ/u,'Æ')     # Æ
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Ç/u,'Ç')    # Ç
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/È/u,'È')    # È
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/É/u,'É')    # É
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Ê/u,'Ê')     # Ê
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Ë/u,'Ë')      # Ë
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Ì/u,'Ì')    # Ì
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Í/u,'Í')    # Í
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Î/u,'Î')     # Î
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Ï/u,'Ï')      # Ï
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Ð/u,'Ð')       # Ð
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Ñ/u,'Ñ')    # Ñ
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Ò/u,'Ò')    # Ò
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Ó/u,'Ó')    # Ó
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Ô/u,'Ô')     # Ô
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Õ/u,'Õ')    # Õ
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Ö/u,'Ö')      # Ö
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Ø/u,'Ø')    # Ø
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Ù/u,'Ù')    # Ù
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Ú/u,'Ú')    # Ú
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Û/u,'Û')     # Û
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Ü/u,'Ü')      # Ü
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Ý/u,'Ý')    # Ý
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Þ/u,'Þ')     # Þ
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ß/u,'ß')     # ß
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/à/u,'à')    # à
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/á/u,'á')    # á
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/â/u,'â')     # â
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ã/u,'ã')    # ã
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ä/u,'ä')      # ä
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/å/u,'å')     # å
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/æ/u,'æ')     # æ
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ç/u,'ç')    # ç
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/è/u,'è')    # è
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/é/u,'´')     # é
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ê/u,'ˆ')      # ê
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ë/u,'ë')      # ë
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ì/u,'ì')    # ì
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/í/u,'´')     # í
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/î/u,'î')     # î
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ï/u,'ï')      # ï
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ð/u,'ð')       # ð
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ñ/u,'ñ')    # ñ
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ò/u,'ò')    # ò
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ó/u,'ó')    # ó
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ô/u,'ô')     # ô
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/õ/u,'õ')    # õ
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ö/u,'ö')      # ö
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ø/u,'ø')    # ø
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ù/u,'ù')    # ú
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ú/u,'ú')    # û
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/û/u,'û')     # ü
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ü/u,'ü')      # ý
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/þ/u,'þ')     # þ
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ÿ/u,'ÿ')      # ÿ
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/‘/u,'&#lsquo;')    # ‘  # ‘
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/’/u,'&#rsquo;')    # ’  # ’
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/“/u,'“')     # “  # “
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/”/u,'”')     # ”  # ”
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/–/u,'–')     # –  # –
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/—/u,'—')     # —  # —
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/∝/u,'∝')      # ∝   # ∝
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/∞/u,'∞')     # ∞  # ∞
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/™/u,'™')     # ™  # ™
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/✠/u,'✠')    # ✠
-          #par.obja.gsub!(/✠/u '†')    # † # † incorrect replacement †
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ /u,' ')           # space identify
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ /u,' ')           # space identify
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/¢/u,'¢').      # ¢
+            gsub(/£/u,'£').     # £
+            gsub(/¥/u,'¥').       # ¥
+            gsub(/§/u,'§').      # §
+            gsub(/©/u,'©').      # ©
+            gsub(/ª/u,'ª').      # ª
+            gsub(/«/u,'«').     # «
+            gsub(/®/u,'®').       # ®
+            gsub(/°/u,'°').       # °
+            gsub(/±/u,'±').    # ±
+            gsub(/²/u,'²').      # ²
+            gsub(/³/u,'³').      # ³
+            gsub(/µ/u,'µ').     # µ
+            gsub(/¶/u,'¶').      # ¶
+            gsub(/¹/u,'¹').      # ¹
+            gsub(/º/u,'º').      # º
+            gsub(/»/u,'»').     # »
+            gsub(/¼/u,'¼').    # ¼
+            gsub(/½/u,'½').    # ½
+            gsub(/¾/u,'¾').    # ¾
+            gsub(/×/u,'×').     # ×
+            gsub(/÷/u,'÷').    # ÷
+            gsub(/¿/u,'¿').    # ¿
+            gsub(/À/u,'À').    # À
+            gsub(/Á/u,'Á').    # Á
+            gsub(/Â/u,'Â').     # Â
+            gsub(/Ã/u,'Ã').    # Ã
+            gsub(/Ä/u,'Ä').      # Ä
+            gsub(/Å/u,'Å').     # Å
+            gsub(/Æ/u,'Æ').     # Æ
+            gsub(/Ç/u,'Ç').    # Ç
+            gsub(/È/u,'È').    # È
+            gsub(/É/u,'É').    # É
+            gsub(/Ê/u,'Ê').     # Ê
+            gsub(/Ë/u,'Ë').      # Ë
+            gsub(/Ì/u,'Ì').    # Ì
+            gsub(/Í/u,'Í').    # Í
+            gsub(/Î/u,'Î').     # Î
+            gsub(/Ï/u,'Ï').      # Ï
+            gsub(/Ð/u,'Ð').       # Ð
+            gsub(/Ñ/u,'Ñ').    # Ñ
+            gsub(/Ò/u,'Ò').    # Ò
+            gsub(/Ó/u,'Ó').    # Ó
+            gsub(/Ô/u,'Ô').     # Ô
+            gsub(/Õ/u,'Õ').    # Õ
+            gsub(/Ö/u,'Ö').      # Ö
+            gsub(/Ø/u,'Ø').    # Ø
+            gsub(/Ù/u,'Ù').    # Ù
+            gsub(/Ú/u,'Ú').    # Ú
+            gsub(/Û/u,'Û').     # Û
+            gsub(/Ü/u,'Ü').      # Ü
+            gsub(/Ý/u,'Ý').    # Ý
+            gsub(/Þ/u,'Þ').     # Þ
+            gsub(/ß/u,'ß').     # ß
+            gsub(/à/u,'à').    # à
+            gsub(/á/u,'á').    # á
+            gsub(/â/u,'â').     # â
+            gsub(/ã/u,'ã').    # ã
+            gsub(/ä/u,'ä').      # ä
+            gsub(/å/u,'å').     # å
+            gsub(/æ/u,'æ').     # æ
+            gsub(/ç/u,'ç').    # ç
+            gsub(/è/u,'è').    # è
+            gsub(/é/u,'´').     # é
+            gsub(/ê/u,'ˆ').      # ê
+            gsub(/ë/u,'ë').      # ë
+            gsub(/ì/u,'ì').    # ì
+            gsub(/í/u,'´').     # í
+            gsub(/î/u,'î').     # î
+            gsub(/ï/u,'ï').      # ï
+            gsub(/ð/u,'ð').       # ð
+            gsub(/ñ/u,'ñ').    # ñ
+            gsub(/ò/u,'ò').    # ò
+            gsub(/ó/u,'ó').    # ó
+            gsub(/ô/u,'ô').     # ô
+            gsub(/õ/u,'õ').    # õ
+            gsub(/ö/u,'ö').      # ö
+            gsub(/ø/u,'ø').    # ø
+            gsub(/ù/u,'ù').    # ú
+            gsub(/ú/u,'ú').    # û
+            gsub(/û/u,'û').     # ü
+            gsub(/ü/u,'ü').      # ý
+            gsub(/þ/u,'þ').     # þ
+            gsub(/ÿ/u,'ÿ').      # ÿ
+            gsub(/‘/u,'&#lsquo;').    # ‘  # ‘
+            gsub(/’/u,'&#rsquo;').    # ’  # ’
+            gsub(/“/u,'“').     # “  # “
+            gsub(/”/u,'”').     # ”  # ”
+            gsub(/–/u,'–').     # –  # –
+            gsub(/—/u,'—').     # —  # —
+            gsub(/∝/u,'∝').      # ∝   # ∝
+            gsub(/∞/u,'∞').     # ∞  # ∞
+            gsub(/™/u,'™').     # ™  # ™
+            gsub(/✠/u,'✠').    # ✠
+            #gsub(/✠/u '†').    # † # † incorrect replacement †
+            gsub(/ /u,' ').           # space identify
+            gsub(/ /u,' ')           # space identify
         end
       end
       self
     end
     def tidywords(wordlist)
+      wordlist_new=[]
       wordlist.each do |x|
         #imperfect solution will not catch all possible cases
-        x.gsub!(/&/,'&') unless x =~/&\S+;/
-        x.gsub!(/&([A-Z])/,'&\1')
+        x=x.gsub(/&/,'&') unless x =~/&\S+;/
+        x=x.gsub(/&([A-Z])/,'&\1')
+        wordlist_new << x
       end
+      wordlist_new
     end
     def markup(dob='')
       wordlist=dob.obj.scan(/&[#0-9a-z]+;|\S+|\n/) #\n needed for tables, check though added 2005w17
       dob.obj=tidywords(wordlist).join(' ').strip
       unless dob.is=='table'
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_line]}/u,'
')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}/u,'
')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,'
')
-      end
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}:name#\S+?#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}#([a-zA-Z]+)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'&\1;')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}(#[0-9]+)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'&\1;')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s+)<\s+/,'\1< '); dob.obj.gsub!(/\s+>(\s+|$)/,' >\1')
-      #dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_emphasis_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_emphasis_c]}/,'\1') #reinstate
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/m,'\1')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/m,'\1')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'\1')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'\1')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,'\1')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'\1')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,'\1')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,'\1')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_monospace_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_monospace_c]}/,'\1')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/<:pb>\s*/,'') #Fix
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/<+[-~]#>+/,'')
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:br_line]}/u,'
').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}/u,'
').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,'
')
+      end
+      dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}:name#\S+?#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}#([a-zA-Z]+)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'&\1;').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}(#[0-9]+)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'&\1;').
+        gsub(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s+)<\s+/,'\1< ').gsub(/\s+>(\s+|$)/,' >\1').
+        #gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_emphasis_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_emphasis_c]}/,'\1'). #reinstate
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/m,'\1').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/m,'\1').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'\1').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'\1').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,'\1').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'\1').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,'\1').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,'\1').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_monospace_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_monospace_c]}/,'\1').
+        gsub(/<:pb>\s*/,''). #Fix
+        gsub(/<+[-~]#>+/,'')
       if dob.is !~/^code/
         #embeds a red-bullet image -->
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'\1')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'\1')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'\1')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,'\1')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,'
') unless dob.is=='table'
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_page]}\s*/,'')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_page_new]}\s*/,'')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:pa_non_object_no_heading]}|#{Mx[:pa_non_object_dummy_heading]}/,''); dob.obj.gsub!(/<[-~]#>/,'')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/href="#{Xx[:segment]}/m,'href="')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}([^#{Mx[:lnk_o]}#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}#{Mx[:rel_c]}]+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}(\.\.\/\S+?)#{Mx[:rel_c]}/,
-          '\1')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}([^#{Mx[:lnk_o]}#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}#{Mx[:rel_c]}]+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}:(\S+?)#{Mx[:rel_c]}/,
-          '\1')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:rel_c]}/,
-          '\1')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}[ ]*(\S+?\.(?:jpg|png|gif))[ ]+(\d+)x(\d+)(\s+[^}]+)?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
-          %{[\\1] \\4})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}[ ]*(\S+?\.(?:jpg|png|gif))([ ]+[^}]+)?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
-          %{\\1})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}[ ]*(\S+?\.(?:jpg|png|gif))[ ]+(\d+)x(\d+)(\s+[^}]+)?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}image/,
-          %{[\\1] \\4})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}[ ]*(\S+?\.(?:jpg|png|gif))([ ]+[^}]+)?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}image/,
-          %{\\1})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
-          '\1') #watch, compare html_tune
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
-          %{#{@brace_url.xml_open}\\1#{@brace_url.xml_close}})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
-          '\1') #escaped urls not linked, deal with later
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'\1').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'\1').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'\1').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,'\1')
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,'
') unless dob.is=='table'
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:br_page]}\s*/,'').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:br_page_new]}\s*/,'').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:pa_non_object_no_heading]}|#{Mx[:pa_non_object_dummy_heading]}/,'').
+          gsub(/<[-~]#>/,'').
+          gsub(/href="#{Xx[:segment]}/m,'href="').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}([^#{Mx[:lnk_o]}#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}#{Mx[:rel_c]}]+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}(\.\.\/\S+?)#{Mx[:rel_c]}/,
+            '\1').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}([^#{Mx[:lnk_o]}#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}#{Mx[:rel_c]}]+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}:(\S+?)#{Mx[:rel_c]}/,
+            '\1').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:rel_c]}/,
+            '\1').
+          gsub(/(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}[ ]*(\S+?\.(?:jpg|png|gif))[ ]+(\d+)x(\d+)(\s+[^}]+)?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+            %{[\\1] \\4}).
+          gsub(/(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}[ ]*(\S+?\.(?:jpg|png|gif))([ ]+[^}]+)?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+            %{\\1}).
+          gsub(/(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}[ ]*(\S+?\.(?:jpg|png|gif))[ ]+(\d+)x(\d+)(\s+[^}]+)?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}image/,
+            %{[\\1] \\4}).
+          gsub(/(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}[ ]*(\S+?\.(?:jpg|png|gif))([ ]+[^}]+)?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}image/,
+            %{\\1}).
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+            '\1'). #watch, compare html_tune
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+            %{#{@brace_url.xml_open}\\1#{@brace_url.xml_close}}).
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+            '\1') #escaped urls not linked, deal with later
       else
-        dob.obj.gsub!(//m,'>')
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(//m,'>')
       end
       if dob.of=='block'
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_bullet]}/,'● ')
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_bullet]}/,'● ')
       end
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}([a-zA-Z0-9._-]+\@\S+?\.[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
-        %{#{@brace_url.xml_open}\\1#{@brace_url.xml_close}})
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Dx[:url_o]}/,"#{Dx[:url_o_xml]}")
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Dx[:url_c]}/,"#{Dx[:url_c_xml]}")
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/ |#{Mx[:nbsp]}/m,' ')
+      dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}([a-zA-Z0-9._-]+\@\S+?\.[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+          %{#{@brace_url.xml_open}\\1#{@brace_url.xml_close}}).
+        gsub(/#{Dx[:url_o]}/,"#{Dx[:url_o_xml]}").
+        gsub(/#{Dx[:url_c]}/,"#{Dx[:url_c_xml]}").
+        gsub(/ |#{Mx[:nbsp]}/m,' ')
       dob
     end
     def markup_light(dob='')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/\/\{(.+?)\}\//,'\1')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/[*!]\{(.+?)\}[*!]/,'\1')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/_\{(.+?)\}_/,'\1')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/-\{(.+?)\}-/,'\1')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(//,'
')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/<:pb>\s*/,'')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/<[-~]#>/,'')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s)&\s+/,'\1& ') #sort
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/&([^;]{1,5})/,'&\1') #sort, rough estimate, revisit #WATCH found in node not sax
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(\S+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif))[ ]+.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|image)/,
-        "#{@md.file.output_path.xml.rel_image}\/\\1")
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/ |#{Mx[:nbsp]}/,' ')
+      dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/\/\{(.+?)\}\//,'\1').
+        gsub(/[*!]\{(.+?)\}[*!]/,'\1').
+        gsub(/_\{(.+?)\}_/,'\1').
+        gsub(/-\{(.+?)\}-/,'\1').
+        gsub(//,'
').
+        gsub(/<:pb>\s*/,'').
+        gsub(/<[-~]#>/,'').
+        gsub(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s)&\s+/,'\1& '). #sort
+        gsub(/&([^;]{1,5})/,'&\1'). #sort, rough estimate, revisit #WATCH found in node not sax
+        gsub(/(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(\S+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif))[ ]+.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|image)/,
+          "#{@md.file.output_path.xml.rel_image}\/\\1").
+        gsub(/ |#{Mx[:nbsp]}/,' ')
       wordlist=dob.obj.scan(/&[#0-9a-z]+;|\S+|\n/) #\n needed for tables, check though added 2005w17
       dob.obj=tidywords(wordlist).join(' ').strip
       dob
     end
     def markup_fictionbook(dob='')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/~\{([\d*+]+).+?\}~/,'[\1]')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/\/\{(.+?)\}\//,'\1')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/[*!]\{(.+?)\}[*!]/,'\1')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/_\{(.+?)\}_/,'\1')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/-\{(.+?)\}-/,'\1')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(//,'
')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/<:pb>\s*/,'')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/<[-~]#>/,'')
-      #temporary -->
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/<:\S+?>/,'')
-      #<-- temporary
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/<[-~]#>/,'')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s)&\s+/,'\1& ') #sort
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/&([^;]{1,5})/,'&\1') #sort, rough estimate, revisit #WATCH found in node not sax
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/(#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(\S+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif))[ ]+.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|image)/,
-        "#{@md.file.output_path.xml.rel_image}\/\\1")
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/ |#{Mx[:nbsp]}/,' ')
+      dob.obj.gsub(/~\{([\d*+]+).+?\}~/,'[\1]').
+        gsub(/\/\{(.+?)\}\//,'\1').
+        gsub(/[*!]\{(.+?)\}[*!]/,'\1').
+        gsub(/_\{(.+?)\}_/,'\1').
+        gsub(/-\{(.+?)\}-/,'\1').
+        gsub(//,'
').
+        gsub(/<:pb>\s*/,'').
+        gsub(/<[-~]#>/,'').
+        #temporary -->
+        gsub(/<:\S+?>/,'').
+        #<-- temporary
+        gsub(/<[-~]#>/,'').
+        gsub(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s)&\s+/,'\1& '). #sort
+        gsub(/&([^;]{1,5})/,'&\1') #sort, rough estimate, revisit #WATCH found in node not sax
+        gsub(/(#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(\S+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif))[ ]+.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|image)/,
+          "#{@md.file.output_path.xml.rel_image}\/\\1").
+        gsub(/ |#{Mx[:nbsp]}/,' ')
       wordlist=dob.obj.scan(/&[#0-9a-z]+;|\S+|\n/) #\n needed for tables, check though added 2005w17
       dob.obj=tidywords(wordlist).join(' ').strip
       dob
     end
     def markup_group(dob='')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(//,'>')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/<:?br(?:\s+\/)?>/,'
')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/<(link xmlns:xlink=".+?")>/,'<\1>')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/<(\/link)>/,'<\1>')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/<(\/?en)>/,'<\1>')
+      dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(//,'>').
+        gsub(/<:?br(?:\s+\/)?>/,'
').
+        gsub(/<(link xmlns:xlink=".+?")>/,'<\1>').
+        gsub(/<(\/link)>/,'<\1>').
+        gsub(/<(\/?en)>/,'<\1>')
       dob
     end
     def markup_block(dob='')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(//,'>')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/<:?br(?:\s+\/)?>/,'
')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/<(link xmlns:xlink=".+?")>/,'<\1>')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/<(\/link)>/,'<\1>')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/<(\/?en)>/,'<\1>')
+      dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(//,'>').
+        gsub(/<:?br(?:\s+\/)?>/,'
').
+        gsub(/<(link xmlns:xlink=".+?")>/,'<\1>').
+        gsub(/<(\/link)>/,'<\1>').
+        gsub(/<(\/?en)>/,'<\1>')
       dob
     end
     def xml_sem_block_paired(matched) # colon depth: many, recurs
-      matched.gsub!(/\b(au):\{(.+?)\}:\1\b/m,  %{\\2})
-      matched.gsub!(/\b(vol):\{(.+?)\}:\1\b/m, %{\\2})
-      matched.gsub!(/\b(pub):\{(.+?)\}:\1\b/m, %{\\2})
-      matched.gsub!(/\b(ref):\{(.+?)\}:\1\b/m, %{\\2})
-      matched.gsub!(/\b(desc):\{(.+?)\}:\1\b/m,%{\\2})
-      matched.gsub!(/\b(conv):\{(.+?)\}:\1\b/m,%{\\2})
-      matched.gsub!(/\b(ct):\{(.+?)\}:\1\b/m,  %{\\2})
-      matched.gsub!(/\b(cty):\{(.+?)\}:\1\b/m, %{\\2})
-      matched.gsub!(/\b(org):\{(.+?)\}:\1\b/m, %{\\2})
-      matched.gsub!(/\b(dt):\{(.+?)\}:\1\b/m,  %{\\2})
-      matched.gsub!(/\b(n):\{(.+?)\}:\1\b/m,   %{\\2})
-      matched.gsub!(/([a-z]+(?:[_:.][a-z]+)*)(?::\{(.+?)\}:\1)/m,'\2')
+      matched=matched.gsub(/\b(au):\{(.+?)\}:\1\b/m,  %{\\2}).
+        gsub(/\b(vol):\{(.+?)\}:\1\b/m, %{\\2}).
+        gsub(/\b(pub):\{(.+?)\}:\1\b/m, %{\\2}).
+        gsub(/\b(ref):\{(.+?)\}:\1\b/m, %{\\2}).
+        gsub(/\b(desc):\{(.+?)\}:\1\b/m,%{\\2}).
+        gsub(/\b(conv):\{(.+?)\}:\1\b/m,%{\\2}).
+        gsub(/\b(ct):\{(.+?)\}:\1\b/m,  %{\\2}).
+        gsub(/\b(cty):\{(.+?)\}:\1\b/m, %{\\2}).
+        gsub(/\b(org):\{(.+?)\}:\1\b/m, %{\\2}).
+        gsub(/\b(dt):\{(.+?)\}:\1\b/m,  %{\\2}).
+        gsub(/\b(n):\{(.+?)\}:\1\b/m,   %{\\2}).
+        gsub(/([a-z]+(?:[_:.][a-z]+)*)(?::\{(.+?)\}:\1)/m,'\2')
     end
     def xml_semantic_tags(dob)
       if @md.sem_tag
         dob.obj.gsub!(/([a-z]+(?:[_:.][a-z]+)*)(?::\{(.+?)\}:\1)/m) {|c| xml_sem_block_paired(c) }
         dob.obj.gsub!(/([a-z]+(?:[_:.][a-z]+)*)(?::\{(.+?)\}:\1)/m) {|c| xml_sem_block_paired(c) }
         dob.obj.gsub!(/([a-z]+(?:[_:.][a-z]+)*)(?::\{(.+?)\}:\1)/m) {|c| xml_sem_block_paired(c) }
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/:\{(.+?)\}:au\b/m,             %{\\1})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/:\{(.+?)\}:n\b/m,              %{\\1})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/:\{(.+?)\}:ti\b/m,             %{\\1})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/:\{(.+?)\}:ref\b/m,            %{\\1})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/:\{(.+?)\}:desc\b/m,           %{\\1})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/:\{(.+?)\}:cty\b/m,            %{\\1})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/:\{(.+?)\}:org\b/m,            %{\\1})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/:\{(.+?)\}:([a-z]+(?:[_:.][a-z]+)*)/m,'\1')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};ti\b/m,    %{\\1})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};qt\b/m,    %{\\1})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};ref\b/m,   %{\\1})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};ed\b/m,    %{\\1})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};v\b/m,     %{\\1})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};desc\b/m,  %{\\1})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};def\b/m,   %{\\1})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};trans\b/m, %{\\1})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};y\b/m,     %{\\1})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};ab\b/m,    %{\\1})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};pg\b/m,    %{\\1})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};fn?\b/m,   %{\\1})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};mn?\b/m,   %{\\1})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};ln?\b/m,   %{\\1})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};in\b/m,    %{\\1})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};uni\b/m,   %{\\1})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};fac\b/m,   %{\\1})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};inst\b/m,  %{\\1})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};dept\b/m,  %{\\1})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};org\b/m,   %{\\1})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};com?\b/m,  %{\\1})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};cty\b/m,   %{\\1})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};([a-z]+(?:[_:.][a-z]+)*)/m,'\1')
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/:\{(.+?)\}:au\b/m,             %{\\1}).
+          gsub(/:\{(.+?)\}:n\b/m,              %{\\1}).
+          gsub(/:\{(.+?)\}:ti\b/m,             %{\\1}).
+          gsub(/:\{(.+?)\}:ref\b/m,            %{\\1}).
+          gsub(/:\{(.+?)\}:desc\b/m,           %{\\1}).
+          gsub(/:\{(.+?)\}:cty\b/m,            %{\\1}).
+          gsub(/:\{(.+?)\}:org\b/m,            %{\\1}).
+          gsub(/:\{(.+?)\}:([a-z]+(?:[_:.][a-z]+)*)/m,'\1').
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};ti\b/m,    %{\\1}).
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};qt\b/m,    %{\\1}).
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};ref\b/m,   %{\\1}).
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};ed\b/m,    %{\\1}).
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};v\b/m,     %{\\1}).
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};desc\b/m,  %{\\1}).
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};def\b/m,   %{\\1}).
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};trans\b/m, %{\\1}).
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};y\b/m,     %{\\1}).
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};ab\b/m,    %{\\1}).
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};pg\b/m,    %{\\1}).
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};fn?\b/m,   %{\\1}).
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};mn?\b/m,   %{\\1}).
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};ln?\b/m,   %{\\1}).
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};in\b/m,    %{\\1}).
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};uni\b/m,   %{\\1}).
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};fac\b/m,   %{\\1}).
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};inst\b/m,  %{\\1}).
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};dept\b/m,  %{\\1}).
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};org\b/m,   %{\\1}).
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};com?\b/m,  %{\\1}).
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};cty\b/m,   %{\\1}).
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};([a-z]+(?:[_:.][a-z]+)*)/m,'\1')
       end
       dob
     end
@@ -647,7 +652,7 @@ module SiSU_XML_Tags #Format
     def meta_content_clean(content='')
       content
       unless content.nil?
-        content.tr!('"',"'")
+        content=content.tr('"',"'")
         content=SiSU_XML_Munge::Trans.new(@md).char_enc.utf8(content)
       end
       content
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/sisupod_make.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/sisupod_make.rb
index 5fe93429..4b1a5ef9 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/sisupod_make.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/sisupod_make.rb
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ module SiSU_Doc
       file_array.each do |f|                                                   #% work area
         if f !~/^%+\s/
           skin << f.scan(@rgx_skin).uniq.flatten if f =~@rgx_skin
-          f.gsub!(/<:=(\S+?)>/,'{ c_\1.png 14x14 }image')                                                           # embedded symbol (image)
+          f=f.gsub(/<:=(\S+?)>/,'{ c_\1.png 14x14 }image')                                                           # embedded symbol (image)
           if f !~/^%+\s/ \
           and f =~@rgx_image
             images=images_extract(f,images)
@@ -238,10 +238,9 @@ module SiSU_Doc
       #2. need images used by skin, scan skin??
       if images \
       and images.length > 1
-        images.flatten!
-        images.uniq!
+        images=images.flatten.uniq
         images.delete_if {|x| x =~/https?:\/\// }
-        #images.sort!
+        #images=images.sort
         path_pod="#{@env.processing_path.processing}/sisupod"
         path_pod_conf="#{@env.processing_path.processing}/sisupod/_sisu"
         images_path_pod="#{path_pod}/image"
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/spell.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/spell.rb
index 1a8dc35b..58b86af3 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/spell.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/spell.rb
@@ -70,23 +70,23 @@ module SiSU_SpellUtility
     end
     def check
       @input.each do |data|
-        data.gsub!(/(https?|www|ftp|gopher|png|jpg|gif|html|htm)\S+/i,' ')
-        data.gsub!(/( |#{Mx[:nbsp]})/i,' ')
-        data.gsub!(/<\/?(table|tr|td|b|p|href).*?>/i,' ')
-        data.gsub!(/(<==.+|<:\S+>||^@\S+?:.+|\{\{\{|~)/,' ')
-        data.gsub!(/(["|<>)(\n'`'.;&_-]|\=)/,' ')
-        data.gsub!(/\b(altExternal|
-          target|externalimg|
-          srcimagebext|
-          img|src|toc|pdf|
-          cd|org|
-          helvetica|roman
-          )\b/i,' ')
-        data.gsub!(/EOF/,'')
+        data=data.gsub(/(https?|www|ftp|gopher|png|jpg|gif|html|htm)\S+/i,' ').
+          gsub(/( |#{Mx[:nbsp]})/i,' ').
+          gsub(/<\/?(table|tr|td|b|p|href).*?>/i,' ').
+          gsub(/(<==.+|<:\S+>||^@\S+?:.+|\{\{\{|~)/,' ').
+          gsub(/(["|<>)(\n'`'.;&_-]|\=)/,' ').
+          gsub(/\b(altExternal|
+            target|externalimg|
+            srcimagebext|
+            img|src|toc|pdf|
+            cd|org|
+            helvetica|roman
+            )\b/i,' ').
+          gsub(/EOF/,'')
         @words=data.scan(/\S+/)
         @words.each { |y| @allwords << y }
       end
-      @allwords.uniq!
+      @allwords=@allwords.uniq
       if @flg =~ /S/
         File.open('/home/ralph/spell_error','a+') do |file| #fix
           file.puts %{\n\n<<#{@filename}>>}
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/sysenv.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/sysenv.rb
index dea32c98..1b1a5857 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/sysenv.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/sysenv.rb
@@ -544,8 +544,7 @@ module SiSU_Env
           @m << { m: fn[:manifest], l: lng }
         end
       end
-      @m.uniq!
-      @m
+      @m=@m.uniq
     end
     def filename(code,name,suffix)
       #d=SiSU_Env::InfoEnv.new(@fns)
@@ -626,7 +625,7 @@ module SiSU_Env
       fnsp=SiSU_Env::InfoEnv.new(filename).source_file_with_path
       if program_found?(program)
         encoding=%x{file -L #{fnsp}}.strip
-        encoding.gsub!(/#{fnsp}:(\s+|$)/,'')
+        encoding=encoding.gsub(/#{fnsp}:(\s+|$)/,'')
         encoding=if encoding \
         and not encoding.empty?
           encoding
@@ -1118,8 +1117,7 @@ module SiSU_Env
       paths=[]
       flv=SiSU_Env::EnvCall.new(opt.fns).document_language_versions_found
       flv[:f].each {|l| lng_dirs << l[:l] }
-      lng_dirs.uniq!
-      lng_dirs.each do |lng|
+      lng_dirs.uniq.each do |lng|
         paths << "#{spp}/doc/#{lng}"
       end
       paths \
@@ -2744,7 +2742,9 @@ WOK
       @zap=z.local_sisu_source
       if @opt.cmd =~ /[hH]/
         @zap=Dir.glob(@zap).join(' ')
-        if @opt.cmd !~ /w/; @zap.gsub!(/#{@source_path}\/concordance.html/,'')
+        @zap=if @opt.cmd !~ /w/
+          @zap.gsub(/#{@source_path}\/concordance.html/,'')
+        else @zap
         end
       end
       @env=SiSU_Env::InfoEnv.new
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/texinfo.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/texinfo.rb
index 45af0550..121cf1ae 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/texinfo.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/texinfo.rb
@@ -156,24 +156,24 @@ module SiSU_TexInfo
         if dob.is =='table'
           @@flag['tables']='y' # KLUDGE get from param
         end
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/<:p[bn]>/,'')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1(\2 [linked to:] \3)')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s)\{(.+?)\}((?:https?|file):\/\/\S+)/,'\1(\2 [linked to:] \3)')
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/<:p[bn]>/,'').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1(\2 [linked to:] \3)').
+          gsub(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s)\{(.+?)\}((?:https?|file):\/\/\S+)/,'\1(\2 [linked to:] \3)')
         do_mono=SiSU_TexInfoFormat::Texinfo.new(@md,dob)
         dob.obj=do_mono.spec_char(dob.obj)
       end
       data
     end
     def endnote
-      data=@data
+      data,data_new=@data,[]
       data.each do |dob|
         if dob.of=~/para|block/
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/\s*#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(?:\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/m,' @footnote{ \1} ')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/\s*#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(\*+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/m,' @footnote{ \1} ')
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/\s*#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(?:\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/m,' @footnote{ \1} ').
+            gsub(/\s*#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(\*+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/m,' @footnote{ \1} ')
         end
-        dob
+        data_new << dob
       end
-      data
+      data_new
     end
     def poem
       data=@data
@@ -216,16 +216,17 @@ module SiSU_TexInfo
       end
     end
     def code_lines
-      data=@data
+      data,data_new=@data,[]
       data.each do |line|
         if line =~ /\S/ \
         and line !~ /#{Mx[:gr_o]}(code|verse).+/ #fix
-          if @@flag['code']
-            line.gsub!(/^\s*(.+)/m,"\\noindent \\marginpar\[left-text\]{\\begin{tiny}#{@@counting}\\end{tiny}}\\1\\")
+          line=if @@flag['code']
+            line.gsub(/^\s*(.+)/m,"\\noindent \\marginpar\[left-text\]{\\begin{tiny}#{@@counting}\\end{tiny}}\\1\\")
             @@counting+=1 if @@flag['code']
-          else line.gsub!(/(.+)/m,'\noindent\1')
+          else line.gsub(/(.+)/m,'\noindent\1')
           end
         end
+        data_new << line
       end
     end
     def tables
@@ -275,10 +276,10 @@ module SiSU_TexInfo
             @subsubmenu[n_submenu] << toc.menu
           end
         else
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/\s*(?:<:?br>|
)\s*/,"\n\n")
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/\s*(?:<:?br>|
)\s*/,"\n\n")
         end
       end
-      texinfo_menu.compact!
+      texinfo_menu=texinfo_menu.compact
       texinfo_menu << "* Dublin Core::"
       @tex_file << texinfo_menu
       @tex_file << "* Index::\n" +
@@ -326,7 +327,7 @@ module SiSU_TexInfo
           end
         end
         #%case with endnotes
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\s*[0-8]\\+(\S+)?\s+/,' ') if dob.obj
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/\s*[0-8]\\+(\S+)?\s+/,' ') if dob.obj
         @tex_file << dob.obj if dob.obj and dob.is !~/structure|comment/ #sort exceptions
       end
       data=@tex_file
@@ -343,13 +344,13 @@ module SiSU_TexInfo
         and dob.obj !~ /#{Rx[:meta]}/
           if dob.obj =~ /^[1-6]\\+(?:~\S+)?\s*/ \
           and dob.obj !~ /<:\d-endnotes>/
-            header=dob.obj[//m, 1].gsub!(/-/m,'.')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/^(?:[1-6]\\+(?:~\S+)|<:([12356]|4-.+?-)>)\s*/,
+            header=dob.obj[//m, 1].gsub(/-/m,'.')
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/^(?:[1-6]\\+(?:~\S+)|<:([12356]|4-.+?-)>)\s*/,
               "\\1 #{header} ")
           end
         elsif dob.obj=~ /|||/
           if dob.obj=~ //
-            dob.obj.gsub!(//,'\1 ')
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(//,'\1 ')
           end
         end
         @tex_file << dob.obj
@@ -363,8 +364,7 @@ module SiSU_TexInfo
       data << tex.tail
     end
     def output
-      data=@data
-      data.compact!
+      data=@data.compact
       filename_texinfo=%{#{@env.processing_path.texi}/#{@md.fnb}.texinfo}
       file_texinfo=File.new(filename_texinfo,'w+')
       puts filename_texinfo if @md.opt.cmd =~/M/
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/texinfo_format.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/texinfo_format.rb
index fc7ffde2..30d40e20 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/texinfo_format.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/texinfo_format.rb
@@ -81,20 +81,20 @@ module SiSU_TexInfoFormat
       year=t.year
       filename=%{#{@md.fns}}[/(.+?)\.\w\w\d\d$/,1]
       title=spec_char(@md.title.full)
-      title=title.gsub(/<(br|p|i)>|<\/\s*(br|p|i)>|<(br|p)\s*\/>/," #{Tex[:backslash]*2} ")
-      title.gsub!(/\$/,"\\$")
-      title.gsub!(/[,]\s*/,' - ')
+      title=title.gsub(/<(br|p|i)>|<\/\s*(br|p|i)>|<(br|p)\s*\/>/," #{Tex[:backslash]*2} ").
+        gsub(/\$/,"\\$").
+        gsub(/[,]\s*/,' - ')
       if @md.title.sub
         subtitle=spec_char(@md.title.sub)
-        subtitle=subtitle.gsub(/<(br|p|i)>|<\/\s*(br|p|i)>|<(br|p)\s*\/>/," #{Tex[:backslash]*2} ")
-        subtitle.gsub!(/\$/,"\\$")
-        subtitle.gsub!(/[,]\s*/,' - ')
+        subtitle=subtitle.gsub(/<(br|p|i)>|<\/\s*(br|p|i)>|<(br|p)\s*\/>/," #{Tex[:backslash]*2} ").
+          gsub(/\$/,"\\$").
+          gsub(/[,]\s*/,' - ')
         subtitle="@subtitle @value{VERSION}, @value{UPDATED}\n" #bugwatch
       end
       subtitle ||=''
       author=@md.author if @md.author
       author ||=''
-      author.gsub!(/[\*]/,'') #if author
+      author=author.gsub(/[\*]/,'') #if author
       v=SiSU_Env::InfoVersion.instance.get_version
       head =<|<\/\s*(br|p|i)>|<(br|p)\s*\/>/," #{Tex[:backslash]*2} ")
-      txt.gsub!(/\$/,"\\$")
-      txt.gsub!(/[,]\s*/,' - ')
+      txt=txt.gsub(/<(br|p|i)>|<\/\s*(br|p|i)>|<(br|p)\s*\/>/," #{Tex[:backslash]*2} ").
+        gsub(/\$/,"\\$").
+        gsub(/[,]\s*/,' - ')
       "@c %% 4\n" +
         "@ifnottex\n" +
         "@node Top\n" +
@@ -298,15 +298,14 @@ WOK
       and dob.obj !~/##{dob.ocn}/
         dob.obj="#{dob.obj} ##{dob.ocn}"
       end
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/<:#>/,'')
-      dob.obj.strip!
+      dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/<:#>/,'').strip
       dob
     end
     def menu
       dob=clean(@dob)
       m=dob.obj
-      m.gsub!(/[:,]\s*/,' - ')
-      m.gsub!(/@footnote\{.+?\}\s+/,'')
+      m=m.gsub(/[:,]\s*/,' - ').
+        gsub(/@footnote\{.+?\}\s+/,'')
       m="* #{m}::"
     end
     def level1
@@ -347,80 +346,79 @@ WOK
     end
     def submenu
       @dob.obj=@dob.obj.join("\n")
-      @dob.obj.gsub!(/[5]\\+~\S+/,'')
+      @dob.obj=@dob.obj.gsub(/[5]\\+~\S+/,'')
       dob=clean(@dob)
       dob.obj="@menu\n#{dob.obj}\n@end menu\n\n"
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/.+/m,"#{dob.obj}")
+      dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/.+/m,"#{dob.obj}")
     end
     def subsubmenu
       @dob.obj=@dob.obj.join("\n")
-      @dob.obj.gsub!(/[6]\\+~\S+/,'')
+      @dob.obj=@dob.obj.gsub(/[6]\\+~\S+/,'')
       dob=clean(@dob)
       dob.obj="@menu\n#{dob.obj}\n@end menu\n\n"
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/.+/m,"#{dob.obj}")
+      dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/.+/m,"#{dob.obj}")
     end
     def indent1
-      @dob.obj.gsub!(/<:i1>(.*)/,'\1')
+      @dob.obj=@dob.obj.gsub(/<:i1>(.*)/,'\1')
     end
     def indent2
-      @dob.obj.gsub!(/<:i2>(.*)/,'\1')
+      @dob.obj=@dob.obj.gsub(/<:i2>(.*)/,'\1')
     end
     def spec_char(txt) # special characters
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_eof]}/i,'')
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#169#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'(c)')
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:lt|060)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'<'); txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(gt|#062)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'>')
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#123#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'{'); txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#125#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'}')
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:126|152)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/i,'~')
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#033#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'!')
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#035#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'#')
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#042#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'*')
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#047#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'/')
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#095#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'_')
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#092#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\\')
-      txt.gsub!(/(?:#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]})\s*/,"\n\n")                                   # watch
-      txt.gsub!(/&atild;<\/font><\/sup>/,' ')
-      #txt.gsub!(/\\/,'\\backslash ')
-      txt.gsub!(/<:pb>/,'\\newpage')
-      txt.gsub!(/\\backslash copyright/,'\\copyright ')
-      txt.gsub!(/\^/,'\\wedge ')
-      txt.gsub!(/(\$)/,"\\$")
-      txt.gsub!(/\~/,'\\~')
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(https?:\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'<\1>')
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(https?:\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1')
-      txt.gsub!(/§/i,'\S')
-      txt.gsub!(/£/i,'\pounds')
-      txt.gsub!(/å/,'\aa'); txt.gsub!(/Å/,'\AA')
-      txt.gsub!(/æ/,'\ae'); txt.gsub!(/Æ/,'\AE')
-      txt.gsub!(/ø/,'\o'); txt.gsub!(/Ø/,'\O')
-      txt.gsub!(//i,' ')
-      txt.gsub!(/<\/a>/i,' ')
-      txt.gsub!(//i,' ')
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_paragrph]}/i,'') #watch
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'*\1*')
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'/\1/')
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'_\1_')
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,'[\1]')
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'^\1^')
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'+\1+')
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,'"\1"')
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,'-\1-')
-      txt.gsub!(/@/i,'@@')
-      txt.gsub!(/\{/,'@{'); txt.gsub!(/\}/,'@}')
-      txt.gsub!(/(?: |#{Mx[:nbsp]})+/,' ')        # ~ character for hardspace
-      txt.gsub!(/&(\S+?);/,' ')
-      txt.gsub!(/&/,'<=and>')
-      txt.gsub!(/(\s+&\s+)/,' and ')
-      txt.gsub!(/(\&)/,"\\&")
-      txt.gsub!(/"(.+?)"/,"`\\1'")                                        # open & close "
-      txt.gsub!(/\s+"/," `")                                              # open "
-      txt.gsub!(/^([1-6-]\\+(?:~\S+)?|<.+?>)?\s*"/,'\1`')       # open "
-      txt.gsub!(/"(\s|\.|,|:|;)/,"'\\1")                                  # close "
-      txt.gsub!(/"([1-6-]\\+(?:~\S+)?|<.+?>)?\s*$/,"'\\1")       # close "
-      txt.gsub!(/"(\.|,)/,"'")                                            # close "
-      txt.gsub!(/\s+'/," `")                                              # open '
-      txt.gsub!(/^([1-6-]\\+(?:~\S+)?|<.+?>)?\s*'/,'\1`')       # open '
-      txt.gsub!(/(|<\/font>)/,'')
-      txt
+      txt=txt.gsub(/#{Mx[:br_eof]}/i,'').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#169#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'(c)').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:lt|060)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'<').gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(gt|#062)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'>').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#123#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'{').gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#125#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'}').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:126|152)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/i,'~').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#033#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'!').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#035#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'#').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#042#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'*').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#047#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'/').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#095#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'_').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#092#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\\').
+        gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]})\s*/,"\n\n").                                   # watch
+        gsub(/&atild;<\/font><\/sup>/,' ').
+        #gsub(/\\/,'\\backslash ').
+        gsub(/<:pb>/,'\\newpage').
+        gsub(/\\backslash copyright/,'\\copyright ').
+        gsub(/\^/,'\\wedge ').
+        gsub(/(\$)/,"\\$").
+        gsub(/\~/,'\\~').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(https?:\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'<\1>').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(https?:\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1').
+        gsub(/§/i,'\S').
+        gsub(/£/i,'\pounds').
+        gsub(/å/,'\aa').gsub(/Å/,'\AA').
+        gsub(/æ/,'\ae').gsub(/Æ/,'\AE').
+        gsub(/ø/,'\o').gsub(/Ø/,'\O').
+        gsub(//i,' ').
+        gsub(/<\/a>/i,' ').
+        gsub(//i,' ').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:br_paragrph]}/i,''). #watch
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'*\1*').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'/\1/').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'_\1_').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,'[\1]').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'^\1^').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'+\1+').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,'"\1"').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,'-\1-').
+        gsub(/@/i,'@@').
+        gsub(/\{/,'@{').gsub(/\}/,'@}').
+        gsub(/(?: |#{Mx[:nbsp]})+/,' ').        # ~ character for hardspace
+        gsub(/&(\S+?);/,' ').
+        gsub(/&/,'<=and>').
+        gsub(/(\s+&\s+)/,' and ').
+        gsub(/(\&)/,"\\&").
+        gsub(/"(.+?)"/,"`\\1'").                                        # open & close "
+        gsub(/\s+"/," `").                                              # open "
+        gsub(/^([1-6-]\\+(?:~\S+)?|<.+?>)?\s*"/,'\1`').       # open "
+        gsub(/"(\s|\.|,|:|;)/,"'\\1").                                  # close "
+        gsub(/"([1-6-]\\+(?:~\S+)?|<.+?>)?\s*$/,"'\\1").       # close "
+        gsub(/"(\.|,)/,"'").                                            # close "
+        gsub(/\s+'/," `").                                              # open '
+        gsub(/^([1-6-]\\+(?:~\S+)?|<.+?>)?\s*'/,'\1`').       # open '
+        gsub(/(|<\/font>)/,'')
     end
     def longtable
       @end_table="\\end{longtable}"
@@ -440,28 +438,28 @@ WOK
         @colW=@colW.join
         @@start_table="\\setlength{\\LTleft}{0pt}\n\\setlength{\\LTright}{\\fill}\n" +
           "\\begin{longtable}[hb]#{@colW}\n"
-        @dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gr_o]}Th?#{Mx[:tc_p]}\s+c\d+?;.+#{Mx[:gr_c]}/u,"#{@@start_table}") #fix
+        @dob.obj=@dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:gr_o]}Th?#{Mx[:tc_p]}\s+c\d+?;.+#{Mx[:gr_c]}/u,"#{@@start_table}") #fix
       end
       if @dob =~/#{Mx[:gr_o]}TZ#{Mx[:gr_c]}/ #fix
-        @dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gr_o]}TZ#{Mx[:gr_c]}/," #{@end_table}") #fix
+        @dob.obj=@dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:gr_o]}TZ#{Mx[:gr_c]}/," #{@end_table}") #fix
       end
-      @dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_o]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,'')
+      @dob.obj=@dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_o]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,'')
       if @@tableheader==1
         if @dob =~/#{Mx[:tc_p]}\d+?#{Mx[:tc_p]}(.+?)(?:#{Mx[:tc_p]}|!)/u
           tablefoot=para[/\/,1]
-          @dob.obj.gsub!(/\/,'')
-          @dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}\d+?#{Mx[:tc_p]}(.+?)(?:#{Mx[:tc_p]}|!)/u,
-          "{\\begin{tiny} {\\bfseries \\1}\\end{tiny}}&")
-          @dob.obj.gsub!(/&>\s*$/,
-          " #{@row_break} \\hline\\endhead #{@row_break}")
+          @dob.obj=@dob.obj.gsub(/\/,'').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}\d+?#{Mx[:tc_p]}(.+?)(?:#{Mx[:tc_p]}|!)/u,
+              "{\\begin{tiny} {\\bfseries \\1}\\end{tiny}}&").
+            gsub(/&>\s*$/,
+              " #{@row_break} \\hline\\endhead #{@row_break}")
           @dob="#{@dob} \\multicolumn{#{@@number_of_cols}}{l}{\\tiny #{tablefoot}} \\\\ \\hline\n\\endfoot\n\\hline\n" if tablefoot
           @@tableheader=0
           @@number_of_cols=0
         end
       else
         if @dob =~/#{Mx[:tc_p]}\d+?#{Mx[:tc_p]}(.+?)(?:#{Mx[:tc_p]}|!)/u
-          @dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}\d+?#{Mx[:tc_p]}(.+?)(?:#{Mx[:tc_p]}|!)/u,"\\begin{tiny}\\1\\end{tiny}&")
-          @dob.obj.gsub!(/&>\s*$/," #{@row_break}")
+          @dob.obj=@dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}\d+?#{Mx[:tc_p]}(.+?)(?:#{Mx[:tc_p]}|!)/u,"\\begin{tiny}\\1\\end{tiny}&").
+            gsub(/&>\s*$/," #{@row_break}")
         end
       end
       @dob
@@ -482,10 +480,10 @@ WOK
           @colW << "p{#{col_w}cm}" if col_w
         end
         @@start_table="\\begin{tabular}{#{@colW}}\n"
-        @dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gr_o]}Th?#{Mx[:tc_p]}\s+c\d+?;.+#{Mx[:gr_c]}/u,"#{@@start_table}") #fix
+        @dob.obj=@dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:gr_o]}Th?#{Mx[:tc_p]}\s+c\d+?;.+#{Mx[:gr_c]}/u,"#{@@start_table}") #fix
       end
       if @dob =~/#{Mx[:gr_o]}TZ#{Mx[:gr_c]}/ #fix
-        @dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gr_o]}TZ#{Mx[:gr_c]}/,"#{@end_table}") #fix
+        @dob.obj=@dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:gr_o]}TZ#{Mx[:gr_c]}/,"#{@end_table}") #fix
         @@table_pg_break_counter=1
       end
       if @dob =~/#{Mx[:tc_o]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u
@@ -496,21 +494,21 @@ WOK
             "#{@@start_table}\n"
           @@table_pg_break_counter=1
         else
-          @dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_o]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,'')
+          @dob.obj=@dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_o]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,'')
           @@table_pg_break_counter+=1
           tablefoot=@dob[/\/]
-          @dob.obj.gsub!(/\/,'')
+          @dob.obj=@dob.obj.gsub(/\/,'')
         end
       end
       if @dob =~/#{Mx[:tc_p]}\d+?#{Mx[:tc_p]}(.+?)(?:#{Mx[:tc_p]}|!)/u
-      @dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}\d+?#{Mx[:tc_p]}(.+?)(?:#{Mx[:tc_p]}|!)/u,"\\begin{tiny}\\1\\end{tiny}&")
-      @dob.obj.gsub!(/&>\s*$/,"#{@row_break}")
+        @dob.obj=@dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}\d+?#{Mx[:tc_p]}(.+?)(?:#{Mx[:tc_p]}|!)/u,"\\begin{tiny}\\1\\end{tiny}&").
+          gsub(/&>\s*$/,"#{@row_break}")
       end
       @dob
     end
     def graphics
       dir=SiSU_Env::InfoEnv.new(@md.fns)
-      @dob.obj.gsub!(/<::\s+(\S+?)\s+>/i, #watch
+      @dob.obj=@dob.obj.gsub(/<::\s+(\S+?)\s+>/i, #watch
         "\\includegraphics*[width=11pt]{#{dir.path.image_source_include}/c_\\1.png}")
     end
     def image
@@ -518,17 +516,17 @@ WOK
       width="100"
       width=@dob[/<:image.+?width=``(\d+)''.+?>/im,1]
       width=width.to_i*0.4
-      @dob.obj.gsub!(/<:image\s+((?:https?|file|ftp)\S+)\s+(\S+)\s+.+\s+?>/i,
-        "\\href{\\1}{\\includegraphics*[width=#{width}pt]{#{dir.path.image_source_include}/\\2}}")
-      @dob.obj.gsub!(/<:image\s+(\S+)\s+.+\s+?>/i,
-        "\\includegraphics*[width=#{width}pt]{#{dir.path.image_source_include}/\\1}")
+      @dob.obj=@dob.obj.gsub(/<:image\s+((?:https?|file|ftp)\S+)\s+(\S+)\s+.+\s+?>/i,
+          "\\href{\\1}{\\includegraphics*[width=#{width}pt]{#{dir.path.image_source_include}/\\2}}").
+        gsub(/<:image\s+(\S+)\s+.+\s+?>/i,
+          "\\includegraphics*[width=#{width}pt]{#{dir.path.image_source_include}/\\1}")
     end
     def png
       # very messy clean up ! - work area, testing
       z=@dob[/\\\{(.+?)\}(?:image|png)/,1] # match operator for z \\ fragile !
       image,w,x,y=z.scan(/\S+/)
-      image.gsub!(/\\/,'')
-      @dob.obj.gsub!(/\\\{\S+\.(png|jpg|gif).+?\}(image|png)/,"")  # fragile match operator\\ fragile !
+      image=image.gsub(/\\/,'')
+      @dob.obj=@dob.obj.gsub(/\\\{\S+\.(png|jpg|gif).+?\}(image|png)/,"")  # fragile match operator\\ fragile !
     end
     def http
       # very messy clean up ! - work area, testing
@@ -536,7 +534,7 @@ WOK
       url=@dob[/((?:https?|file|ftp):\S+)/im,1]
       if @dob =~/\.(png|jpg|gif)/
         image,w,x,y=z.scan(/\S+/)
-        image.gsub!(/\\/,'')
+        image=image.gsub(/\\/,'')
         width=200
         width=z[/w=(\d+)/im,1] if z =~/w=(\d+)/
         width=width.to_i*0.8
@@ -546,11 +544,11 @@ WOK
       end
       if image
         dir=SiSU_Env::InfoEnv.new(@md.fns)
-        @dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\S+\.(png|jpg|gif).+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}/, # fragile match operator\\ fragile !
+        @dob.obj=@dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\S+\.(png|jpg|gif).+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}/, # fragile match operator\\ fragile !
           "\n\\href{#{url}}{\\includegraphics*[width=#{width}pt]{#{dir.path.image_source_include}/#{image}}}#{caption}")
       else
         link=z[/(.+?)\\/im,1]
-        @dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+#{Mx[:url_c]}/,"\n\\noindent\\href{#{url}}{#{link}}")  # fragile match operator\\ fragile !
+        @dob.obj=@dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+#{Mx[:url_c]}/,"\n\\noindent\\href{#{url}}{#{link}}")  # fragile match operator\\ fragile !
       end
     end
   end
@@ -563,23 +561,21 @@ WOK
       and txt !~/##{dob.ocn}/
         txt="#{dob.obj} ##{dob.ocn}"
       end
-      txt.gsub!(/<:#>/,'')
-      txt.strip!
-      txt
+      txt=txt.gsub(/<:#>/,'').strip
     end
     def submenu
       txt=@txt.join("\n")
-      txt.gsub!(/[5]\\+~\S+/,'')
+      txt=txt.gsub(/[5]\\+~\S+/,'')
       txt=clean(@dob,txt)
       txt="@menu\n#{txt}\n@end menu\n\n"
-      txt.gsub!(/.+/m,"#{txt}")
+      txt=txt.gsub(/.+/m,"#{txt}")
     end
     def subsubmenu
       txt=@txt.join("\n")
-      txt.gsub!(/[6]\\+~\S+/,'')
+      txt=txt.gsub(/[6]\\+~\S+/,'')
       txt=clean(@dob,txt)
       txt="@menu\n#{dob.obj}\n@end menu\n\n"
-      txt.gsub!(/.+/m,"#{txt}")
+      txt=txt.gsub(/.+/m,"#{txt}")
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/texpdf.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/texpdf.rb
index ee623cec..f8010511 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/texpdf.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/texpdf.rb
@@ -208,8 +208,8 @@ module SiSU_TeX
                 when /\.(?:-|ssm\.)?sst$/
                   if FileTest.directory?(@env.processing_path.tex)==true
                     Dir.chdir(@env.processing_path.tex)
-                    texfile=@md.fns.gsub(/$/,".#{ps}.tex")
-                    texfile=texfile.gsub(/~/,'-')
+                    texfile=@md.fns.gsub(/$/,".#{ps}.tex").
+                      gsub(/~/,'-')
                     if File.exist?(texfile) \
                     and File.size(texfile) > 0
                       @tex_f_no+=1
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ module SiSU_TeX
           dob.tmp=dob.obj #.dup
           if dob.is=='para' \
           or dob.is=='heading'
-            dob.tmp.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}:name#\S+?#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'')
+            dob.tmp=dob.tmp.gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}:name#\S+?#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'')
             dob.tmp=SiSU_TeX_Pdf::SpecialCharacters.new(@md,dob.tmp).special_characters
             if dob.tmp =~/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:rel_c]}/
               dob.tmp=SiSU_TeX_Pdf::FormatTextObject.new(@md,dob.tmp).url_str_internal(dob.tmp)
@@ -374,9 +374,9 @@ module SiSU_TeX
         data.each do |dob|
           # EMBEDDED FOOTNOTES / ENDNOTES should be straightforward but not quite a synch.
           if dob.tmp =~/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}[\d*+]+\s|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([*+]\d+)\s/
-            dob.tmp.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/m,"\\footnote[\\1]{%\n \\2} ")
-            dob.tmp.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([*+]\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/m,"\\FootnoteA{\\1}{%\n \\2} ")
-            dob.tmp.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([*+]+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/m,"\\FootnoteA{\\1}{%\n \\2} ")
+            dob.tmp=dob.tmp.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/m,"\\footnote[\\1]{%\n \\2} ").
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([*+]\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/m,"\\FootnoteA{\\1}{%\n \\2} ").
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([*+]+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/m,"\\FootnoteA{\\1}{%\n \\2} ")
           end
         end
         data
@@ -416,14 +416,14 @@ module SiSU_TeX
       def box_boites(dob,ocn)
         sp_char=SiSU_TeX_Pdf::SpecialCharacters.new(@md,dob.tmp,dob.is)
         dob.tmp=sp_char.special_characters_safe
-        dob.tmp.gsub!(/(#{Mx[:nbsp]})/m,'{\color{mywhite}\1}')
-        #dob.tmp.gsub!(/#{Mx[:nbsp]}/m,'{~}') # dob.tmp.gsub!(/#{Mx[:nbsp]}\s*/m,'{~}')
-        dob.tmp.gsub!(/#{Mx[:vline]}/m,'\vline')
-        dob.tmp.gsub!(/ \\( |#{Mx[:br_nl]})/,' {\textbackslash}\1')
-        dob.tmp.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_nl]}\s*\Z/m,'')
-        dob.tmp.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_nl]}{2}/,'\newline \\\\\\ ')
-        dob.tmp.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,' \\\\\\ ')
-        dob.tmp.gsub!(/\n\n\n/m," \\newline\n\n")
+        dob.tmp=dob.tmp.gsub(/(#{Mx[:nbsp]})/m,'{\color{mywhite}\1}').
+        #dob.tmp.gsub(/#{Mx[:nbsp]}/m,'{~}') # dob.tmp.gsub(/#{Mx[:nbsp]}\s*/m,'{~}')
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:vline]}/m,'\vline').
+          gsub(/ \\( |#{Mx[:br_nl]})/,' {\textbackslash}\1').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:br_nl]}\s*\Z/m,'').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:br_nl]}{2}/,'\newline \\\\\\ ').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,' \\\\\\ ').
+          gsub(/\n\n\n/m," \\newline\n\n")
         ocn=SiSU_TeX_Pdf::FormatTextObject.new(@md).ocn_display(dob)
         dob.tmp = ocn \
         + @tex_ml.paraskip_small \
@@ -439,11 +439,11 @@ module SiSU_TeX
       def box_listings(dob,ocn)
         sp_char=SiSU_TeX_Pdf::SpecialCharacters.new(@md,dob.tmp,dob.is)
         dob.tmp=sp_char.characters_code_listings
-        dob.tmp.gsub!(/^\s+/m,'') #bug, fix earlier, should be made unecessary
-        dob.tmp.gsub!(/#{Mx[:nbsp]}/m,' ')
-        dob.tmp.gsub!(/#{Mx[:vline]}/m,'|')
-        dob.tmp.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_nl]}(?:\s?\n)?/m,"\n")
-        dob.tmp.gsub!(/\n\n\n/m," \n\n")
+        dob.tmp=dob.tmp.gsub(/^\s+/m,''). #bug, fix earlier, should be made unecessary
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:nbsp]}/m,' ').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:vline]}/m,'|').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:br_nl]}(?:\s?\n)?/m,"\n").
+          gsub(/\n\n\n/m," \n\n")
         ocn=SiSU_TeX_Pdf::FormatTextObject.new(@md).ocn_display(dob)
         dob.tmp = ocn \
         + @tex_ml.paraskip_small \
@@ -466,9 +466,9 @@ module SiSU_TeX
         if dob.of=='block'
           @lineone=case dob.is
           when /block|group|alt|verse/
-            dob.tmp.gsub!(/#{Mx[:nbsp]}/m,'{~}')
-            dob.tmp.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_bullet]}/m,'$\txtbullet$\hspace{\enspace}') #Bullet environment not used for grouped text, ∴ no hanging indent here
-            dob.tmp.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_nl]}+/m,"\n\n") #match not ideal, but currently not inserting extra newlines anyway
+            dob.tmp=dob.tmp.gsub(/#{Mx[:nbsp]}/m,'{~}').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_bullet]}/m,'$\txtbullet$\hspace{\enspace}'). #Bullet environment not used for grouped text, ∴ no hanging indent here
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:br_nl]}+/m,"\n\n") #match not ideal, but currently not inserting extra newlines anyway
             ocn=SiSU_TeX_Pdf::FormatTextObject.new(@md).ocn_display(dob)
             dob.tmp=if dob.is=='group' \
             or dob.is=='block' \
@@ -568,16 +568,16 @@ module SiSU_TeX
             and (dob.indent != dob.hang or dob.indent =~/[1-9]/)
               dob.tmp=tst.hang
             else
-              dob.tmp.strip!
+              dob.tmp=dob.tmp.strip
               dob=enclose(dob) unless dob.tmp =~/^$/
             end
           else
-            dob.tmp.strip! unless dob.is=='code'
+            dob.tmp=dob.tmp.strip unless dob.is=='code'
             dob=enclose(dob) unless dob.tmp =~/^$/
           end
           if dob.class==String
-            dob.tmp.gsub!(/\s*(?:#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]})\s*/,' \newline ')   #% tread with care
-            dob.tmp.gsub!(/(\.#{Tex[:tilde]}\S*\s*|<:\S+>|#{Mx[:fa_o]}.*?#{Mx[:fa_c]}|#{Mx[:gr_o]}.*?#{Mx[:gr_c]}||)/,' ')   #% tread with care
+            dob.tmp=dob.tmp.gsub(/\s*(?:#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]})\s*/,' \newline ').   #% tread with care
+              gsub(/(\.#{Tex[:tilde]}\S*\s*|<:\S+>|#{Mx[:fa_o]}.*?#{Mx[:fa_c]}|#{Mx[:gr_o]}.*?#{Mx[:gr_c]}||)/,' ')   #% tread with care
           end
           dob
         end
@@ -872,12 +872,16 @@ WOK
         ps,h,fn=o[:ps],o[:h],o[:filename]
         if h[ps] \
         and (h[ps][:p] and h[ps][:l])
-          h[ps][:p].gsub!(/[ ]+$/m,'') if h[ps][:p]
-          h[ps][:l].gsub!(/[ ]+$/m,'') if h[ps][:l]
-          #h[ps][:p].gsub!(/(?:^[ ]+|[ ]+$)/m,'') if h[ps][:p]
-          #h[ps][:l].gsub!(/(?:^[ ]+|[ ]+$)/m,'') if h[ps][:l]
-          h[ps][:p].gsub!(/\n\n\n+/m,"\n\n") if h[ps][:p]
-          h[ps][:l].gsub!(/\n\n\n+/m,"\n\n") if h[ps][:l]
+          if h[ps][:p]
+            h[ps][:p]=h[ps][:p].gsub(/[ ]+$/m,'').
+              gsub(/\n\n\n+/m,"\n\n")
+          end
+          if h[ps][:l]
+            h[ps][:l]=h[ps][:l].gsub(/[ ]+$/m,'').
+              gsub(/\n\n\n+/m,"\n\n")
+          end
+            #h[ps][:p].gsub!(/(?:^[ ]+|[ ]+$)/m,'') if h[ps][:p]
+            #h[ps][:l].gsub!(/(?:^[ ]+|[ ]+$)/m,'') if h[ps][:l]
           if h[ps][:p] !~/\A\s*\Z/
             fn[:portrait].puts h[ps][:p],"\n"
           end
@@ -885,12 +889,16 @@ WOK
             fn[:landscape].puts h[ps][:l],"\n"
           end
         elsif (h[:p] and h[:l])
-          h[:p].gsub!(/[ ]+$/m,'') if h[:p]
-          h[:l].gsub!(/[ ]+$/m,'') if h[:l]
-          #h[:p].gsub!(/(?:^[ ]+|[ ]+$)/m,'') if h[:p]
-          #h[:l].gsub!(/(?:^[ ]+|[ ]+$)/m,'') if h[:l]
-          h[:p].gsub!(/\n\n\n+/m,"\n\n") if h[:p]
-          h[:l].gsub!(/\n\n\n+/m,"\n\n") if h[:l]
+          if h[:p]
+            h[:p]=h[:p].gsub(/[ ]+$/m,'').
+              gsub(/\n\n\n+/m,"\n\n")
+          end
+          if h[:l]
+            h[:l]=h[:l].gsub(/[ ]+$/m,'').
+              gsub(/\n\n\n+/m,"\n\n")
+          end
+            #h[:p].gsub!(/(?:^[ ]+|[ ]+$)/m,'') if h[:p]
+            #h[:l].gsub!(/(?:^[ ]+|[ ]+$)/m,'') if h[:l]
           if h[:p] !~/\A\s*\Z/
             fn[:portrait].puts h[:p],"\n"
           end
@@ -901,9 +909,7 @@ WOK
         end
       end
       def output(array)
-        array.flatten!
-        array.compact!
-        @array=array
+        @array=array=array.flatten.compact
         fns_l=@md.fns.gsub(/~/,'-') #this is a sorry fix, but necessary as it appears latex programs like not ~
         @md.papersize_array.each do |ps|
           file={
@@ -924,7 +930,7 @@ WOK
             and morph.tmp.class==String
               if morph.is !='code' \
               && morph.of !='block'
-                morph.tmp.gsub!(/^\s+/,'')
+                morph.tmp=morph.tmp.gsub(/^\s+/,'')
               else morph.tmp
               end
               if morph.tmp !~/\A\s*\Z/ \
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/texpdf_format.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/texpdf_format.rb
index a4b590a1..2eddf72c 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/texpdf_format.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/texpdf_format.rb
@@ -65,17 +65,17 @@ module SiSU_TeX_Pdf
       @brace_url=SiSU_Viz::Skin.new.url_decoration
     end
     def bare_urls
-      @dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}([a-zA-Z0-9._-]+\@\S+?\.[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
-        "#{@brace_url.tex_open}\\1#{@brace_url.tex_close}")
-      @dob.tmp.gsub!(/(^|[^\\])_/m,'\1\_') #watch may not work
-      @dob.tmp.gsub!(/(^|[^#{Mx[:lnk_c]}])#{Mx[:url_o]}_?(?:\\?_)?(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/m,
-        "\\1#{@brace_url.tex_open}\\begin{scriptsize}\\url{\\2}\\end{scriptsize}#{@brace_url.tex_close}")
+      @dob.obj=@dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}([a-zA-Z0-9._-]+\@\S+?\.[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+          "#{@brace_url.tex_open}\\1#{@brace_url.tex_close}")
+      @dob.tmp=@dob.tmp.gsub(/(^|[^\\])_/m,'\1\_'). #watch may not work
+        gsub(/(^|[^#{Mx[:lnk_c]}])#{Mx[:url_o]}_?(?:\\?_)?(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/m,
+          "\\1#{@brace_url.tex_open}\\begin{scriptsize}\\url{\\2}\\end{scriptsize}#{@brace_url.tex_close}")
       @dob
     end
     def bare_urls_in_code
-      @dob.tmp.gsub!(/(^|[^\\])_/m,'\1\_') #watch may not work
-      @dob.tmp.gsub!(/(https?:\/\/\S+?)([{]|[.,;)\]]?(?: |$))/m,
-        '\begin{scriptsize}\url{\1}\end{scriptsize}\2')
+      @dob.tmp=@dob.tmp.gsub(/(^|[^\\])_/m,'\1\_'). #watch may not work
+        gsub(/(https?:\/\/\S+?)([{]|[.,;)\]]?(?: |$))/m,
+          '\begin{scriptsize}\url{\1}\end{scriptsize}\2')
       @dob
     end
   end
@@ -109,17 +109,16 @@ module SiSU_TeX_Pdf
       "\\begin{tiny}\\hspace{0mm}\\end{tiny}{\\marginpar{\\begin{tiny}\\hspace{0mm}\\hypertarget{#{dob.ocn}}{#{dob.ocn}}\\end{tiny}}}" #ocn object citation numbering
     end
     def table_special_characters(r)
-      r.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}|$/u,'&')
-      r.gsub!(/%/,'\%')
-      r.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'\begin{bfseries}\1 \end{bfseries}')
-      r.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'\emph{\1}')
-      r.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'\uline{\1}') # ulem
-      r.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,"``\\1''") # quote #CHECK
-      r.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'\uline{\1}') # ulem
-      r.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,'\sout{\1}') # ulem
-      r.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,"\$^{\\textrm{\\1}}\$")
-      r.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,"\$_{\\textrm{\\1}}\$")
-      r
+      r=r.gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}|$/u,'&').
+        gsub(/%/,'\%').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'\begin{bfseries}\1 \end{bfseries}').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'\emph{\1}').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'\uline{\1}'). # ulem
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,"``\\1''"). # quote #CHECK
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'\uline{\1}'). # ulem
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,'\sout{\1}'). # ulem
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,"\$^{\\textrm{\\1}}\$").
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,"\$_{\\textrm{\\1}}\$")
     end
     def longtable_landscape
       end_table='\end{longtable}'
@@ -147,19 +146,21 @@ module SiSU_TeX_Pdf
           "\\begin{tiny}\n\\begin{longtable}#{colW}\n"
         rows=@dob.obj.split(/#{Mx[:br_nl]}/)
         if @dob.head_ #result imperfect, check on
-          rows[0].gsub!(/(^|.+?)(?:#{Mx[:tc_p]}|$)/u,'\bfseries \1&')
-          rows[0].gsub!(/&\s*$/," #{row_break} \\hline\\endhead #{row_break}")
+          rows[0]=rows[0].gsub(/(^|.+?)(?:#{Mx[:tc_p]}|$)/u,'\bfseries \1&').
+            gsub(/&\s*$/," #{row_break} \\hline\\endhead #{row_break}")
         end
+        rows_new=[]
         rows.each do |r|
           r=table_special_characters(r)
-          r.gsub!(/$/," #{row_break}\n") unless r =~/#{row_break*2}$/
+          r=r.gsub(/$/," #{row_break}\n") unless r =~/#{row_break*2}$/
           if r=~/\/ # not tested table footer if any
             tablefoot=$1
-            r.gsub!(/\/,'')
+            r=r.gsub(/\/,'')
             r="#{r} \\multicolumn{#{@dob.cols}}{l}{\\tiny #{tablefoot}} \\\\ \\hline\n\\endfoot\n\\hline\n"
           end
+          rows_new << r
         end
-        table=rows.join #@dob[:dal].obj=rows.join
+        table=rows_new.join #@dob[:dal].obj=rows.join
         ocn_display(@dob) + start_table + table + " #{end_table}\n\\end{tiny}"
       else ''
       end
@@ -190,19 +191,21 @@ module SiSU_TeX_Pdf
           "\\begin{tiny}\n\\begin{longtable}#{colW}\n"
         rows=@dob.obj.split(/#{Mx[:br_nl]}/)
         if @dob.head_
-          rows[0].gsub!(/(^|.+?)(?:#{Mx[:tc_p]}|$)/u,'\bfseries \1&')
-          rows[0].gsub!(/&\s*$/," #{row_break} \\hline\\endhead #{row_break}")
+          rows[0]=rows[0].gsub(/(^|.+?)(?:#{Mx[:tc_p]}|$)/u,'\bfseries \1&').
+            gsub(/&\s*$/," #{row_break} \\hline\\endhead #{row_break}")
         end
+        rows_new=[]
         rows.each do |r|
           r=table_special_characters(r)
-          r.gsub!(/$/," #{row_break}\n") unless r =~/#{row_break*2}$/
+          r=r.gsub(/$/," #{row_break}\n") unless r =~/#{row_break*2}$/
           if r=~/\/ # not tested table footer if any
             tablefoot=$1
-            r.gsub!(/\/,'')
+            r=r.gsub(/\/,'')
             r="#{r} \\multicolumn{#{@dob.cols}}{l}{\\tiny #{tablefoot}} \\\\ \\hline\n\\endfoot\n\\hline\n"
           end
+          rows_new << r
         end
-        table=rows.join #@dob[:dal].obj=rows.join
+        table=rows_new.join #@dob[:dal].obj=rows.join
         ocn_display(@dob) + start_table + table + " #{end_table}\n\\end{tiny}"
       else ''
       end
@@ -210,17 +213,17 @@ module SiSU_TeX_Pdf
     def heading_major
       dob=@dob
       title=@md.title.full
-      dob.tmp.strip! if dob.tmp
-      dob.tmp.gsub!(/\\begin\{(bfseries|itshape)\}(.+?)\\end\{\1\}/m,'\2')
+      dob.tmp=dob.tmp.strip if dob.tmp
+      dob.tmp=dob.tmp.gsub(/\\begin\{(bfseries|itshape)\}(.+?)\\end\{\1\}/m,'\2')
       cont_ln=dob.tmp.dup
-      cont_ln.gsub!(/\\begin\{(monosp)\}(.+?)\\end\{\1\}/m,'\2')
-      cont_ln.gsub!(@@tex_pattern_margin_number,'')
+      cont_ln=cont_ln.gsub(/\\begin\{(monosp)\}(.+?)\\end\{\1\}/m,'\2').
+        gsub(@@tex_pattern_margin_number,'')
       clearp=(dob.lv =~/B/ && dob.obj =='Metadata') ? "\\clearpage\n" : ''
       if dob.tmp =~/\\[Ff]ootnote/ #and dob =~/^[1-6]#{Tex[:tilde]}/ # removing footnotes from headings!
-        cont_ln.gsub!(/\s*\\footnote\[\d+\]\{%\n .+? \}\s*/,' ')
-        cont_ln.gsub!(/\s*\\Footnote[A]\{[*+]+\d*\}\{%\n .+? \}\s*/,' ')
+        cont_ln=cont_ln.gsub(/\s*\\footnote\[\d+\]\{%\n .+? \}\s*/,' ').
+          gsub(/\s*\\Footnote[A]\{[*+]+\d*\}\{%\n .+? \}\s*/,' ')
       end
-      dob.tmp.gsub!(/^(.*)\n?$/m,
+      dob.tmp=dob.tmp.gsub(/^(.*)\n?$/m,
         "#{clearp}\\part*{\\1}
 \\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{#{cont_ln}}
 \\markboth{#{title}}\n")
@@ -228,23 +231,23 @@ module SiSU_TeX_Pdf
     end
     def level4
       dob=@dob
-      dob.tmp.strip! if dob.tmp
-      dob.tmp.gsub!(/\\begin\{(bfseries|itshape)\}(.+?)\\end\{\1\}/m,'\2')
+      dob.tmp=dob.tmp.strip if dob.tmp
+      dob.tmp=dob.tmp.gsub(/\\begin\{(bfseries|itshape)\}(.+?)\\end\{\1\}/m,'\2')
       cont_ln=dob.tmp.dup
-      cont_ln.gsub!(/\\begin\{(monosp)\}(.+?)\\end\{\1\}/m,'\2')
-      cont_ln.gsub!(@@tex_pattern_margin_number,'')
-      cont_ln.gsub!(/#{Tex[:backslash]*2}/,"#{Tex[:backslash]*4}") # added w42
-      cont_ln.gsub!(/\\footnote\[\d+\]\{%.+?\\end\{scriptsize\}\s*\}/m,'') #arbitrary bugfix, revisit should not be necessary, eg. wta.1994 2004w22
-      cont_ln.gsub!(/\\Footnote[A]\{[*+]+\d*\}\{%.+?\\end\{scriptsize\}\s*\}/m,'') #arbitrary bugfix, revisit should not be necessary, eg. wta.1994 2004w22
+      cont_ln=cont_ln.gsub(/\\begin\{(monosp)\}(.+?)\\end\{\1\}/m,'\2').
+        gsub(@@tex_pattern_margin_number,'').
+        gsub(/#{Tex[:backslash]*2}/,"#{Tex[:backslash]*4}"). # added w42
+        gsub(/\\footnote\[\d+\]\{%.+?\\end\{scriptsize\}\s*\}/m,''). #arbitrary bugfix, revisit should not be necessary, eg. wta.1994 2004w22
+        gsub(/\\Footnote[A]\{[*+]+\d*\}\{%.+?\\end\{scriptsize\}\s*\}/m,'') #arbitrary bugfix, revisit should not be necessary, eg. wta.1994 2004w22
       title=@md.title.full
       if dob.name =~/endnotes/
-        dob.tmp.gsub!(/.+/m,'')
+        dob.tmp=dob.tmp.gsub(/.+/m,'')
       end
       if dob.tmp =~/\\footnote/ #and dob =~/^[1-6]#{Tex[:tilde]}/ # removing footnotes from headings!
-        cont_ln.gsub!(/\s*\\footnote\[\d+\]\{%\n .+? \}\s*/,' ')
-        cont_ln.gsub!(/\s*\\Footnote[A]\{[*+]+\d*\}\{%\n .+? \}\s*/,' ')
+        cont_ln=cont_ln.gsub(/\s*\\footnote\[\d+\]\{%\n .+? \}\s*/,' ').
+          gsub(/\s*\\Footnote[A]\{[*+]+\d*\}\{%\n .+? \}\s*/,' ')
       end
-      dob.tmp.gsub!(/^(.*)?\n?$/m,"\\subsubsection*{\\1}
+      dob.tmp=dob.tmp.gsub(/^(.*)?\n?$/m,"\\subsubsection*{\\1}
 \\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{#{cont_ln}}
 \\markright{#{title}}")
       dob
@@ -252,19 +255,19 @@ module SiSU_TeX_Pdf
     def level5
       dob=@dob
       # there is a problem here with creation of headers does not do what you would want it to header starts with a * and is not in bold work on \\@txt*, same for next section 2002w46
-      dob.tmp.strip! if dob.tmp
-      dob.tmp.gsub!(/\\begin\{(bfseries|itshape)\}(.+?)\\end\{\1\}/m,'\2')
+      dob.tmp=dob.tmp.strip if dob.tmp
+      dob.tmp=dob.tmp.gsub(/\\begin\{(bfseries|itshape)\}(.+?)\\end\{\1\}/m,'\2')
       cont_ln=dob.tmp.dup
-      cont_ln.gsub!(/\\begin\{(monosp)\}(.+?)\\end\{\1\}/m,'\2')
-      cont_ln.gsub!(@@tex_pattern_margin_number,'')
-      cont_ln.gsub!(/\\footnote\[\d+\]\{%.+?\\end\{scriptsize\}\s*\}/m,'') #arbitrary bugfix, revisit should not be necessary, eg. wta.1994 2004w22
-      cont_ln.gsub!(/\\Footnote[A]\{[*+]+\d*\}\{%.+?\\end\{scriptsize\}\s*\}/m,'') #arbitrary bugfix, revisit should not be necessary, eg. wta.1994 2004w22
-      cont_ln.gsub!(/\\\&/,' and ') #revisit: tmp bugfix 200507, substitutes & with 'and' in toc, needed e.g. for AT&T, see ffa
+      cont_ln=cont_ln.gsub(/\\begin\{(monosp)\}(.+?)\\end\{\1\}/m,'\2').
+        gsub(@@tex_pattern_margin_number,'').
+        gsub(/\\footnote\[\d+\]\{%.+?\\end\{scriptsize\}\s*\}/m,''). #arbitrary bugfix, revisit should not be necessary, eg. wta.1994 2004w22
+        gsub(/\\Footnote[A]\{[*+]+\d*\}\{%.+?\\end\{scriptsize\}\s*\}/m,''). #arbitrary bugfix, revisit should not be necessary, eg. wta.1994 2004w22
+        gsub(/\\\&/,' and ') #revisit: tmp bugfix 200507, substitutes & with 'and' in toc, needed e.g. for AT&T, see ffa
       if dob.tmp =~/\\footnote/ #and dob =~/^[1-6]#{Tex[:tilde]}/ # removing footnotes from headings!
-        cont_ln.gsub!(/\s*\\footnote\[\d+\]\{%\n .+? \}\s*/,' ')
-        cont_ln.gsub!(/\s*\\Footnote[A]\{[*+]+\d*\}\{%\n .+? \}\s*/,' ')
+        cont_ln=cont_ln.gsub(/\s*\\footnote\[\d+\]\{%\n .+? \}\s*/,' ').
+          gsub(/\s*\\Footnote[A]\{[*+]+\d*\}\{%\n .+? \}\s*/,' ')
       end
-      dob.tmp.gsub!(/^(.*)?\n?$/m,
+      dob.tmp=dob.tmp.gsub(/^(.*)?\n?$/m,
         "\\subsubsection*{\\1}
 \\addcontentsline{toc}{subsubsection}{#{cont_ln} \\\\
 }")
@@ -273,22 +276,22 @@ module SiSU_TeX_Pdf
     def level6
       dob=@dob
       # there is a problem here with creation of headers does not do what you would want it to header starts with a * and is not in bold work on \\sub@txt*, same for previous section 2002w46
-      dob.tmp.strip! if dob.tmp
-      dob.tmp.gsub!(/\\begin\{(bfseries|itshape)\}(.+?)\\end\{\1\}/m,'\2')
+      dob.tmp=dob.tmp.strip if dob.tmp
+      dob.tmp=dob.tmp.gsub(/\\begin\{(bfseries|itshape)\}(.+?)\\end\{\1\}/m,'\2')
       cont_ln=dob.tmp.dup
-      cont_ln.gsub!(/\\begin\{(monosp)\}(.+?)\\end\{\1\}/m,'\2')
-      cont_ln.gsub!(@@tex_pattern_margin_number,'')
-      cont_ln.gsub!(/\\footnote\[\d+\]\{%.+?\\end\{scriptsize\}\s*\}/m,'') #arbitrary bugfix, revisit should not be necessary, eg. wta.1994 2004w22
-      cont_ln.gsub!(/\\Footnote[A]\{[*+]+\d*\}\{%.+?\\end\{scriptsize\}\s*\}/m,'') #arbitrary bugfix, revisit should not be necessary, eg. wta.1994 2004w22
+      cont_ln=cont_ln.gsub(/\\begin\{(monosp)\}(.+?)\\end\{\1\}/m,'\2').
+        gsub(@@tex_pattern_margin_number,'').
+        gsub(/\\footnote\[\d+\]\{%.+?\\end\{scriptsize\}\s*\}/m,''). #arbitrary bugfix, revisit should not be necessary, eg. wta.1994 2004w22
+        gsub(/\\Footnote[A]\{[*+]+\d*\}\{%.+?\\end\{scriptsize\}\s*\}/m,'') #arbitrary bugfix, revisit should not be necessary, eg. wta.1994 2004w22
       if dob.tmp =~/\\footnote/ #and dob =~/^[1-6]#{Tex[:tilde]}/ # removing footnotes from headings!
-        cont_ln.gsub!(/\s*\\footnote\[\d+\]\{%\n .+? \}\s*/,' ')
-        cont_ln.gsub!(/\s*\\Footnote[A]\{[*+]+\d*\}\{%\n .+? \}\s*/,' ')
+        cont_ln=cont_ln.gsub(/\s*\\footnote\[\d+\]\{%\n .+? \}\s*/,' ').
+          gsub(/\s*\\Footnote[A]\{[*+]+\d*\}\{%\n .+? \}\s*/,' ')
       end
-      dob.tmp.gsub!(/^(.*)?\n?$/m,
+      dob.tmp=dob.tmp.gsub(/^(.*)?\n?$/m,
         "\\subsubsection*{\\1}
 \\addcontentsline{toc}{subsubsection}{~~~~#{cont_ln} \\\\
 }")
-      #dob.tmp.gsub!(/^(.*)?\n?$/m,
+      #dob.tmp.gsub(/^(.*)?\n?$/m,
       #  '\subsubsection*{\1}')
       dob
     end
@@ -569,8 +572,7 @@ module SiSU_TeX_Pdf
         #? (str.sub!(rgx_url_internal,"\\hyperlink{#{url}}{#{link}}")) \
         #: (str.sub!(rgx_url_internal,"#{@brace_rel.tex_open}\\hyperlink{#{url}}{#{link}}#{@brace_rel.tex_close}"))
       end
-      str.gsub!(/#{Xx[:protect]}/,'')
-      str
+      str=str.gsub(/#{Xx[:protect]}/,'')
     end
     def url_str(str)
       rgx_url_generic=/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}/m
@@ -582,7 +584,7 @@ module SiSU_TeX_Pdf
           link=z.strip
           link.gsub!(/&/,"#{Xx[:protect]}&")
           str.sub!(rgx_url_generic,"#{@brace_rel.tex_open}\\href{#{url}}{#{link}}#{@brace_rel.tex_close}")
-          str.gsub!(/#{Xx[:protect]}/,'')
+          str=str.gsub(/#{Xx[:protect]}/,'')
           str
         else str
         end
@@ -607,6 +609,8 @@ module SiSU_TeX_Pdf
           link.gsub!(/&/,"#{Xx[:protect]}&")
           dob.tmp.sub!(rgx_url_generic,"#{@brace_rel.tex_open}\\href{#{url}}{#{link}}#{@brace_rel.tex_close}#{punctuate}")
           dob.tmp.gsub!(/#{Xx[:protect]}/,'')
+          #dob.tmp=dob.tmp.sub(rgx_url_generic,"#{@brace_rel.tex_open}\\href{#{url}}{#{link}}#{@brace_rel.tex_close}#{punctuate}").
+          #  gsub(/#{Xx[:protect]}/,'')
           dob
         else dob
         end
@@ -797,7 +801,7 @@ module SiSU_TeX_Pdf
       end
       if lang_char_arr.length > 0
         lang_char_arr.slice(1..9).each { |ch| otherlang << @lang.list[ch][:xlp] }
-        otherlang.uniq!
+        otherlang=otherlang.uniq
       end
       otherlang=otherlang.join(',')
       { mainlang: mainlang, otherlang: otherlang }
@@ -1182,11 +1186,11 @@ WOK
       para_array=[]
       str=if word
         word.each do |w| # _ - / # | : ! ^ ~
-          w.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#lt#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'<'); w.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#gt#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'>')
-          w.gsub!(/[\\]?~/,'~')
-          w.gsub!(/[#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}]/,"\n") #watch
-          w.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:126|152)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'~') #126 usual
-          w.gsub!(/\\?\||#{Mx[:gl_o]}#124#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'|') #unless is=='code' #unless w=~/<~\d+;(?:[ohmu]|[0-6]:)\d+;\w\d+>/ # | SiSU not really special sisu character but done, also LaTeX
+          w=w.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#lt#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'<').gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#gt#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'>').
+            gsub(/[\\]?~/,'~').
+            gsub(/[#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}]/,"\n"). #watch
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:126|152)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'~'). #126 usual
+            gsub(/\\?\||#{Mx[:gl_o]}#124#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'|') #unless is=='code' #unless w=~/<~\d+;(?:[ohmu]|[0-6]:)\d+;\w\d+>/ # | SiSU not really special sisu character but done, also LaTeX
           para_array << w
         end
         str=para_array.join(' ')
@@ -1194,34 +1198,33 @@ WOK
         str
       else ''
       end
-      str.gsub(/\s*#{Mx[:mk_o]}:name#\S+?#{Mx[:mk_c]}\s*/,' ')
-      str.gsub!(/.+?<-#>/,'')
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_eof]}/,'')
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_endnotes]}/,'')
+      str=str.gsub(/\s*#{Mx[:mk_o]}:name#\S+?#{Mx[:mk_c]}\s*/,' ').
+        gsub(/.+?<-#>/,'').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:br_eof]}/,'').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:br_endnotes]}/,'').
       #problem sequence ->
-      str.gsub!(/&(?:lt|#060);/,'<')                                         # < SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:gt|062)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'>')                   # > SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#123#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'{')                   # { SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#125#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'}')                  # } SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:126|152)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'~')             # ~ SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#035#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'#')                           # # SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#033#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'!')                            # ! SiSU not really special sisu character but done, also LaTeX
-      #str.gsub!(/(^|\s)\*\s/,'\1\asterisk ')                                   # * should you wish to escape astrisk e.g. describing \*{bold}*
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#042#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'*')                           # * should you wish to escape astrisk e.g. describing \*{bold}*
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#045#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'-')                            # - SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#043#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'+')                            # + SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#044#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,',')                            # + SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#038#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'&') #unless @txt=~/<:code>/  # / SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#047#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'/')                       # / SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#092#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\\')               # \ SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#095#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'_')                # _ SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#124#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'|')                            # | SiSU not really special sisu character but done, also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#058#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,':')                            # : SiSU not really special sisu character but done, also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#094#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\^/,'^')                    # ^ SiSU not really special sisu character but done, also LaTeX
+        gsub(/&(?:lt|#060);/,'<').                                         # < SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:gt|062)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'>').                   # > SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#123#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'{').                   # { SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#125#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'}').                  # } SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:126|152)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'~').             # ~ SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#035#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'#').                           # # SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#033#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'!').                            # ! SiSU not really special sisu character but done, also LaTeX
+       #gsub(/(^|\s)\*\s/,'\1\asterisk ').                                   # * should you wish to escape astrisk e.g. describing \*{bold}*
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#042#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'*').                           # * should you wish to escape astrisk e.g. describing \*{bold}*
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#045#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'-').                            # - SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#043#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'+').                            # + SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#044#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,',').                            # + SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#038#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'&'). #unless @txt=~/<:code>/  # / SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#047#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'/').                       # / SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#092#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\\').               # \ SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#095#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'_').                # _ SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#124#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'|').                            # | SiSU not really special sisu character but done, also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#058#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,':').                            # : SiSU not really special sisu character but done, also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#094#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\^/,'^').                    # ^ SiSU not really special sisu character but done, also LaTeX
       ##watch placement, problem sequence ^
-      str.gsub!(/&atild;<\/font><\/sup>/,' ')
-      str.gsub!(/\\copy(right|mark)?/,'<=copymark>') # ok problem with superscript
-      str
+        gsub(/&atild;<\/font><\/sup>/,' ').
+        gsub(/\\copy(right|mark)?/,'<=copymark>') # ok problem with superscript
     end
     def xetex_special_characters_1(str,is='')                                  # ~ ^ $ & % _ { }  #LaTeX special characters - KEEP list
       #str=Iconv.conv('ISO-8859-1', 'UTF-8', @txt) # `require': iconv will be deprecated in the future, use String#encode instead.
@@ -1232,16 +1235,16 @@ WOK
           if w !~/https?:/ \
           and w=~/\/\S+?\// \
           and w.length > 6
-            w.gsub!(/([_.\/])/,'\1\-')
+            w=w.gsub(/([_.\/])/,'\1\-')
           end
-          w.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#lt#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'<'); w.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#gt#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'>')
-          w.gsub!(/[\\]?~/,'<=tilde>')
-          w.gsub!(/[#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}]/,' \newline ') #watch
-          w.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:126|152)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'<=tilde>') #126 usual
-          w.gsub!(/\\?\||#{Mx[:gl_o]}#124#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\pipe') #unless is=='code' #unless w=~/<~\d+;(?:[ohmu]|[0-6]:)\d+;\w\d+>/ # | SiSU not really special sisu character but done, also LaTeX
+          w=w.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#lt#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'<').gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#gt#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'>').
+            gsub(/[\\]?~/,'<=tilde>').
+            gsub(/[#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}]/,' \newline '). #watch
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:126|152)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'<=tilde>'). #126 usual
+            gsub(/\\?\||#{Mx[:gl_o]}#124#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\pipe') #unless is=='code' #unless w=~/<~\d+;(?:[ohmu]|[0-6]:)\d+;\w\d+>/ # | SiSU not really special sisu character but done, also LaTeX
           if w !~/#{Mx[:rel_o]}/ \
           and w !~/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#/
-            w.gsub!(/\#/,'<=hash>')
+            w=w.gsub(/\#/,'<=hash>')
           end
           para_array << w
         end
@@ -1250,137 +1253,132 @@ WOK
         str
       else ''
       end
-      str.gsub(/\s*#{Mx[:mk_o]}:name#\S+?#{Mx[:mk_c]}\s*/,' ')
-      str.gsub!(/.+?<-#>/,'')
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_eof]}/,'')
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_endnotes]}/,'')
+      str=str.gsub(/\s*#{Mx[:mk_o]}:name#\S+?#{Mx[:mk_c]}\s*/,' ').
+        gsub(/.+?<-#>/,'').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:br_eof]}/,'').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:br_endnotes]}/,'')
       #problem sequence ->
-      str.gsub!(/&(?:nbsp);|#{Mx[:nbsp]}/,'\hardspace') unless is=='code'      # < SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/&(?:lt|#060);/,'\lt')                                         # < SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:gt|062)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\gt')                   # > SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#123#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\curlyopen')                   # { SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#125#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\curlyclose')                  # } SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:126|152)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'<=tilde>')             # ~ SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#035#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\#')                           # # SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#033#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'!')                            # ! SiSU not really special sisu character but done, also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/(^|\s)\*\s/,'\1\asterisk ')                                   # * should you wish to escape astrisk e.g. describing \*{bold}*
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#042#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\*')                           # * should you wish to escape astrisk e.g. describing \*{bold}*
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#045#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'-')                            # - SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#043#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'+')                            # + SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#044#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,',')                            # + SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#038#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'<=amp>') #unless @txt=~/<:code>/  # / SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#047#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\slash')                       # / SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#092#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\textbackslash')               # \ SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#095#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'<=underscore>')                # _ SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#124#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'|')                            # | SiSU not really special sisu character but done, also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#058#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,':')                            # : SiSU not really special sisu character but done, also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#094#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\^/,'\caret')                    # ^ SiSU not really special sisu character but done, also LaTeX
+      str=str.gsub(/&(?:nbsp);|#{Mx[:nbsp]}/,'\hardspace') unless is=='code'      # < SiSU special character also LaTeX
+      str=str.gsub(/&(?:lt|#060);/,'\lt').                                         # < SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:gt|062)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\gt').                   # > SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#123#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\curlyopen').                   # { SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#125#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\curlyclose').                  # } SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:126|152)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'<=tilde>').             # ~ SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#035#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\#').                           # # SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#033#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'!').                            # ! SiSU not really special sisu character but done, also LaTeX
+        gsub(/(^|\s)\*\s/,'\1\asterisk ').                                   # * should you wish to escape astrisk e.g. describing \*{bold}*
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#042#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\*').                           # * should you wish to escape astrisk e.g. describing \*{bold}*
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#045#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'-').                            # - SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#043#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'+').                            # + SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#044#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,',').                            # + SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#038#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'<=amp>'). #unless @txt=~/<:code>/  # / SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#047#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\slash').                       # / SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#092#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\textbackslash').               # \ SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#095#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'<=underscore>').                # _ SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#124#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'|').                            # | SiSU not really special sisu character but done, also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#058#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,':').                            # : SiSU not really special sisu character but done, also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#094#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\^/,'\caret').                    # ^ SiSU not really special sisu character but done, also LaTeX
       ##watch placement, problem sequence ^
-      str.gsub!(/&atild;<\/font><\/sup>/,' ')
-      str.gsub!(/\\copy(right|mark)?/,'<=copymark>') # ok problem with superscript
-      str
+        gsub(/&atild;<\/font><\/sup>/,' ').
+        gsub(/\\copy(right|mark)?/,'<=copymark>') # ok problem with superscript
     end
     def xetex_special_characters_2(str,is='')
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#156#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\oe ')
-      str.gsub!(/\$/,'\$')
-      str.gsub!(/\#/,'\#')
-      str.gsub!(/\%/,'\%')
-      str.gsub!(/\~/,'\~') #revist, should not be necessary to mark remaining tildes
+      str=str.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#156#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\oe ').
+        gsub(/\$/,'\$').
+        gsub(/\#/,'\#').
+        gsub(/\%/,'\%').
+        gsub(/\~/,'\~') #revist, should not be necessary to mark remaining tildes
       if str !~/^\s*#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}image\s/
-        str.gsub!(/_/,'\_')
+        str=str.gsub(/_/,'\_')
       end
-      str.gsub!(/\{/,'\{')
-      str.gsub!(/\}/,'\}')
-      if is=='code'
-        str.gsub!(/&/,'{\\\&}')
-        str.gsub!(/\\~(\\\{)/,'{$\tilde$}\1')
-        str.gsub!(/(\\\})\\~/,'\1{$\tilde$}')
-        str.gsub!(/\\~(\[)/,'{$\tilde$}\1')
-        str.gsub!(/(\])\\~/,'\1{$\tilde$}')
-        str.gsub!(/<=tilde>/,'{$\tilde$}')
-        str.gsub!(/<=hash>/,'{\#}')
+      str=str.gsub(/\{/,'\{').
+        gsub(/\}/,'\}')
+      str=if is=='code'
+        str.gsub(/&/,'{\\\&}').
+          gsub(/\\~(\\\{)/,'{$\tilde$}\1').
+          gsub(/(\\\})\\~/,'\1{$\tilde$}').
+          gsub(/\\~(\[)/,'{$\tilde$}\1').
+          gsub(/(\])\\~/,'\1{$\tilde$}').
+          gsub(/<=tilde>/,'{$\tilde$}').
+          gsub(/<=hash>/,'{\#}')
       else
-        str.gsub!(/ |#{Mx[:nbsp]}/,'~') # ~ character for hardspace
-        str.gsub!(/&/,'<=amp>')
+        str.gsub(/ |#{Mx[:nbsp]}/,'~'). # ~ character for hardspace
+          gsub(/&/,'<=amp>')
       end
-      str.gsub!(/&\S+?;/,' ')
-      str.gsub!(/§/u,'\S') #latex: space between next character not preserved? #str.gsub!(/§ /,'\S ')
-      str.gsub!(/£/u,'\pounds')
-      str.gsub!(//,' ')
-      str.gsub!(/<\/a>/,' ')
-      str.gsub!(/((?:^|\s)#{Mx[:lnk_c]})#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
-        '\1\begin{scriptsize}\url{\2}\end{scriptsize}\3') #special case \{ e.g. \}http://url
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}\\_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
-        '\begin{scriptsize}\url{\1}\end{scriptsize}') #special case \{ e.g. \}http://url
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
-        '\begin{scriptsize}\\url{\1}\end{scriptsize}') #specially escaped url no decoration
+      str=str.gsub(/&\S+?;/,' ').
+        gsub(/§/u,'\S'). #latex: space between next character not preserved? #str.gsub(/§ /,'\S ')
+        gsub(/£/u,'\pounds').
+        gsub(//,' ').
+        gsub(/<\/a>/,' ').
+        gsub(/((?:^|\s)#{Mx[:lnk_c]})#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+          '\1\begin{scriptsize}\url{\2}\end{scriptsize}\3'). #special case \{ e.g. \}http://url
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}\\_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+          '\begin{scriptsize}\url{\1}\end{scriptsize}'). #special case \{ e.g. \}http://url
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+          '\begin{scriptsize}\\url{\1}\end{scriptsize}') #specially escaped url no decoration
       unless is=='code'
-        str.gsub!(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s)((?:https?|file|ftp):\/\/\S+?\.[^'"\s]+?)([;.,]?(?=\s|$))/,
+        str=str.gsub(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s)((?:https?|file|ftp):\/\/\S+?\.[^'"\s]+?)([;.,]?(?=\s|$))/,
           "\\1#{@brace_url.tex_open}\\begin{scriptsize}\\url{\\2}\\end{scriptsize}#{@brace_url.tex_close}\\3") #url matching with decoration  positive lookahead, sequence issue with { linked }http://url cannot use \b at start
-      else #code-block: angle brackets special characters, note _ already escaped
-        str.gsub!(/\\_/m,'{\UseTextSymbol{OML}{>}}')
       end
-      str.gsub!(/<:ee>/,'')
-      str.gsub!(//,' ')
+      str=str.gsub(/<:ee>/,'').
+        gsub(//,' ').
       #proposed change, insert, but may be redundant
-      str.gsub!(/<(br|p)>|<\/\s*(br|p)>|<(br|p)\s*\/>/," #{Tex[:backslash]*2} ") # Work Area
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'\begin{bfseries}\1 \end{bfseries}')
-      str.gsub!(/(.+?)<\/h\d+>/,'\begin{bfseries}\1 \end{bfseries}')
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'\emph{\1}')
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'\uline{\1}') # ulem
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,"``\\1''") # quote #CHECK
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'\uline{\1}') # ulem
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,'\sout{\1}') # ulem
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,"\$^{\\textrm{\\1}}\$")
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,"\$_{\\textrm{\\1}}\$")
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_monospace_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_monospace_c]}/,'\begin{monosp}\1\end{monosp}')
+        gsub(/<(br|p)>|<\/\s*(br|p)>|<(br|p)\s*\/>/," #{Tex[:backslash]*2} "). # Work Area
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'\begin{bfseries}\1 \end{bfseries}').
+        gsub(/(.+?)<\/h\d+>/,'\begin{bfseries}\1 \end{bfseries}').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'\emph{\1}').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'\uline{\1}'). # ulem
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,"``\\1''"). # quote #CHECK
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'\uline{\1}'). # ulem
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,'\sout{\1}'). # ulem
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,"\$^{\\textrm{\\1}}\$").
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,"\$_{\\textrm{\\1}}\$").
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_monospace_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_monospace_c]}/,'\begin{monosp}\1\end{monosp}')
       unless is=='code'
-        str.gsub!(/"(.+?)"/,'“\1”')  # quote marks / quotations open & close " need condition exclude for code
-        str.gsub!(/\s+"/,' “')                                # open "
-        str.gsub!(/^(#{Mx[:lv_o]}[1-6-]:\S*?#{Mx[:lv_c]}|<.+?>)?\s*"/,'\1“') #fix Mx[:lv_o] # open "
-        str.gsub!(/"(\s|\.|,|:|;)/,'”\1')                     # close "
-        str.gsub!(/"(#{Mx[:lv_o]}[1-6-]:\S*?#{Mx[:lv_c]}|<.+?>)?\s*$/,'”\1') #fix Mx[:lv_o] # close "
-        str.gsub!(/"(\.|,)/,'”')                              # close "
-        str.gsub!(/\s+'/,' `')                                # open '
-        str.gsub!(/^(#{Mx[:lv_o]}[1-6-]:\S*?#{Mx[:lv_c]}|<.+?>)?\s*'/,'\1`') #fix Mx[:lv_o] # open '
+        str=str.gsub(/"(.+?)"/,'“\1”').  # quote marks / quotations open & close " need condition exclude for code
+          gsub(/\s+"/,' “').                                # open "
+          gsub(/^(#{Mx[:lv_o]}[1-6-]:\S*?#{Mx[:lv_c]}|<.+?>)?\s*"/,'\1“'). #fix Mx[:lv_o] # open "
+          gsub(/"(\s|\.|,|:|;)/,'”\1').                     # close "
+          gsub(/"(#{Mx[:lv_o]}[1-6-]:\S*?#{Mx[:lv_c]}|<.+?>)?\s*$/,'”\1'). #fix Mx[:lv_o] # close "
+          gsub(/"(\.|,)/,'”').                              # close "
+          gsub(/\s+'/,' `').                                # open '
+          gsub(/^(#{Mx[:lv_o]}[1-6-]:\S*?#{Mx[:lv_c]}|<.+?>)?\s*'/,'\1`') #fix Mx[:lv_o] # open '
       end
-      str.gsub!(/(|<\/font>)/,'')
-      str.gsub!(/\s*#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'^\1')
+      str=str.gsub(/(|<\/font>)/,'').
+        gsub(/\s*#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'^\1')
       str
     end
     def xetex_special_characters_3(str)
-      str.gsub!(/])/,'\1') # clean up, incredibly messy :-( footnote indents, problems if match exists in ordinary paragraphs? check! Work Area 200501 a bit tricky as must be able to match multiple times, and to clean remainder
-      str.gsub!(/([^<][^b][^r]\s+)\/>/,'\1') # clean up, incredibly messy :-( footnote indents, problems if match exists in ordinary paragraphs? check! Work Area 200501 a bit tricky as must be able to match multiple times, and to clean remainder
+      str=str.gsub(/])/,'\1'). # clean up, incredibly messy :-( footnote indents, problems if match exists in ordinary paragraphs? check! Work Area 200501 a bit tricky as must be able to match multiple times, and to clean remainder
+        gsub(/([^<][^b][^r]\s+)\/>/,'\1') # clean up, incredibly messy :-( footnote indents, problems if match exists in ordinary paragraphs? check! Work Area 200501 a bit tricky as must be able to match multiple times, and to clean remainder
       while str =~/(https?:\/\/\S+?)(?:<=tilde>\S+)+/ #tilde in urls \href treated differently from text #FIX
-        str.gsub!(/(https?:\/\/\S+?)(?:<=tilde>(\S+))+/,'\1~\2')
+        str=str.gsub(/(https?:\/\/\S+?)(?:<=tilde>(\S+))+/,'\1~\2')
       end
-      str.gsub!(/<=tilde>/,'{$\tilde$}')
-      str.gsub!(/(https?:\/\/\S+?)(?:(?:<=hash>)(\S+))+/,'\1#\2') #hash in urls \href treated differently from text #FIX
-      str.gsub!(/<=hash>/,'{\#}')
+      str=str.gsub(/<=tilde>/,'{$\tilde$}').
+        gsub(/(https?:\/\/\S+?)(?:(?:<=hash>)(\S+))+/,'\1#\2'). #hash in urls \href treated differently from text #FIX
+        gsub(/<=hash>/,'{\#}')
       while str =~/(https?:\/\/\S+?)(?:<=amp>\S+)+/ #amp in urls \href treated differently from text #FIX
-        str.gsub!(/(https?:\/\/\S+?)(?:<=amp>(\S+))+/,'\1&\2')
+        str=str.gsub(/(https?:\/\/\S+?)(?:<=amp>(\S+))+/,'\1&\2')
       end
-      str.gsub!(/<=amp>/,'{\\\&}') #changed ... 2005
-      str.gsub!(/<=copymark>\s*(.+)/,
-        '^\copyright \textnormal{\1} \2') # watch likely to be problematic
+      str=str.gsub(/<=amp>/,'{\\\&}'). #changed ... 2005
+        gsub(/<=copymark>\s*(.+)/,
+          '^\copyright \textnormal{\1} \2') # watch likely to be problematic
       str
     end
     def special_characters_safe_close(str)
-      str.gsub!(/<=tilde>/,'{$\tilde$}')
-      str.gsub!(/<=hash>/,'{\#}')
-      str.gsub!(/<=amp>/,'{\\\&}') #changed ... 2005
-      str.gsub!(/<=copymark>\s*(.+)/,
-        '^\copyright \textnormal{\1} \2') # watch likely to be problematic
-      str
+      str=str.gsub(/<=tilde>/,'{$\tilde$}').
+        gsub(/<=hash>/,'{\#}').
+        gsub(/<=amp>/,'{\\\&}'). #changed ... 2005
+        gsub(/<=copymark>\s*(.+)/,
+          '^\copyright \textnormal{\1} \2') # watch likely to be problematic
     end
     def special_characters_code_fix(str)
-      str.gsub!(/<=tilde>/,'{$\tilde$}')
+      str=str.gsub(/<=tilde>/,'{$\tilde$}')
       str
     end
     def special_characters_unsafe_1(str) #depreciated, make obsolete
       # some substitutions are sequence sensitive, rearrange with care.
-      str.gsub!(/\\textbackslash (copyright|clearpage|newpage)/,"\\\\\\1")  #kludge bad solution, find out where tail is sent through specChar !
+      str=str.gsub(/\\textbackslash (copyright|clearpage|newpage)/,"\\\\\\1")  #kludge bad solution, find out where tail is sent through specChar !
       str
     end
     def special_characters                                                     #special characters - some substitutions are sequence sensitive, rearrange with care.
@@ -1393,8 +1391,8 @@ WOK
     end
     def special_word_break_points
       str=@txt
-      str.gsub!(/([_,.;:\/|=])/,'\1\-')
-      str.gsub!(/(--)(\S{4,})/,'\1\-\2')
+      str=str.gsub(/([_,.;:\/|=])/,'\1\-').
+        gsub(/(--)(\S{4,})/,'\1\-\2')
       @txt=str
     end
     def special_number_break_points
@@ -1416,7 +1414,7 @@ WOK
     end
     def special_characters_code
       str=@txt
-      str.gsub!(/ \\\\([ #{Mx[:br_nl]}]+|$)/,' \textbackslash\textbackslash\hardspace\1')
+      str=str.gsub(/ \\\\([ #{Mx[:br_nl]}]+|$)/,' \textbackslash\textbackslash\hardspace\1')
       str
     end
   end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/xhtml.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/xhtml.rb
index f444323a..bf1c964a 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/xhtml.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/xhtml.rb
@@ -135,12 +135,12 @@ module SiSU_XHTML
       end
     protected
       def embedded_endnotes(dob='')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,
-          '\1\2 ')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([*+]\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,
-          '\1\2 ')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([*+]+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,
-          '\1\2 ')
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,
+            '\1\2 ').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([*+]\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,
+            '\1\2 ').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([*+]+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,
+            '\1\2 ')
       end
       def extract_endnotes(dob='')
         notes=dob.obj.scan(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]})([\d*+]+\s+.+?)(?:#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_c]})/)
@@ -148,26 +148,26 @@ module SiSU_XHTML
           s=e.to_s
           util=SiSU_TextUtils::Wrap.new(s,70)
           wrap=util.line_wrap
-          wrap.gsub!(/^(\d+)\s+(.+?)\s*\Z/m, <
 #{Ax[:tab]*2}\\1. \\2
 #{Ax[:tab]*1}
 WOK
-)
-          wrap.gsub!(/^([*+]\d+)\s+(.+?)\s*\Z/m, <
 #{Ax[:tab]*2}\\1 \\2
 #{Ax[:tab]*1}
 WOK
-)
-          wrap.gsub!(/^([*+]+)\s+(.+?)\s*\Z/m, <
 #{Ax[:tab]*2}\\1 \\2
 #{Ax[:tab]*1}
 WOK
 )
 #KEEP alternative presentation of endnotes
-#        wrap.gsub!(/^(\d+)\s+(.+?)\s*\Z/m, <
 ##{Ax[:tab]*2}\\1. \\2
 ##{Ax[:tab]*1}

@@ -200,8 +200,8 @@ WOK
           else lv=nil
           end
           extract_endnotes(dob)
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'\1') #footnote/endnote clean
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'\1') #footnote/endnote clean
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'\1'). #footnote/endnote clean
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'\1') #footnote/endnote clean
           util=SiSU_TextUtils::Wrap.new(dob.obj,70)
           wrapped=util.line_wrap
           @@xml[:body] << if defined? dob.ocn
@@ -219,9 +219,9 @@ WOK
       def block_structure(dob)
         named=name_tags(dob)
         dob=@trans.markup_block(dob)
-        dob.obj.strip!
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'\1') #footnote/endnote clean
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'\1') #footnote/endnote clean
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.strip.
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'\1'). #footnote/endnote clean
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'\1') #footnote/endnote clean
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*0}}
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*1}#{dob.ocn}}
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*1}#{named}#{Ax[:tab]*1}}
@@ -232,9 +232,9 @@ WOK
       def group_structure(dob)
         named=name_tags(dob)
         dob=@trans.markup_group(dob)
-        dob.obj.strip!
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'\1') #footnote/endnote clean
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'\1') #footnote/endnote clean
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.strip.
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'\1'). #footnote/endnote clean
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'\1') #footnote/endnote clean
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*0}}
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*1}#{dob.ocn}}
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*1}#{named}#{Ax[:tab]*1}}
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ WOK
       def poem_structure(dob)
         named=name_tags(dob)
         dob=@trans.markup_group(dob)
-        dob.obj.strip!
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.strip
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*0}}
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*1}#{dob.ocn}}
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*1}#{named}#{Ax[:tab]*1}}
@@ -256,8 +256,7 @@ WOK
       def code_structure(dob)
         named=name_tags(dob)
         dob=@trans.markup_group(dob)
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\s\s/,'  ')
-        dob.obj.strip!
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/\s\s/,'  ').strip
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*0}}
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*1}#{dob.ocn}}
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*1}#{named}#{Ax[:tab]*1}}
@@ -342,7 +341,7 @@ WOK
               end
             else #
             end
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:pa_o]}:\S+#{Mx[:pa_c]}/,'') if dob.obj
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:pa_o]}:\S+#{Mx[:pa_c]}/,'') if dob.obj
           end
         end
         6.downto(4) do |x|
@@ -379,7 +378,7 @@ WOK
         content << @@xml[:open] << @@xml[:head] << @@xml[:body] << @@xml[:metadata]
         content << @@xml[:owner_details] if @md.stmp =~/\w\w/
         content << @@xml[:tail] << @@xml[:close]
-        content.flatten!.compact!
+        content=content.flatten.compact
         Output.new(content,@md).xhtml
         @@xml={}
       end
@@ -393,7 +392,7 @@ WOK
         SiSU_Env::FileOp.new(@md).mkdir
         filename_xml=@file.write_file.xhtml
         @data.each do |str|
-          str.gsub!(/\A\s+\Z/m,'') #str.gsub!(/^\s+$/,'')
+          str=str.gsub(/\A\s+\Z/m,'') #str.gsub(/^\s+$/,'')
           filename_xml.puts str unless str.empty?
         end
         filename_xml.close
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/xhtml_table.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/xhtml_table.rb
index e06cdaae..cea438a2 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/xhtml_table.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/xhtml_table.rb
@@ -78,8 +78,8 @@ module SiSU_XHTML_Table
         table_row_with_columns=table_row.split(Mx[:tc_p])
         trc,nc=[],0
         table_row_with_columns.each do |c|
-          c.gsub!(/^~$/,'') # tilde / empty cell
-          c.gsub!(/<:br>/,'
')
+          c=c.gsub(/^~$/,''). # tilde / empty cell
+            gsub(/<:br>/,'
')
           trc <<= if table_obj.head_ and nr==0; %{}
           else %{}
           end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml.rb
index a0755375..776c0376 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml.rb
@@ -134,12 +134,12 @@ module SiSU_XML_SAX
       end
     protected
       def embedded_endnotes(dob='')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,
-          '\1\2 ')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([*+]\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,
-          '\1\2 ')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([*+]+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,
-          '\1\2 ')
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,
+            '\1\2 ').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([*+]\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,
+            '\1\2 ').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([*+]+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,
+            '\1\2 ')
       end
       def extract_endnotes(dob='')
         notes=dob.obj.scan(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]})([\d*+]+\s+.+?)(?:#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_c]})/)
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ module SiSU_XML_SAX
           s=e.to_s
           util=SiSU_TextUtils::Wrap.new(s,70)
           wrap=util.line_wrap
-          wrap.gsub!(/^(\d+)\s+(.+?)\s*\Z/m, <
 #{Ax[:tab]*2}\\1
 #{Ax[:tab]*2}
@@ -155,8 +155,8 @@ module SiSU_XML_SAX
 #{Ax[:tab]*2}
 #{Ax[:tab]*1}
 WOK
-)
-          wrap.gsub!(/^([*+]\d+)\s+(.+?)\s*\Z/m, <
 #{Ax[:tab]*2}\\1
 #{Ax[:tab]*2}
@@ -164,8 +164,8 @@ WOK
 #{Ax[:tab]*2}
 #{Ax[:tab]*1}
 WOK
-)
-          wrap.gsub!(/^([*+]+)\s+(.+?)\s*\Z/m, <
 #{Ax[:tab]*2}\\1
 #{Ax[:tab]*2}
@@ -211,8 +211,8 @@ WOK
         else lv=nil
         end
         extract_endnotes(dob)
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'\1') #footnote/endnote clean
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'\1') #footnote/endnote clean
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'\1'). #footnote/endnote clean
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'\1') #footnote/endnote clean
         #if defined? dob.obj
         #t_ograph="#{dob.obj}"
         util=SiSU_TextUtils::Wrap.new(dob.obj,70)
@@ -232,10 +232,10 @@ WOK
       end
       def block_structure(dob='')
         extract_endnotes(dob)
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'\1') #footnote/endnote clean
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'\1') #footnote/endnote clean
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'\1'). #footnote/endnote clean
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'\1') #footnote/endnote clean
         dob=@trans.markup_block(dob)
-        dob.obj.strip!
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.strip
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*0}}
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*1}#{dob.ocn}}
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*1}#{Ax[:tab]*1}}
@@ -247,10 +247,10 @@ WOK
       end
       def group_structure(dob='')
         extract_endnotes(dob)
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'\1') #footnote/endnote clean
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'\1') #footnote/endnote clean
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'\1'). #footnote/endnote clean
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'\1') #footnote/endnote clean
         dob=@trans.markup_group(dob)
-        dob.obj.strip!
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.strip
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*0}}
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*1}#{dob.ocn}}
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*1}#{Ax[:tab]*1}}
@@ -262,8 +262,8 @@ WOK
       end
       def poem_structure(dob='')
         dob=@trans.markup_group(dob)
-        #dob.obj.gsub!(/\s\s/,'  ')
-        dob.obj.strip!
+        #dob.obj.gsub(/\s\s/,'  ')
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.strip
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*0}}
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*1}#{dob.ocn}}
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*1}#{Ax[:tab]*1}}
@@ -273,8 +273,7 @@ WOK
       end
       def code_structure(dob='')
         dob=@trans.markup_group(dob)
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\s\s/,'  ')
-        dob.obj.strip!
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/\s\s/,'  ').strip
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*0}}
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*1}#{dob.ocn}}
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*1}#{Ax[:tab]*1}}
@@ -380,7 +379,7 @@ WOK
               end
             else #
             end
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:pa_o]}:\S+#{Mx[:pa_c]}/,'') if dob.obj
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:pa_o]}:\S+#{Mx[:pa_c]}/,'') if dob.obj
           end
         end
         6.downto(4) do |x|
@@ -421,7 +420,7 @@ WOK
         content << @@xml[:open] << @@xml[:head] << @@xml[:body] << @@xml[:metadata]
         content << @@xml[:owner_details] if @md.stmp =~/\w\w/
         content << @@xml[:tail] << @@xml[:close]
-        content.flatten!.compact!
+        content=content.flatten.compact
         Output.new(content,@md).xml
         @@xml={}
       end
@@ -435,7 +434,7 @@ WOK
         SiSU_Env::FileOp.new(@md).mkdir
         filename_xml=@file.write_file.xml_sax
         @data.each do |str|
-          str.gsub!(/\A\s+\Z/m,'') #str.gsub!(/^\s+$/,'')
+          str=str.gsub(/\A\s+\Z/m,'')
           filename_xml.puts str unless str.empty?
         end
         filename_xml.close
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_dom.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_dom.rb
index dd4dcd44..ae45100d 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_dom.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_dom.rb
@@ -130,12 +130,12 @@ module SiSU_XML_DOM
       end
     protected
       def xml_markup(dob='')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,
-          '\1\2 ')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([*+]\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,
-          '\1\2 ')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([*+]+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,
-          '\1\2 ')
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,
+            '\1\2 ').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([*+]\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,
+            '\1\2 ').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([*+]+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,
+            '\1\2 ')
       end
       def xml_head
         metadata=SiSU_Metadata::Summary.new(@md).xml_dom.metadata
@@ -309,27 +309,24 @@ WOK
       end
       def block_structure(dob)
         dob=@trans.markup_block(dob) #decide check & FIX
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/m,
-          '\1\2 ')
-        dob.obj.strip!
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/m,
+          '\1\2 ').strip
         dob
       end
       def group_structure(dob)
         dob=@trans.markup_group(dob) #decide check & FIX
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/m,
-          '\1\2 ')
-        dob.obj.strip!
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/m,
+          '\1\2 ').strip
         dob
       end
       def poem_structure(dob)
         dob=@trans.markup_group(dob) #decide check & FIX
-        dob.obj.strip!
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.strip
         dob
       end
       def code_structure(dob)
         dob=@trans.markup_group(dob) #decide check & FIX
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\s\s/,'  ')
-        dob.obj.strip!
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/\s\s/,'  ').strip
         dob
       end
       def table_structure(dob) #tables
@@ -450,7 +447,7 @@ WOK
               end
             else #
             end
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:pa_o]}:\S+#{Mx[:pa_c]}/,'') if dob.obj
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:pa_o]}:\S+#{Mx[:pa_c]}/,'') if dob.obj
           end
         end
         @content_flag=true
@@ -497,7 +494,7 @@ WOK
         content << @@xml[:open] << @@xml[:head] << @@xml[:body] << @@xml[:metadata]
         content << @@xml[:owner_details] if @md.stmp =~/\w\w/
         content << @@xml[:tail] << @@xml[:close]
-        content.flatten!.compact!
+        content=content.flatten.compact
         Output.new(content,@md).xml
         @@xml[:head],@@xml[:body],@@xml[:tail]=[],[],[] # check whether should be nil
       end
@@ -512,7 +509,7 @@ WOK
         SiSU_Env::FileOp.new(@md).mkdir
         filename_xml=@file.write_file.xml_dom
         @data.each do |str|
-          str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:pa_o]}:\S+#{Mx[:pa_c]}/,'')
+          str=str.gsub(/#{Mx[:pa_o]}:\S+#{Mx[:pa_c]}/,'')
           filename_xml.puts str unless str.empty?
         end
         filename_xml.close
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_fictionbook.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_fictionbook.rb
index 8a0819eb..8fe1e7c1 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_fictionbook.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_fictionbook.rb
@@ -151,11 +151,11 @@ WOK
         @data.each do |para|
           @endnotes << para.scan(/~\{(.+?)\}~/m)
         end
-        @endnotes.flatten!
+        @endnotes=@endnotes.flatten
       end
       def endnotes
         @endnotes.each do |endnote|
-          endnote.strip!
+          endnote=endnote.strip
           endnote=@trans.markup_fictionbook(endnote)
           endnote="
#{endnote}
"
           util=SiSU_TextUtils::Wrap.new(endnote,80,10)
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ WOK
         put(tail)
       end
       def markup(para,type='')
-        para.strip!
+        para=para.strip
         para=@trans.markup_fictionbook(para)
         para=if type.empty?; "
#{para}
"
         else "<#{type}>
#{para}
"
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_format.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_format.rb
index e3e4b380..db3e8f25 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_format.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_format.rb
@@ -1372,17 +1372,18 @@ WOK
     end
     def gsub_body
 #fix
-      case @txt
+      @txt=case @txt
       when /^\s*\((i+|iv|v|vi+|ix|x|xi+)\)/
-        @txt.gsub!(/^\((i+|iv|v|vi+|ix|x|xi+)\)/,'(\1)')
-        @txt.gsub!(/^(#{Mx[:pa_o]}i[1-9]#{Mx[:pa_c]})\s*\((i+|iv|v|vi+|ix|x|xi+)\)/,'\1(\2)')
+        @txt.gsub(/^\((i+|iv|v|vi+|ix|x|xi+)\)/,'(\1)').
+          gsub(/^(#{Mx[:pa_o]}i[1-9]#{Mx[:pa_c]})\s*\((i+|iv|v|vi+|ix|x|xi+)\)/,'\1(\2)')
       when /^\s*\(?(\d|[a-z])+\)/
-        @txt.gsub!(/^\((\d+|[a-z])+\)/,'(\1)')
-        @txt.gsub!(/^(#{Mx[:pa_o]}i[1-9]#{Mx[:pa_c]})\s*\((\d+|[a-z])+\)/,'\1(\2)')
+        @txt.gsub(/^\((\d+|[a-z])+\)/,'(\1)').
+          gsub(/^(#{Mx[:pa_o]}i[1-9]#{Mx[:pa_c]})\s*\((\d+|[a-z])+\)/,'\1(\2)')
       when /^\s*\d{1,3}\.\s/
-        @txt.gsub!(/^\s*(\d+\.)/,'\1')
+        @txt.gsub(/^\s*(\d+\.)/,'\1')
       when /^\s*[A-Z]\.\s/
-        @txt.gsub!(/^\s*([A-Z]\.)/,'\1')
+        @txt.gsub(/^\s*([A-Z]\.)/,'\1')
+      else @txt
       end
     end
     def bold_para
@@ -1395,8 +1396,8 @@ WOK
 #{@vz.table_close}}
     end
     def bold_header
-      @txt.gsub!(/[1-9]~(\S+)/,'')
-      @txt.gsub!(/[1-9]~/,'')
+      @txt=@txt.gsub(/[1-9]~(\S+)/,'').
+        gsub(/[1-9]~/,'')
       %{

     #{@txt}
   

@@ -1492,9 +1493,9 @@ WOK
       note=''
       if txt =~/(#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}\s*)/m
         note=$1
-        note.gsub!(/[\n\s]+/m,' ')
-        txt.gsub!(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ')
-        txt.gsub!(/ \d+<\/sup> /m,'')
+        note=note.gsub(/[\n\s]+/m,' ')
+        txt=txt.gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ').
+          gsub(/ \d+<\/sup> /m,'')
       end
       %{<#{tag} class="#{attrib}">
     #{txt} #{note}
@@ -1508,7 +1509,7 @@ WOK
     end
     #% para sisu
     def header_sub(tag,attrib)
-      @txt.gsub!(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ')
+      @txt=@txt.gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ')
       %{
 

   #{@p_num.ocn_display}
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_md_oai_pmh_dc.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_md_oai_pmh_dc.rb
index 8397b15a..eb2bb09c 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_md_oai_pmh_dc.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_md_oai_pmh_dc.rb
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ WOK
     end
     def meta_content_clean(content='')
       unless content.nil?
-        content.tr!('"',"'")
+        content=content.tr('"',"'")
       end
       content
     end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_tables.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_tables.rb
index 7782bb88..5457a2fc 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_tables.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_tables.rb
@@ -83,10 +83,10 @@ module SiSU_Tables
     def table
       m=@parablock[//,1]
       @@tablefoot << m if m
-      @parablock.gsub!(//,'')
+      @parablock=@parablock.gsub(//,'')
       @@tablehead=1 if @parablock =~/#{Mx[:gr_o]}Th#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u
       if @parablock =~/#{Mx[:gr_o]}Th?#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u
-        @parablock.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gr_o]}Th?#{Mx[:tc_p]}.+?#{Mx[:tc_p]}~(\d+);\w\d+;\w\d+#{Mx[:gr_c]}/u,
+        @parablock=@parablock.gsub(/#{Mx[:gr_o]}Th?#{Mx[:tc_p]}.+?#{Mx[:tc_p]}~(\d+);\w\d+;\w\d+#{Mx[:gr_c]}/u,
           %{\n#{@ocn}
} +
-              %{#{para_table}})
-            parablock.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,
-              %{} +
-              %{#{para_table}})
-            parablock.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_c]}/, '
} +
+                %{#{para_table}}).
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,
+                %{} +
+                %{#{para_table}}).
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_c]}/, '
} +
-            %{#{para_table}})
-          parablock.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,
-            %{} +
-            %{#{para_table}})
-          parablock.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_c]}/, '
} +
+              %{#{para_table}}).
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,
+              %{} +
+              %{#{para_table}}).
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_c]}/, '
#{c}#{c}
})
       end
       if @parablock =~/#{Mx[:gr_o]}TZ#{Mx[:gr_c]}/
@@ -96,28 +96,28 @@ module SiSU_Tables
       end
       if @@tablehead==1
         if @parablock =~/#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u
-          @parablock.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_o]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,
+          @parablock=@parablock.gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_o]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,
             %{\n")
+    #{@vz.paragraph_table_xml}}).
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,
+              %{\n")
           @@tablehead=0
         end
         @parablock
       else
-        @parablock.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_o]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,
+        @parablock=@parablock.gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_o]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,
           %{\n\n")
+    #{@vz.paragraph_table_xml}}).
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_c]}/,"\n\n\n")
       end
       @parablock
     end
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ module SiSU_Tables
     def table
       m=@parablock[//,1]
       @@tablefoot << m if m
-      @parablock.gsub!(//,'')
+      @parablock=@parablock.gsub(//,'')
       @@tablehead=1 if @parablock =~/#{Mx[:gr_o]}Th#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u
       if @parablock =~/#{Mx[:gr_o]}Th?#{Mx[:tc_p]}.+?#{Mx[:tc_p]}~(\d+);\w\d+;\w\d+#{Mx[:gr_c]}/u; @parablock=table_head($1)
       end
@@ -173,26 +173,26 @@ module SiSU_Tables
       if @@tablehead==1
         if @parablock =~/#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u
           if @parablock =~/#{Mx[:tc_o]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u
-            @parablock.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_o]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,table_row($1,true))
+            @parablock=@parablock.gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_o]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,table_row($1,true))
           end
           if @parablock =~/#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u
-            @parablock.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,table_cell($1,true))
+            @parablock=@parablock.gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,table_cell($1,true))
           end
           if @parablock =~/#{Mx[:tc_c]}/
-            @parablock.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_c]}/,table_row_close(true))
+            @parablock=@parablock.gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_c]}/,table_row_close(true))
           end
           @@tablehead=0
         end
         @parablock
       else
         if @parablock =~/^#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u
-          @parablock.gsub!(/^#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,table_row($1))
+          @parablock=@parablock.gsub(/^#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,table_row($1))
         end
         if @parablock =~/#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u
-          @parablock.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,table_cell($1))
+          @parablock=@parablock.gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,table_cell($1))
         end
         if @parablock =~/#{Mx[:tc_c]}/
-          @parablock.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_c]}/,table_row_close)
+          @parablock=@parablock.gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_c]}/,table_row_close)
         end
         @parablock
       end
-- 
cgit v1.2.3



   
-    #{@vz.paragraph_table_xml}})
-          @parablock.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,
-            %{
-  #{@vz.paragraph_table_xml}})
-          @parablock.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_c]}/,"\n

+  #{@vz.paragraph_table_xml}}).
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_c]}/,"\n

   
-    #{@vz.paragraph_table_xml}})
-        @parablock.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,
-          %{
+    #{@vz.paragraph_table_xml}}).
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,
+            %{
   
   
-    #{@vz.paragraph_table_xml}})
-        @parablock.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_c]}/,"\n