Merge commit 'sisu_3.1.12' into debian/sid

76 files changed, 2733 insertions, 2729 deletions

diff --git a/data/doc/sisu/CHANGELOG_v3 b/data/doc/sisu/CHANGELOG_v3
index e132f417..79293dca 100644
--- a/data/doc/sisu/CHANGELOG_v3
+++ b/data/doc/sisu/CHANGELOG_v3
@@ -13,13 +13,34 @@ Reverse Chronological:
 %% Development branch UNSTABLE
 v3 branch once stable will supersede & replace current stable v2 branch
 
+%% 3.1.12.orig.tar.xz (2012-01-23:04/1)
+http://git.sisudoc.org/?p=code/sisu.git;a=log;h=refs/tags/sisu_3.1.12
+http://git.sisudoc.org/?p=code/sisu.git;a=log;h=refs/tags/debian/sisu_3.1.12-1
+http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/pkg/src/sisu_3.1.12.orig.tar.xz
+  sisu_3.1.12.orig.tar.xz
+  sisu_3.1.12-1.dsc
+  sisu_3.1.12-1.debian.tar.gz
+
+* texpdf, tampering with "safe" special character transformations, a fix (that
+  may introduce new issues, watch) [in response to report of a pdf title bug
+  "&" not represented, Timothy Hume]
+
+* urls, odt maintenance path fix
+
+* v3dv, messing with code, merge back likely to become v3.2
+  * call most methods by full name (include associated module & class names)
+  * replace most ruby exclamation (!) method actions
+
+* v3dv, sysenv, use "which" instead of "whereis" to locate programs, test
+  [suggested by, Timothy Hume, used to get sisu texpdf to work on MacOS]
+
 %% 3.1.11.orig.tar.xz (2012-01-10:02/2)
 http://git.sisudoc.org/?p=code/sisu.git;a=log;h=refs/tags/sisu_3.1.11
 http://git.sisudoc.org/?p=code/sisu.git;a=log;h=refs/tags/debian/sisu_3.1.11-1
 http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/pkg/src/sisu_3.1.11.orig.tar.xz
-  sisu_3.1.11.orig.tar.xz
-  sisu_3.1.11-1.dsc
-  sisu_3.1.11-1.debian.tar.gz
+  d94c7d2a514a33e897111ba05fabdc3186252037f0e03ba188ac233de76c8244 1665384 sisu_3.1.11.orig.tar.xz
+  237270ed1416f708b6965b26da939538a2517d2408f6d97d2c7f5fb8ea0c590f 1389 sisu_3.1.11-1.dsc
+  3bc6e173f905668d8d5c610280d946f9897b836dce0a834836b0e7c2ace05d44 291434 sisu_3.1.11-1.debian.tar.gz
 
   * date, year 2012, update
 
diff --git a/data/sisu/v3/v/version.yml b/data/sisu/v3/v/version.yml
index 94485abd..78011058 100644
--- a/data/sisu/v3/v/version.yml
+++ b/data/sisu/v3/v/version.yml
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 ---
-:version: 3.1.11
-:date_stamp: 2012w02/2
-:date: "2012-01-10"
+:version: 3.1.12
+:date_stamp: 2012w04/1
+:date: "2012-01-23"
 :project: SiSU
diff --git a/data/sisu/v3dv/conf/convert/modify.rb b/data/sisu/v3dv/conf/convert/modify.rb
index fab7832d..8a4b9074 100644
--- a/data/sisu/v3dv/conf/convert/modify.rb
+++ b/data/sisu/v3dv/conf/convert/modify.rb
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ WOK
                 if t =~m
                   p m.to_s + ' -> ' + r
                   puts "in:  #{t}"
-                  t.gsub!(m,r) if m and r
+                  t=t.gsub(m,r) if m and r
                   puts "out: #{t}"
                 end
               end
diff --git a/data/sisu/v3dv/v/version.yml b/data/sisu/v3dv/v/version.yml
index 90c5c6f6..2e506e6d 100644
--- a/data/sisu/v3dv/v/version.yml
+++ b/data/sisu/v3dv/v/version.yml
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 ---
-:version: 3.1.11~dev
-:date_stamp: 2012w02/2
-:date: "2012-01-10"
+:version: 3.2.0~pre_3.1.12
+:date_stamp: 2012w04/1
+:date: "2012-01-23"
 :project: SiSU
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3/texpdf_format.rb b/lib/sisu/v3/texpdf_format.rb
index 43008c3d..76fc5d37 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3/texpdf_format.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3/texpdf_format.rb
@@ -1366,6 +1366,14 @@ WOK
         '^\copyright \textnormal{\1} \2') # watch likely to be problematic
       str
     end
+    def special_characters_safe_close(str)
+      str.gsub!(/<=tilde>/,'{$\tilde$}')
+      str.gsub!(/<=hash>/,'{\#}')
+      str.gsub!(/<=amp>/,'{\\\&}') #changed ... 2005
+      str.gsub!(/<=copymark>\s*(.+)/,
+        '^\copyright \textnormal{\1} \2') # watch likely to be problematic
+      str
+    end
     def special_characters_code_fix(str)
       str.gsub!(/<=tilde>/,'{$\tilde$}')
       str
@@ -1398,6 +1406,7 @@ WOK
       str,is=@txt,@is
       str=xetex_special_characters_1(str,is) unless str.nil?
       str=xetex_special_characters_2(str,is) unless str.nil? # remove this to start with, causes issues
+      str=special_characters_safe_close(str) unless str.nil?
       @txt=str
     end
     def characters_code_listings                                   #special characters - some substitutions are sequence sensitive, rearrange with care.
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3/urls.rb b/lib/sisu/v3/urls.rb
index b188187a..a2385376 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3/urls.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3/urls.rb
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ module SiSU_urls
         if x=~/^o/ \
         and @opt.cmd=~/o/ \
         and x=~/^[#{@opt.cmd}]/
-          SiSU_Screen::Ansi.new(@opt.cmd,"-#{x}","#{@prog.text_editor} #{@env.processing_path.odf}/content.xml").maintenance #not implemented
+          SiSU_Screen::Ansi.new(@opt.cmd,"-#{x}","#{@prog.text_editor} #{@env.processing_path.odf}/#{@opt.fns}/odt/content.xml").maintenance
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/author_format.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/author_format.rb
index 8d219c93..cfc485f3 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/author_format.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/author_format.rb
@@ -65,14 +65,14 @@ module SiSU_FormatAuthor
       @authors,@author_array=[],[]
       authors=@author_param.scan(/[^;]+/)
       authors.each do |a|
-        a.strip!
+        a=a.strip
         if a =~/"(.+?)"/
           @authors << { the: $1 }
           @author_array << $1.upcase
         else #if a =~/,/
           x=a.scan(/[^,]+/)
-          x[0].strip!
-          x[1].strip! if x[1]
+          x[0]=x[0].strip
+          x[1]=x[1].strip if x[1]
           if x.length==1
             @authors << { the: x[0] }
             @author_array << x[0].upcase
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/cgi_pgsql.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/cgi_pgsql.rb
index 48d49774..26a85874 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/cgi_pgsql.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/cgi_pgsql.rb
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ module  SiSU_CGI_PgSQL
           end
         else put "WARNING: no postgresql database available, (have you created one?)"
         end
-        serve.sort!
+        serve=serve.sort
         f1,f2,f3='','',''
         serve.each do |x|
           f1 << %{              <option value="#{Db[:name_prefix]}#{x}">#{x}</option>\n} unless x =~/apache|sisu\/image/ #check
@@ -151,12 +151,12 @@ module  SiSU_CGI_PgSQL
             elsif @q =~/\S+/;  unescaped_search=CGI.unescape(@q)
             end
             search_construct=[]
-            if @c
-              unescaped_search.gsub!(/\s*(AND|OR)\s*/,"' \) \\1 #{@l}~\( '")
-              unescaped_search.gsub!(/(.+)/,"#{@l}~\( '\\1' \)")
+            unescaped_search=if @c
+              unescaped_search.gsub(/\s*(AND|OR)\s*/,"' \) \\1 #{@l}~\( '").
+                gsub(/(.+)/,"#{@l}~\( '\\1' \)")
             else
-              unescaped_search.gsub!(/\s*(AND|OR)\s*/,"' \) \\1 #{@l}~*\( '")
-              unescaped_search.gsub!(/(.+)/,"#{@l}~*\( '\\1' \)")
+              unescaped_search.gsub(/\s*(AND|OR)\s*/,"' \) \\1 #{@l}~*\( '").
+                gsub(/(.+)/,"#{@l}~*\( '\\1' \)")
             end
             search_construct << unescaped_search
             search_construct=search_construct.join(' ')
@@ -173,11 +173,11 @@ module  SiSU_CGI_PgSQL
       <<-'WOK_SQL'
           @search_text,@search_endnotes='',''
           search[:text].flatten.each {|x| @search_text << "#{x} AND " }
-          @search_text=@search_text.gsub!(/AND\s+$/m,'') #watch
-          @search_text.gsub!(/(doc_objects\.clean~[*]?\(\s*'[^']+'\s*\)\s+(?:(?:AND|OR)\s+doc_objects\.clean~[*]?\(\s*'[^']+'\s*\))+)/,'(\1)')
+          @search_text=@search_text.gsub(/AND\s+$/m,''). #watch
+            gsub(/(doc_objects\.clean~[*]?\(\s*'[^']+'\s*\)\s+(?:(?:AND|OR)\s+doc_objects\.clean~[*]?\(\s*'[^']+'\s*\))+)/,'(\1)')
           search[:endnotes].flatten.each {|x| @search_endnotes << "#{x} AND " }
-          @search_endnotes=@search_endnotes.gsub!(/AND\s+$/m,'') #watch
-          @search_endnotes.gsub!(/(endnotes\.clean~\(\s*'[^']+'\s*\)\s+(?:(?:AND|OR)\s+endnotes\.clean~\(\s*'[^']+'\s*\))+)/,'(\1)')
+          @search_endnotes=@search_endnotes.gsub(/AND\s+$/m,''). #watch
+            gsub(/(endnotes\.clean~\(\s*'[^']+'\s*\)\s+(?:(?:AND|OR)\s+endnotes\.clean~\(\s*'[^']+'\s*\))+)/,'(\1)')
         end
       WOK_SQL
     end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/cgi_sql_common.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/cgi_sql_common.rb
index 59844d2b..0f17bb79 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/cgi_sql_common.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/cgi_sql_common.rb
@@ -311,12 +311,10 @@ module SiSU_CGI_SQL
             elsif @search_field =~m[:string];            m[:string].match(@search_field)[1]
             else
               str=m[:word].match(@search_field)[1]
-              str.gsub!(/[()]/,'')
+              str=str.gsub(/[()]/,'')
               str
             end
-            search_string.strip!
-            search_string.gsub!(/\s+/,'+')
-            search_string
+            search_string=search_string.strip.search_string.gsub(/\s+/,'+')
           #else
           #  "__"
           end
@@ -756,13 +754,13 @@ module SiSU_CGI_SQL
           elsif checked_all =~/checked/ or checked_url =~/checked/
             canned_search=@@canned_search_url.scan(/(?:s1|ft|au|ti|fns|tr)=[^&]+/)
             af=canned_search.join('; ')
-            af.gsub!(/s1=/,'text: ')
-            af.gsub!(/ft=/,'fulltxt: ')
-            af.gsub!(/au=/,'author: ')
-            af.gsub!(/ti=/,'title: ')
-            af.gsub!(/fns=/,'filename: ')
-            af.gsub!(/tr=/,'topic_register: ')
-            af.gsub!(/%2B/,' ')
+            af=af.gsub(/s1=/,'text: ').
+              gsub(/ft=/,'fulltxt: ').
+              gsub(/au=/,'author: ').
+              gsub(/ti=/,'title: ').
+              gsub(/fns=/,'filename: ').
+              gsub(/tr=/,'topic_register: ').
+              gsub(/%2B/,' ')
             analyze_format=af
             st=af.split(/\s*;\s*/)
             search_field=st.join("\n")
@@ -916,7 +914,7 @@ module SiSU_CGI_SQL
             file_suffix=c['src_filename'][/.+?\.(_?sst|ssm)$/,1]
             lang=if location =~ /\S+?~(\S\S\S?)$/
               l=location[/\S+?~(\S\S\S?)$/,1]
-              location.gsub!(/(\S+?)~\S\S\S?/,'\1')
+              location=location.gsub(/(\S+?)~\S\S\S?/,'\1')
               l=".#{l}"
             else ''
             end
@@ -1008,7 +1006,7 @@ module SiSU_CGI_SQL
             file_suffix=e['src_filename'][/.+?\.(_?sst|ssm)$/,1]
             lang=if location =~ /\S+?~(\S\S\S?)$/
               l=location[/\S+?~(\S\S\S?)$/,1]
-              location.gsub!(/(\S+?)~\S\S\S?/,'\1')
+              location=location.gsub(/(\S+?)~\S\S\S?/,'\1')
               l=".#{l}"
             else ''
             end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/cgi_sqlite.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/cgi_sqlite.rb
index 166bda77..31ba44c4 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/cgi_sqlite.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/cgi_sqlite.rb
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ module  SiSU_CGI_SQLite
           end
         end
       end
-      serve.sort!
+      serve=serve.sort
       f1,f2,f3='','',''
       serve.each do |x|
         f1 << %{              <option value="#{Db[:name_prefix]}#{x}">#{x}</option>\n}
@@ -148,8 +148,8 @@ module  SiSU_CGI_SQLite
             elsif @q =~/\S+/;  unescaped_search=CGI.unescape(@q)
             end
             search_construct=[]
-            unescaped_search.gsub!(/\s*(AND|OR)\s*/,"%' \) \\1 #{@l} LIKE \( '%")
-            unescaped_search.gsub!(/(.+)/,"#{@l} LIKE \( '%\\1%' \)")
+            unescaped_search=unescaped_search.gsub(/\s*(AND|OR)\s*/,"%' \) \\1 #{@l} LIKE \( '%").
+              gsub(/(.+)/,"#{@l} LIKE \( '%\\1%' \)")
             search_construct << unescaped_search
             search_construct=search_construct.join(' ')
             search[:search]                    << search_construct
@@ -165,11 +165,11 @@ module  SiSU_CGI_SQLite
       <<-'WOK_SQL'
           @search_text,@search_endnotes='',''
           search[:text].flatten.each {|x| @search_text << "#{x} AND " }
-          @search_text=@search_text.gsub!(/AND\s+$/m,'')
-          @search_text.gsub!(/(doc_objects\.clean\s+LIKE\s+\(\s*'%[^']+%'\s*\)\s+(?:(?:AND|OR)\s+doc_objects\.clean\s+LIKE\s+\(\s*'%[^']+%'\s*\))+)/,'(\1)')
+          @search_text=@search_text.gsub(/AND\s+$/m,'').
+            gsub(/(doc_objects\.clean\s+LIKE\s+\(\s*'%[^']+%'\s*\)\s+(?:(?:AND|OR)\s+doc_objects\.clean\s+LIKE\s+\(\s*'%[^']+%'\s*\))+)/,'(\1)')
           search[:endnotes].flatten.each {|x| @search_endnotes << "#{x} AND " }
-          @search_endnotes=@search_endnotes.gsub!(/AND\s+$/m,'')
-          @search_endnotes.gsub!(/(endnotes\.clean\s+LIKE\s+\(\s*'%[^']+%'\s*\)\s+(?:(?:AND|OR)\s+endnotes\.clean\s+LIKE\s+\(\s*'%[^']+%'\s*\))+)/,'(\1)')
+          @search_endnotes=@search_endnotes.gsub(/AND\s+$/m,'').
+            gsub(/(endnotes\.clean\s+LIKE\s+\(\s*'%[^']+%'\s*\)\s+(?:(?:AND|OR)\s+endnotes\.clean\s+LIKE\s+\(\s*'%[^']+%'\s*\))+)/,'(\1)')
         end
       WOK_SQL
     end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/composite.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/composite.rb
index abfba7a2..21adb030 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/composite.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/composite.rb
@@ -161,11 +161,11 @@ module SiSU_Assemble
         end
         if not @code_flag \
         and i !~/^%+\s/
-          i.gsub!(/^([123]|:?[ABC])~\? /,'% [conditional heading:] \1~ ')            #off conditional heading (consider syntax)
+          i=i.gsub(/^([123]|:?[ABC])~\? /,'% [conditional heading:] \1~ ')            #off conditional heading (consider syntax)
           if i =~/^@\S+?:/
-            i.gsub!(/\n/m,"\n%  ")
-            i.gsub!(/\n%\s+$/m,'')
-            i.gsub!(/^@\S+?:/m,"\n% [imported header:] ")                          #off imported headers
+            i=i.gsub(/\n/m,"\n%  ").
+              gsub(/\n%\s+$/m,'').
+              gsub(/^@\S+?:/m,"\n% [imported header:] ")                          #off imported headers
           end
         end
         file[:prepared] << i
@@ -176,8 +176,7 @@ module SiSU_Assemble
       end
       file[:prepared] << "\n% end import" << "\n\n"
       if file[:images].length > 0
-        file[:images].flatten!
-        file[:images].uniq!
+        file[:images]=file[:images].flatten.uniq
         file[:images].delete_if {|x| x =~/https?:\/\// }
       end
       file
@@ -218,15 +217,13 @@ module SiSU_Assemble
           end
         else tuned_file << para
         end
-        tuned_file.flatten!
-        tuned_file.compact!
+        tuned_file=tuned_file.flatten.compact
       end
       if @@imager.length >0
         @@imager.each do |d,i|
-          i.flatten!
-          i.uniq!
+          i=i.flatten.uniq
           image_info=d + i
-          download_images(mage_info.flatten)
+          download_images(image_info.flatten)
         end
       end
       tuned_file
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/concordance.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/concordance.rb
index 2e14ab14..e51514c3 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/concordance.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/concordance.rb
@@ -245,54 +245,55 @@ WOK
             ocn=line.ocn.to_s
             if ocn =~/\d+/ \
             and ocn !~/^0$/
-              line.obj.gsub!(/#{@rxp_excluded1}/,' ')
+              line.obj=line.obj.gsub(/#{@rxp_excluded1}/,' ')
               line.obj=line.obj.split(@rgx_splitlist).join(' ') #%take in word or other match
               for word in line.obj.scan(@rgx_scanlist) #%take in word or other match
                 if word =~ /^([#{@alphlst[:l]}])/
                   firstletter=$1
                   flu=firstletter.tr(@alphlst[:l],@alphlst[:u])
-                  word.gsub!(/^#{firstletter}/,flu )
+                  word=word.gsub(/^#{firstletter}/,flu )
                 end
-                word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}|#{Mx[:lnk_c]}|#{Mx[:url_o]}|#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'')
-                word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}/,'')
-                word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_c_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:fa_c]}/,'')
-                word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#[a-z]+#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'')
-                word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#[0-9]+#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'')
-                word.gsub!(/[0-9a-f]{10,}/,' ') if word =~/[0-9]/
-                word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_line]}/,' ')
-                word.gsub!(/^ +/,'')
-                word.gsub!(/^\S$/,'')
+                word=word.gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}|#{Mx[:lnk_c]}|#{Mx[:url_o]}|#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'').
+                  gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}/,'').
+                  gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_c_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:fa_c]}/,'').
+                  gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#[a-z]+#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'').
+                  gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#[0-9]+#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'')
+                word=word.gsub(/[0-9a-f]{10,}/,' ') if word =~/[0-9]/
+                word=word.gsub(/#{Mx[:br_line]}/,' ').
+                  gsub(/^ +/,'').
+                  gsub(/^\S$/,'')
                 word=nil if word.empty?
                 word=nil if word =~@rxp_excluded0 #watch
                 word=nil if word =~/^\S$/
                 if word
-                  word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_nl]}|#{Mx[:br_line]}/,' ')
-                  word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_o]}[a-z]{1,7}#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c_o]}[a-z]{1,7}#{Mx[:fa_c]}/,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(?:\d|[*+])*|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}(?:\d|[*+])*|#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/mi,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}/,''); word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_c_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:fa_c]}/,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/<\/?\S+?>/,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/^\@+/,'')
-                  word.strip!
-                  word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}.+/,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/[\.,;:"]$/,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/["]/,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/^\s*[\(]/,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/[\(]\s*$/,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/^(?:See|e\.?g\.?).+/,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/^\s*[.,;:]\s*/,'')
-                  word.strip!
-                  word.gsub!(/^\(?[a-zA-Z]\)$/,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/^\d+(st|nd|rd|th)$/,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/^(\d+\.?)+$/, '')
-                  word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}|#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/:name#\S+/,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/^\S$/,'')
+                  word=word.gsub(/#{Mx[:br_nl]}|#{Mx[:br_line]}/,' ').
+                    gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_o]}[a-z]{1,7}#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c_o]}[a-z]{1,7}#{Mx[:fa_c]}/,'').
+                    gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(?:\d|[*+])*|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}(?:\d|[*+])*|#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/mi,'').
+                    gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}/,'').
+                    gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_c_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:fa_c]}/,'').
+                    gsub(/<\/?\S+?>/,'').
+                    gsub(/^\@+/,'').
+                    strip.
+                    gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}.+/,'').
+                    gsub(/[\.,;:"]$/,'').
+                    gsub(/["]/,'').
+                    gsub(/^\s*[\(]/,'').
+                    gsub(/[\(]\s*$/,'').
+                    gsub(/^(?:See|e\.?g\.?).+/,'').
+                    gsub(/^\s*[.,;:]\s*/,'').
+                    strip.
+                    gsub(/^\(?[a-zA-Z]\)$/,'').
+                    gsub(/^\d+(st|nd|rd|th)$/,'').
+                    gsub(/^(\d+\.?)+$/, '').
+                    gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}|#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'').
+                    gsub(/:name#\S+/,'').
+                    gsub(/^\S$/,'')
                   word=nil if word =~/^\S$/
                   word=nil if word =~/^\s*$/ #watch
                   if word
                     unless word =~/[A-Z][A-Z]/ \
                     or word =~/\w+\s\w+/
-                      word.capitalize!
+                      word=word.capitalize
                     end
                     @freq[word] +=1
                     @word_map[word] ||= []
@@ -316,8 +317,8 @@ WOK
         scr='<font size="1" color="#777777" face=times new roman><img border="0" height="15" width="15" src="../_sisu/image/b_doc.png" alt="Full Text">&nbsp;scroll:&nbsp;</font><font size="1" color="#222222" face=times new roman>doc#&nbsp;</font> '
         seg=''
         head=SiSU_Concordance::Source::DocTitle.new(@particulars).create
-        head.gsub!(/#{Xx[:html_relative2]}/m,@file.path_rel_links.html_seg_2)
-        head.gsub!(/#{Xx[:html_relative1]}/m,@file.path_rel_links.html_seg_1)
+        head=head.gsub(/#{Xx[:html_relative2]}/m,@file.path_rel_links.html_seg_2).
+          gsub(/#{Xx[:html_relative1]}/m,@file.path_rel_links.html_seg_1)
         @file_concordance << head
         @file_concordance << '<p>'
         alph=@alph[:u]
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal.rb
index 21d6eebd..d5a4a948 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal.rb
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ module SiSU_DAL
         create_dal
       rescue; SiSU_Errors::InfoError.new($!,$@,@opt.cmd,@@fns).error
       ensure
-        Instantiate.new
+        SiSU_DAL::Instantiate.new
       end
     end
     def get                                                                    #reads dal, unless does not exist then creates first
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ module SiSU_DAL
         dal=(@@dal_array.empty?) ? read_fnc : @@dal_array.dup
       rescue; SiSU_Errors::InfoError.new($!,$@,@opt.cmd,@opt.fns).error
       ensure
-        Instantiate.new
+        SiSU_DAL::Instantiate.new
       end
     end
     def get_idx_sst                                                            #reads dal idx.sst, #unless does not exist then creates first
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ module SiSU_DAL
         dal=(@@idx_arr[:sst].empty?) ? read_idx_sst : @@idx_arr[:sst].dup #check
       rescue; SiSU_Errors::InfoError.new($!,$@,@opt.cmd,@opt.fns).error
       ensure
-        Instantiate.new
+        SiSU_DAL::Instantiate.new
       end
     end
     def get_idx_tex                                                            #reads dal idx.tex, #unless does not exist then creates first
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ module SiSU_DAL
         dal=(@@idx_arr[:tex].empty?) ? read_idx_tex : @@idx_arr[:tex].dup #check
       rescue; SiSU_Errors::InfoError.new($!,$@,@opt.cmd,@opt.fns).error
       ensure
-        Instantiate.new
+        SiSU_DAL::Instantiate.new
       end
     end
     def get_idx_html                                                           #reads dal idx.html, #unless does not exist then creates first
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ module SiSU_DAL
         dal=(@@idx_arr[:html].empty?) ? read_idx_html : @@idx_arr[:html].dup
       rescue; SiSU_Errors::InfoError.new($!,$@,@opt.cmd,@opt.fns).error
       ensure
-        Instantiate.new
+        SiSU_DAL::Instantiate.new
       end
     end
     def get_idx_xhtml                                                          #reads dal idx.xhtml, #unless does not exist then creates first
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ module SiSU_DAL
         dal=(@@idx_arr[:xhtml].empty?) ? read_idx_xhtml : @@idx_arr[:xhtml].dup
       rescue; SiSU_Errors::InfoError.new($!,$@,@opt.cmd,@opt.fns).error
       ensure
-        Instantiate.new
+        SiSU_DAL::Instantiate.new
       end
     end
     def get_map_nametags                                                       #reads dal map.nametags, #unless does not exist then creates first
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ module SiSU_DAL
         dal=(@@map_arr[:nametags].empty?) ? read_map_nametags : @@map_arr[:nametags].dup
       rescue; SiSU_Errors::InfoError.new($!,$@,@opt.cmd,@opt.fns).error
       ensure
-        Instantiate.new
+        SiSU_DAL::Instantiate.new
       end
     end
     def get_map_ocn_htmlseg                                                    #reads dal map.ocn_htmlseg, #unless does not exist then creates first
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ module SiSU_DAL
         dal=(@@map_arr[:ocn_htmlseg].empty?) ? read_map_ocn_htmlseg : @@map_arr[:ocn_htmlseg].dup
       rescue; SiSU_Errors::InfoError.new($!,$@,@opt.cmd,@opt.fns).error
       ensure
-        Instantiate.new
+        SiSU_DAL::Instantiate.new
       end
     end
   protected
@@ -475,15 +475,15 @@ module SiSU_DAL
       reset
       data=@data
       data=data.join.split("\n\n")
-      data=SiSU_DAL_Insertions::Insertions.new(@md,data).expand_insertions?                                                # dal_expand_insertions.rb
+      data=SiSU_DAL_Insertions::Insertions.new(@md,data).expand_insertions?                                              # dal_expand_insertions.rb
       data=SiSU_DAL_SubstituteAndInsert::SI.new(@md,data).substitutions_and_insertions?                                  # dal_substitutions_and_insertions.rb
       data,metadata=SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructureExtract::Build.new(@md,data).identify_parts                                # dal_doc_str.rb
-      data=SiSU_DAL_Syntax::Markup.new(@md,data).songsheet                                                                 # dal_syntax.rb
-      data,endnote_array=SiSU_DAL_CharacterCheck::Check.new(data).character_check_and_oldstyle_endnote_array              # dal_character_check.rb
-      data=SiSU_DAL_Images::Images.new(@md,data).images                                                                    # dal_images.rb
-      data,tags_map,ocn_html_seg_map=SiSU_DAL_Numbering::Numbering.new(@md,data).numbering_song                            # dal_numbering.rb
+      data=SiSU_DAL_Syntax::Markup.new(@md,data).songsheet                                                               # dal_syntax.rb
+      data,endnote_array=SiSU_DAL_CharacterCheck::Check.new(data).character_check_and_oldstyle_endnote_array             # dal_character_check.rb
+      data=SiSU_DAL_Images::Images.new(@md,data).images                                                                  # dal_images.rb
+      data,tags_map,ocn_html_seg_map=SiSU_DAL_Numbering::Numbering.new(@md,data).numbering_song                          # dal_numbering.rb
       data,book_index_rel,book_index_rel_html_seg,html_idx,xhtml_idx=SiSU_DAL_BookIndex::BookIndex.new(@md,data,@env).indexing_song if @md.book_idx  # dal_idx.rb
-      data=SiSU_DAL_Endnotes::Endnotes.new(@md,data,endnote_array).endnotes                                                # dal_endnotes.rb
+      data=SiSU_DAL_Endnotes::Endnotes.new(@md,data,endnote_array).endnotes                                              # dal_endnotes.rb
       outputdata=data
       if @md.opt.cmd =~/[mM]/
         SiSU_DAL::Output.new(@fn,@md,outputdata).hard_output
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_character_check.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_character_check.rb
index 2857cb98..4ec95f82 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_character_check.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_character_check.rb
@@ -69,25 +69,26 @@ module SiSU_DAL_CharacterCheck
       endnote_no=1
       data.each do |dob|
         unless dob.is =='table'
-          dob.obj.strip!
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/^[{~}]\s*$/,'')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/~#\s*/,"#{Mx[:pa_non_object_no_heading]}")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/-#\s*/,"#{Mx[:pa_non_object_dummy_heading]}")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(#{Mx[:en_a_o]})\s*\s+/,'\1 '); dob.obj.gsub!(/(~\{\s*)\s+/,'\1 ')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ \/\//,"#{Mx[:br_line]}")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/<br>/,"#{Mx[:br_line]}")                              #needed by xml, xhtml etc.
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/\t/,' ')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/\342\200\231/u,"'") #if dob =~/’/  #Avoid #&lsquo; &rsquo; #&ldquo; &rdquo;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/�/u,' ')                                              #watch, replace with char code
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/·/u,'*')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/\\copy(?:right)?\b/,'&#169;')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/\\trademark\b|\\tm\b/,'&#174;')
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.strip.
+            gsub(/^[{~}]\s*$/,'').
+            gsub(/~#\s*/,"#{Mx[:pa_non_object_no_heading]}").
+            gsub(/-#\s*/,"#{Mx[:pa_non_object_dummy_heading]}").
+            gsub(/(#{Mx[:en_a_o]})\s*\s+/,'\1 ').
+            gsub(/(~\{\s*)\s+/,'\1 ').
+            gsub(/ \/\//,"#{Mx[:br_line]}").
+            gsub(/<br>/,"#{Mx[:br_line]}").                              #needed by xml, xhtml etc.
+            gsub(/\t/,' ').
+            gsub(/\342\200\231/u,"'"). #if dob =~/’/  #Avoid #&lsquo; &rsquo; #&ldquo; &rdquo;
+            gsub(/�/u,' ').                                              #watch, replace with char code
+            gsub(/·/u,'*').
+            gsub(/\\copy(?:right)?\b/,'&#169;').
+            gsub(/\\trademark\b|\\tm\b/,'&#174;')
           dob.obj=dob.obj + "\n"
           unless dob.is =~/^code/
             case dob.obj
             when /\^~/                                     #% Note must do this first (earlier loop) and then enter gathered data into ~^\d+
               sub_dob=dob.obj.dup
-              @endnote_array << sub_dob.gsub!(/\n/,'').gsub!(/\^~\s+(.+)\s*/,%{#{Mx[:en_a_o]}#{endnote_no} \\1 #{Mx[:en_a_c]}}).strip
+              @endnote_array << sub_dob.gsub(/\n/,'').gsub(/\^~\s+(.+)\s*/,%{#{Mx[:en_a_o]}#{endnote_no} \\1 #{Mx[:en_a_c]}}).strip
               endnote_no+=1
               dob=nil if dob.obj =~/\^~ .+/                #watch, removes 'binary' endnote now in endnote array for later insertion
             end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_doc_str.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_doc_str.rb
index 5ab3553f..91fa9458 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_doc_str.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_doc_str.rb
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ module SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructureExtract
     @@flag={} #Beware!!
     def initialize(md,data)
       @md,@data=md,data
-      Instantiate.new
+      SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructureExtract::Instantiate.new
       @pb=SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructure::ObjectLayout.new.break(Hx[:br_page])
       @pbn=SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructure::ObjectLayout.new.break(Hx[:br_page_new])
     end
@@ -131,11 +131,11 @@ module SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructureExtract
       if str.nil?
       else
         if str =~/(?:^|[ ])\*~([a-z0-9._-]+)(?=[ #{Mx[:br_nl]}]|$)/
-          str.gsub!(/(^|[ ])\*~([a-z0-9._-]+)(?=[ #{Mx[:br_nl]}]|$)/i,
-            "\\1#{Mx[:tag_o]}\\2#{Mx[:tag_c]}")
-          str.gsub!(/ [ ]+/i,' ')
+          str=str.gsub(/(^|[ ])\*~([a-z0-9._-]+)(?=[ #{Mx[:br_nl]}]|$)/i,
+              "\\1#{Mx[:tag_o]}\\2#{Mx[:tag_c]}").
+            gsub(/ [ ]+/i,' ')
           tags=str.scan(/#{Mx[:tag_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:tag_c]}/).flatten
-          str.gsub!(/[ ]?#{Mx[:tag_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:tag_c]}[ ]?/,' ') #may be issues with spaces would leave one, but "code" blocks?
+          str=str.gsub(/[ ]?#{Mx[:tag_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:tag_c]}[ ]?/,' ') #may be issues with spaces would leave one, but "code" blocks?
         end
         tags=nametag ? (tags << nametag) : tags
       end
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ module SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructureExtract
       @@counter,@verse_count=0,0
       @metadata={}
       @data.each do |t_o|
-        t_o.gsub!(/(?:\n\s*\n)+/m,"\n") unless @@flag['code']
+        t_o=t_o.gsub(/(?:\n\s*\n)+/m,"\n") unless @@flag['code']
         if t_o !~/^(?:code|poem|alt|group|block)\{|^\}(?:code|poem|alt|group|block)|^(?:table\{|\{table)[ ~]/ \
         and not @@flag['code'] \
         and not @@flag['poem'] \
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ module SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructureExtract
         and not @@flag['table']
           unless t_o =~/^(?:@\S+?:|%+)\s/                  # extract book index for paragraph if any
             idx=if t_o=~/^=\{(.+)\}\s*$\Z/m; m=$1
-              t_o.gsub!(/\n=\{.+\}\s*$\Z/m,'')
+              t_o=t_o.gsub(/\n=\{.+\}\s*$\Z/m,'')
               m
             else nil
             end
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ module SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructureExtract
               cols=nil
               rws.each do |r|
                 cols=(cols ? cols : (r.scan('|').length) +1)
-                r.gsub!(/\s*\|\s*/m,"#{Mx[:tc_p]}")        #r.gsub!(/\|/m,"#{Mx[:tc_p]}")
+                r=r.gsub(/\s*\|\s*/m,"#{Mx[:tc_p]}")        #r.gsub!(/\|/m,"#{Mx[:tc_p]}")
                 rows += r + Mx[:tc_c]
               end
               col=[]
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ module SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructureExtract
               rws=tbl.split(/\n/)
               rows=''
               rws.each do |r|
-                r.gsub!(/\s*\|\s*/m,"#{Mx[:tc_p]}")        #r.gsub!(/\|/m,"#{Mx[:tc_p]}")
+                r=r.gsub(/\s*\|\s*/m,"#{Mx[:tc_p]}")        #r.gsub!(/\|/m,"#{Mx[:tc_p]}")
                 rows += r + Mx[:tc_c]
               end
               h={ head_: hd, cols: col.length, widths: col, obj: rows, idx: idx, tags: tags }
@@ -366,8 +366,8 @@ module SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructureExtract
           else
             if t_o !~/^table\{/ \
             and not t_o.nil?
-              t_o.gsub!(/^\n+/m,'') #check added for ruby 1.9.2 not needed in 1.8 series (tested in v2)
-              t_o.gsub!(/\n+/m,"#{Mx[:tc_p]}")
+              t_o=t_o.gsub(/^\n+/m,''). #check added for ruby 1.9.2 not needed in 1.8 series (tested in v2)
+                gsub(/\n+/m,"#{Mx[:tc_p]}")
               @rows += t_o + Mx[:tc_c]
             end
             t_o=nil
@@ -447,7 +447,7 @@ module SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructureExtract
             t_o=SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructureExtract::Build.new(@md,@line_mode).build_lines(type).join
             poem=t_o.split(/\n\n/)
             poem.each do |v|
-              v.gsub!(/\n/m,"#{Mx[:br_nl]}\n")
+              v=v.gsub(/\n/m,"#{Mx[:br_nl]}\n")
               obj,tags=extract_tags(v)
               h={ obj: obj, tags: tags }
               t_o=SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructure::ObjectBlockTxt.new.verse(h)
@@ -463,17 +463,17 @@ module SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructureExtract
           or @@flag['group'] \
           or @@flag['alt']
             if t_o.class==String
-              t_o.gsub!(/\n/m,"#{Mx[:br_nl]}")
-              t_o.gsub!(/[ ][ ]/m,"#{Mx[:nbsp]*2}")
-              t_o.gsub!(/#{Mx[:nbsp]}\s/,"#{Mx[:nbsp]*2}")
+              t_o=t_o.gsub(/\n/m,"#{Mx[:br_nl]}").
+                gsub(/[ ][ ]/m,"#{Mx[:nbsp]*2}").
+                gsub(/#{Mx[:nbsp]}\s/,"#{Mx[:nbsp]*2}")
               t_o=t_o + Mx[:br_nl] if t_o =~/\S+/
             elsif t_o.is=='group' \
             or t_o.is=='block' \
             or t_o.is=='alt' \
             or t_o.is=='verse'
-              t_o.obj.gsub!(/\n/m,"#{Mx[:br_nl]}")
-              t_o.obj.gsub!(/[ ][ ]/m,"#{Mx[:nbsp]*2}")
-              t_o.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:nbsp]}\s/,"#{Mx[:nbsp]*2}")
+              t_o.obj=t_o.obj.gsub(/\n/m,"#{Mx[:br_nl]}").
+                gsub(/[ ][ ]/m,"#{Mx[:nbsp]*2}").
+                gsub(/#{Mx[:nbsp]}\s/,"#{Mx[:nbsp]*2}")
             end
             @tuned_block << t_o if t_o =~/\S+/
           else tuned_file << t_o
@@ -742,26 +742,26 @@ module SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructureExtract
       meta
     end
     def build_lines(type='')
-      data=@data
-      data.each do |line|
-        if line =~/\S/ \
+      lines,lines_new=@data,[]
+      lines.each do |line|
+        line=if line =~/\S/ \
         and line !~/^code\{|^\}code/ \
         and line.class != Hash
-          line.gsub!(/\s\s/,"#{Mx[:nbsp]*2}")
-          line.gsub!(/#{Mx[:nbsp]}\s/,"#{Mx[:nbsp]*2}")
-          line.gsub!(/^/,"#{Mx[:gr_o]}codeline#{Mx[:gr_c]}") if type=='code' # REMOVE try sort for texpdf special case
-          if line =~/(?:https?|file|ftp):\/\/\S+$/
-            line.gsub!(/\s*$/," #{Mx[:br_nl]}")
-          else line.gsub!(/\s*$/,"#{Mx[:br_nl]}") #unless type=='code'
-          end
-          if @@flag['code']; @@counter+=1
-          else
+          @@counter+=1 if @@flag['code']
+          line=line.gsub(/\s\s/,"#{Mx[:nbsp]*2}").
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:nbsp]}\s/,"#{Mx[:nbsp]*2}")
+          line=line.gsub(/^/,"#{Mx[:gr_o]}codeline#{Mx[:gr_c]}") if type=='code' # REMOVE try sort for texpdf special case
+          line=if line =~/(?:https?|file|ftp):\/\/\S+$/
+            line.gsub(/\s*$/," #{Mx[:br_nl]}")
+          else line.gsub(/\s*$/,"#{Mx[:br_nl]}") #unless type=='code'
           end
         elsif line =~/^\s*$/
-          line.gsub!(/\s*$/,"#{Mx[:br_nl]}")
+          line.gsub(/\s*$/,"#{Mx[:br_nl]}")
+        else line
         end
+        lines_new << line
       end
-      data
+      lines_new
     end
   end
   class Structure                                          # this must happen early
@@ -805,26 +805,26 @@ module SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructureExtract
     end
     def structure_markup_normalize                         #needs a bit of thinking
       dob=if @md.markup_version.determined < 0.38                #%convert internal representation, consider making 0.38 structure default ([A-C1-6] instead of [1-9]), requires downstream changes
-        @dob.gsub!(/^[456]~/,'!_')
-        @dob.gsub!(/^3~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}6:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}")
-        @dob.gsub!(/^3~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}6:#{Mx[:lv_c]}")
-        @dob.gsub!(/^2~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}5:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}")
-        @dob.gsub!(/^2~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}5:#{Mx[:lv_c]}")
-        @dob.gsub!(/^1~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}4:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}")
-        @dob.gsub!(/^1~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}4:#{Mx[:lv_c]}")
-        @dob.gsub!(/^:?C~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}3:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}")
-        @dob.gsub!(/^:?C~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}3:#{Mx[:lv_c]}")
-        @dob.gsub!(/^:?B~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}2:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}")
-        @dob.gsub!(/^:?B~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}2:#{Mx[:lv_c]}")
-        @dob.gsub!(/^:?A~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}1:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}")
-        @dob.gsub!(/^:?A~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}1:#{Mx[:lv_c]}")
+        @dob=@dob.gsub(/^[456]~/,'!_').
+          gsub(/^3~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}6:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}").
+          gsub(/^3~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}6:#{Mx[:lv_c]}").
+          gsub(/^2~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}5:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}").
+          gsub(/^2~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}5:#{Mx[:lv_c]}").
+          gsub(/^1~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}4:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}").
+          gsub(/^1~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}4:#{Mx[:lv_c]}").
+          gsub(/^:?C~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}3:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}").
+          gsub(/^:?C~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}3:#{Mx[:lv_c]}").
+          gsub(/^:?B~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}2:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}").
+          gsub(/^:?B~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}2:#{Mx[:lv_c]}").
+          gsub(/^:?A~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}1:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}").
+          gsub(/^:?A~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}1:#{Mx[:lv_c]}")
         @dob=if @dob =~/^@(?:level|markup):\s/
-          @dob.gsub!(/3/,'6')
-          @dob.gsub!(/2/,'5')
-          @dob.gsub!(/1/,'4')
-          @dob.gsub!(/:?C/,'3')
-          @dob.gsub!(/:?B/,'2')
-          @dob.gsub!(/:?A/,'1')
+          @dob=@dob.gsub(/3/,'6').
+            gsub(/2/,'5').
+            gsub(/1/,'4').
+            gsub(/:?C/,'3').
+            gsub(/:?B/,'2').
+            gsub(/:?A/,'1')
           @dob
         else @dob
         end
@@ -833,19 +833,19 @@ module SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructureExtract
     end
     def structure_marks
       t_o=if @md.markup_version.determined < 0.38
-        @t_o.gsub!(/^1~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}1:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}")
-        @t_o.gsub!(/^1~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}1:#{Mx[:lv_c]}")
-        @t_o.gsub!(/^2~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}2:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}")
-        @t_o.gsub!(/^2~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}2:#{Mx[:lv_c]}")
-        @t_o.gsub!(/^3~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}3:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}")
-        @t_o.gsub!(/^3~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}3:#{Mx[:lv_c]}")
-        @t_o.gsub!(/^4~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}4:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}")
-        @t_o.gsub!(/^4~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}4:#{Mx[:lv_c]}")
-        @t_o.gsub!(/^5~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}5:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}")
-        @t_o.gsub!(/^5~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}5:#{Mx[:lv_c]}")
-        @t_o.gsub!(/^6~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}6:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}")
-        @t_o.gsub!(/^6~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}6:#{Mx[:lv_c]}")
-        @t_o.gsub!(/^[789]~/,'!_')
+        @t_o=@t_o.gsub(/^1~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}1:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}").
+          gsub(/^1~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}1:#{Mx[:lv_c]}").
+          gsub(/^2~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}2:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}").
+          gsub(/^2~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}2:#{Mx[:lv_c]}").
+          gsub(/^3~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}3:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}").
+          gsub(/^3~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}3:#{Mx[:lv_c]}").
+          gsub(/^4~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}4:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}").
+          gsub(/^4~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}4:#{Mx[:lv_c]}").
+          gsub(/^5~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}5:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}").
+          gsub(/^5~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}5:#{Mx[:lv_c]}").
+          gsub(/^6~(\S+)/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}6:\\1#{Mx[:lv_c]}").
+          gsub(/^6~\s+/,"#{Mx[:lv_o]}6:#{Mx[:lv_c]}").
+          gsub(/^[789]~/,'!_')
         @t_o
       else @t_o
       end
@@ -945,13 +945,13 @@ module SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructureExtract
               end
             end
           else ocnu+=1
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_o]}~##{Mx[:fa_c]}/,'') if dob.obj
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_o]}~##{Mx[:fa_c]}/,'') if dob.obj
             ocn_dv,ocn_sp="u#{ocnu}","u#{ocnu}"
             dob.ocn,dob.odv,dob.osp=ocn,ocn_dv,ocn_sp
           end
           h
         elsif dob.obj=~/#{Mx[:pa_non_object_no_heading]}/
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:pa_non_object_no_heading]}/,'')
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:pa_non_object_no_heading]}/,'')
           if dob.is=='para'
             h={ obj: dob.obj, ocn_: false, ocn: nil }
             dob=SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructure::ObjectPara.new.paragraph(h,dob)
@@ -960,7 +960,7 @@ module SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructureExtract
             dob=SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructure::ObjectHeading.new.heading(h,dob)
           end
         elsif dob.obj=~/#{Mx[:pa_non_object_dummy_heading]}/
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:pa_non_object_dummy_heading]}/,'')
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:pa_non_object_dummy_heading]}/,'')
           if dob.is=='para'
             h={ obj: dob.obj, ocn_: false, ocn: nil }
             dob=SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructure::ObjectPara.new.paragraph(h,dob)
@@ -970,7 +970,7 @@ module SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructureExtract
           end
         else dob
         end
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\n\n/,"\n") if dob.is =~/(?:code|verse|alt|group|block)/ #newlines taken out
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/\n\n/,"\n") if dob.is =~/(?:code|verse|alt|group|block)/ #newlines taken out
         @o_array << dob
       end
       @o_array
@@ -1060,8 +1060,7 @@ module SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructureExtract
       end
       puts_tag_close(0,hs) if @md.opt.cmd =~/V/
       tuned_file << tag_close(0,hs)
-      tuned_file.flatten!
-      tuned_file
+      tuned_file=tuned_file.flatten
     end
     def tags(o)
       tag=if o[:status]=='open'
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_endnotes.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_endnotes.rb
index bb327f39..eb5e3429 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_endnotes.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_endnotes.rb
@@ -69,17 +69,17 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Endnotes
       data.each do |dob|
                                                                                # manually numbered endnotes <!e(\d)!> <!e_(\d)!> -->
         if @md.opt.mod.inspect =~/--no-asterisk|--no-annotate/
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}\s.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'')
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}\s.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'')
         end
         if @md.opt.mod.inspect =~/--no-dagger|--no-annotate/
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}[+]\s.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'')
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}[+]\s.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'')
         end
         if defined? dob.obj \
         and defined? dob.is \
         and dob.is !~/^code/
           case dob.obj                                                         # auto-numbered endnotes <!e!> <!e_!> -->
           when /#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}[*+]\s+.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/\s*(#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_c]})/,' \1')          # required 2003w31
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/\s*(#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_c]})/,' \1')          # required 2003w31
             word_mode=dob.obj.scan(/\S+/m)
             word_mode=endnote_call_number(word_mode)
             dob.obj=word_mode.join(' ')
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_expand_insertions.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_expand_insertions.rb
index f821769e..8ec52065 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_expand_insertions.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_expand_insertions.rb
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Insertions
           pre=txt=cmd=source=linked_doc=note=''
           if defined? @u.remote
             if /(?<pre>.+?)\{(?<txt>.+?)\s\[(?<cmd>\d[sS]*)\]\}(?<source>(?<linked_doc>\S+?)\.ss[tm]\b)(?<note>.*)/m =~ para
-              pre.strip!
+              pre=pre.strip
             elsif /\{(?<txt>.+?)\s\[(?<cmd>\d[sS]*)\]\}(?<source>(?<linked_doc>\S+?)\.ss[tm]\b)(?<note>.*)/m =~ para
             end
             if linked_doc =~ /(\S+?)\/(\S+)/ 
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_hash_digest.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_hash_digest.rb
index 8353b5a0..40f81197 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_hash_digest.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_hash_digest.rb
@@ -68,14 +68,13 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Hash
     # 2. endnotes clean/stripped text digest only (there may be several endnotes within a paragraph)
     # 3. whole object, text with markup and any endnotes, (question: with or without the endnote digests??? presumption better without, [however may be easier to check with?])
     # [digests should not include other digests]
-      data=@data
+      data=@data.compact
       @tuned_file=[]
-      data.compact!
       sha_ =(@env.digest.type=='sha256' ? true : false)
       sha_ ? (require 'digest/sha2') : (require 'digest/md5')
       data.each do |t_o|
         unless t_o.obj.class==Array
-          t_o.obj.strip!
+          t_o.obj=t_o.obj.strip
         end
         if t_o.of !~/structure|comment|layout/ \
         and t_o.ocn.class==Fixnum
@@ -125,7 +124,7 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Hash
         case t_o.obj
         when /#{Mx[:en_a_o]}[\d*+]+\s+.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}[*+]\d+\s+.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/m
           en_and_t_o,en_and_t_o_digest=[],[]
-          t_o.obj.gsub!(/\s*(#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_c]})/m,' \1') #watch
+          t_o.obj=t_o.obj.gsub(/\s*(#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_c]})/m,' \1') #watch
           t_o_plus_en=t_o.obj.scan(/.*?#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|.*?#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/m)
           t_o_tail=if t_o.obj =~/(?:.*?#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|.*?#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})+([\s\S]+)/m
             /(?:.*?#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|.*?#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})+.*/m.match(t_o.obj)[1]
@@ -144,11 +143,11 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Hash
     def strip_clean_extra_spaces(s)                                            # dal output tuned
       s=s.dup
       s=s.gsub(/[ ]+([,.;:?](?:$|\s))/,'\1') unless s =~/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}/
-      s=s.gsub(/ [ ]+/,' ')
-      s=s.gsub(/^ [ ]+/,'')
-      s=s.gsub(/ [ ]+$/,'')
-      s=s.gsub(/((?:#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]})')[ ]+(s )/,'\1\2')
-      s=s.gsub(/((?:#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]})')[ ]+(s )/,'\1\2')
+      s=s.gsub(/ [ ]+/,' ').
+        gsub(/^ [ ]+/,'').
+        gsub(/ [ ]+$/,'').
+        gsub(/((?:#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]})')[ ]+(s )/,'\1\2').
+        gsub(/((?:#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]})')[ ]+(s )/,'\1\2')
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_idx.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_idx.rb
index 8ba2f2b5..5f4a38e0 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_idx.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_idx.rb
@@ -101,21 +101,20 @@ module SiSU_DAL_BookIndex
           g=idx_list.scan(/[^;]+/)
           idxl=[]
           g.each do |i|
-            i.strip!
+            i=i.strip
             idxl << { rough_idx: i, ocn: ocn, seg: seg }
           end
           idxl
         else { rough_idx: idx_list, ocn: ocn, seg: seg }
         end
       end
-      idx_lst.flatten!
-      idx_lst
+      idx_lst=idx_lst.flatten
     end
     def construct_book_index(idx_array)
       the_idx={}
       idx_array.each do |idx|
         idx_lst=idx[:rough_idx].scan(/[^|:]+/)
-        idx_lst[0].strip!
+        idx_lst[0]=idx_lst[0].strip
         if idx_lst[0] =~/.+?\+\d+/
           use,plus=/(.+?)\+(\d+)/.match(idx_lst[0])[1,2]
         else use=idx_lst[0]
@@ -123,7 +122,7 @@ module SiSU_DAL_BookIndex
         use=use[0].chr.capitalize + use[1,use.length]
         the_idx[use]={} unless the_idx[use] and defined? the_idx[use]
         idx_lst.each do |i|
-          i.strip!
+          i=i.strip
           i,r=/(.+?)\+(\d+)/.match(i)[1,2] if i =~/.+?\+\d+/
           x=if idx_lst.length==1 or idx_lst[0].gsub(/\+\d+/,'')==i
             the_idx[use]['term_node_lev1']=[] unless the_idx[use]['term_node_lev1'] and defined? the_idx[use]['term_node_lev1']
@@ -151,12 +150,12 @@ module SiSU_DAL_BookIndex
       the_idx
     end
     def clean_xml(str)
-      str.gsub!(/&/,'&#038;')
-      str.gsub!(/\(/,'&#040;')
-      str.gsub!(/\)/,'&#041;')
-      str.gsub!(/\*/,'&#042;')
-      str.gsub!(/\+/,'&#043;')
-      str.gsub!(/,/,'&#044;')
+      str=str.gsub(/&/,'&#038;').
+        gsub(/\(/,'&#040;').
+        gsub(/\)/,'&#041;').
+        gsub(/\*/,'&#042;').
+        gsub(/\+/,'&#043;').
+        gsub(/,/,'&#044;')
       str
     end
     def index(the_idx)
@@ -347,7 +346,7 @@ module SiSU_DAL_BookIndex
     def clean_index(data)                                  #check on use of dob
       tuned_file=[]
       data.each do |para|
-        para.gsub!(/\n*#{@rgx_idx}/m,'')
+        para=para.gsub(/\n*#{@rgx_idx}/m,'')
         tuned_file << para
       end
       tuned_file
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_images.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_images.rb
index fd058c72..0f65b814 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_images.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_images.rb
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Images
       end
       data.each do |dob|
         unless dob.is =~/^table/
-          dob.obj.strip!
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.strip
           if dob.obj =~/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\s*\S+\.(?:png|jpg|gif)(?:\s*|\s+.+)?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|image)/
             if dob.obj !~/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\s*\S+\.(?:png|jpg|gif)\s+\d+x\d+/
               m=/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\s*(\S+\.(?:png|jpg|gif))/
@@ -133,8 +133,8 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Images
                         img_col=((1.00*img_row/row)*col).round
                       end
                     end
-                    dob.obj.gsub!(/(#{image})/,"#{image} #{img_col}x#{img_row}")
-                  else dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\s*(\S+)\.(png|jpg|gif).+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|image)/,'[ \1 (\2 missing) ]')
+                    dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(#{image})/,"#{image} #{img_col}x#{img_row}")
+                  else dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\s*(\S+)\.(png|jpg|gif).+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|image)/,'[ \1 (\2 missing) ]')
                   end
                 end
               else
@@ -144,7 +144,9 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Images
               end
             end
           end
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(#{Mx[:lnk_o]})\s*(\S+\.(?:png|jpg|gif))\s+/i,'\1\2 ') if dob.obj =~/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\s*\S+\.(?:png|jpg|gif).+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|image)/
+          if dob.obj =~/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\s*\S+\.(?:png|jpg|gif).+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|image)/
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(#{Mx[:lnk_o]})\s*(\S+\.(?:png|jpg|gif))\s+/i,'\1\2 ')
+          end
         end
         tuned_file << dob unless dob.nil?
       end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_numbering.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_numbering.rb
index cf7d861a..332db4bf 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_numbering.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_numbering.rb
@@ -77,12 +77,13 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Numbering
     def number_plaintext_para(data)
       @tuned_file=[]
       data.each do |dob|
-        if dob.of !~/(?:block|comment|layout)/ and dob.ocn_ #and dob.obj !~ /#{Mx[:gr_o]}Th|#{Mx[:tc_o]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}/ #FIX
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(.+)\n/,'\1 ') #messy, but idea is that tables should retain breaks
+        if dob.of !~/(?:block|comment|layout)/ \
+        and dob.ocn_ #and dob.obj !~ /#{Mx[:gr_o]}Th|#{Mx[:tc_o]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}/ #FIX
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(.+)\n/,'\1 ') #messy, but idea is that tables should retain breaks
         end
         unless dob.obj.class==Array
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/^\s+/,'')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/\s$/,"\n")
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/^\s+/,'').
+            gsub(/\s$/,"\n")
         end
         @tuned_file << dob
       end
@@ -90,37 +91,35 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Numbering
     end
     def number_sub_heading(dob,num,title_no)
       unless dob.obj =~/\d+\.|(?:chapter|article|section|clause)\s+\d+/i #name selection arbitrary, fix
-        case dob.name
-        when /-/;  dob.obj.gsub!(/^/,"#{title_no} ")
-        when /^#/; dob.obj.gsub!(/^/,"#{title_no} ")
-        when /^[a-z_\.]+/
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/^/,"#{title_no} ")
+        dob.obj=case dob.name
+        when /-/;  dob.obj.gsub(/^/,"#{title_no} ")
+        when /^#/; dob.obj.gsub(/^/,"#{title_no} ")
+        when /^[a-z_\.]+/; dob.obj.gsub(/^/,"#{title_no} ")
         else
           dob.name=title_no if dob.name=~/^$/ #where title contains title number
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/^/,"#{title_no} ") if title_no =~/\d+/ #main, where title number is to be provided #watch changed placement
+          dob.obj.gsub(/^/,"#{title_no} ") if title_no =~/\d+/ #main, where title number is to be provided #watch changed placement
         end
         if @md.toc_lev_limit \
         and @md.toc_lev_limit < num
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/^/,'!_ ') #bold line, watch
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/^/,'!_ ') #bold line, watch
         end
       end
       dob
     end
     def heading_tag_clean(heading_tag)
-      heading_tag.gsub!(/[ ]+/,'_')
-      heading_tag.gsub!(/["']/,'')
-      heading_tag.gsub!(/[\/]/,'-')
-      heading_tag.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}|#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'')
-      heading_tag.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}|#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'')
-      heading_tag.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}|#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'')
-      heading_tag.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}|#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,'')
-      heading_tag.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}|#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'')
-      heading_tag.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}|#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,'')
-      heading_tag.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}|#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'')
-      heading_tag.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}|#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,'')
-      heading_tag.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_hilite_o]}|#{Mx[:fa_hilite_c]}/,'')
-      heading_tag.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_bullet]}/,'')
-      heading_tag
+      heading_tag=heading_tag.gsub(/[ ]+/,'_').
+        gsub(/["']/,'').
+        gsub(/[\/]/,'-').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}|#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}|#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}|#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}|#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,'').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}|#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}|#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,'').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}|#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}|#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,'').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_hilite_o]}|#{Mx[:fa_hilite_c]}/,'').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_bullet]}/,'')
     end
     def auto_number_heading_ie_title(data)                                             #also does some segment naming
       @tuned_file=[]
@@ -135,8 +134,8 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Numbering
         no1=num_top; no2=(num_top + 1); no3=(num_top + 2);  no4=(num_top + 3)
       end
       t_not=0
-      data.compact!
       chapter_number_counter=0
+      data=data.compact
       data.each do |dob| #@md.seg_names << [additions to segment names]
         title_no=nil
         dob=SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructureExtract::Structure.new(@md,dob).structure_markup #must happen earlier, node info etc. require
@@ -147,8 +146,8 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Numbering
           if  dob.lv=='1' \
           and dob.obj =~/^#\s|\s#(?:\s|$)/
             chapter_number_counter +=1
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/^#\s/,"#{chapter_number_counter} ")
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#([:,]?\s|[.]?$)/,"#{chapter_number_counter}\\1")
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/^#\s/,"#{chapter_number_counter} ").
+              gsub(/#([:,]?\s|[.]?$)/,"#{chapter_number_counter}\\1")
           end
           if dob.ln==no1
             @subnumber=1
@@ -168,15 +167,15 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Numbering
                   tag=dob.obj.gsub(/(Article|Clause|Section|Chapter)\s+/,"\\1_#{title_no}").downcase
                   tag=heading_tag_clean(tag)
                   dob.tags=[tag,dob.tags].flatten if tag !~/^\d+$/ #check whether will work across file types with stop signs
-                  (dob.obj =~/(Article|Clause|Section)\s+/) \
-                  ? (dob.obj.gsub!(/(Article|Clause|Section)\s+/,"\\1 #{title_no} "))
-                  : (dob.obj.gsub!(/^/,"#{title_no}. ")) #fix stop later
+                  dob.obj=(dob.obj =~/(Article|Clause|Section)\s+/) \
+                  ? (dob.obj.gsub(/(Article|Clause|Section)\s+/,"\\1 #{title_no} "))
+                  : (dob.obj.gsub(/^/,"#{title_no}. ")) #fix stop later
                 end
                 if dob.ln !=no1 \
                 and dob.obj =~/^[\d.]+\s/ #fix -> if the title starts with a numbering scheme, do not auto-number, review
                   dob.name ="#{title_no}" if not dob.name
                   dob.tags=[title_no,dob.tags].flatten if title_no !~/^\d+$/ #check whether will work across file types with stop signs
-                  dob.obj.gsub!(/^/,"#{title_no}. ")
+                  dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/^/,"#{title_no}. ")
                 end
                 @md.seg_names << title_no
               end
@@ -184,7 +183,7 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Numbering
               and dob.name!~/^[a-z_\.]+$/ \
               and dob.obj !~/[A-Z]\.?\s/ #bug -> tmp fix, excludes A. B. C. lettering, but not roman numerals, is arbitrary, review required # not fixed, work on
                 dob.tags=[title_no,dob.tags].flatten if title_no !~/^\d+$/ #check whether will work across file types with stop signs
-                dob.obj.gsub!(/^/i,"#{title_no}. ")
+                dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/^/i,"#{title_no}. ")
               end
             end
             if dob.ln==no1         #watch because here you change dob.name
@@ -251,10 +250,10 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Numbering
               letter_small=0
               number_small=0 if dob.obj =~ /^#1/
               number_small+=1
-              dob.obj.gsub!(/^#[ 1]/,"#{number_small}. ") #change 2004
+              dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/^#[ 1]/,"#{number_small}. ")
             end
             if dob.obj =~/^_# /
-              dob.obj.gsub!(/^_# /,"#{letter[letter_small]}. ") #change 2004
+              dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/^_# /,"#{letter[letter_small]}. ")
               dob.indent='1'
               letter_small+=1
             end
@@ -298,8 +297,8 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Numbering
           if dob.name !~/^\S+/ \
           and dob.obj =~/^\s*(?:\S+\s+)?([\d.,:-]+)/m      #heading starts with a recognised numeric or word followed by a recognised numerical construct, use that as name
             possible_seg_name=$1
-            possible_seg_name.gsub!(/(?:[:,-]|\W)/,'.')
-            possible_seg_name.gsub!(/\.$/,'')
+            possible_seg_name=possible_seg_name.gsub(/(?:[:,-]|\W)/,'.').
+              gsub(/\.$/,'')
             if not @md.seg_names.nil? \
             and not @md.seg_names.include?(possible_seg_name)
               dob.name=possible_seg_name
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_substitutions_and_insertions.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_substitutions_and_insertions.rb
index b81a91e2..2ae365be 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_substitutions_and_insertions.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_substitutions_and_insertions.rb
@@ -66,12 +66,12 @@ module SiSU_DAL_SubstituteAndInsert
       data=@data
       data_expand=[]
       if data[0] =~ /^#!\s*(?:\/usr\/bin\/env sisu|\/usr\/bin\/sisu)/ # remove bang from top #! (however file is stripped, so will be removed provided no content precedes it)
-        data[0].gsub!(/^#!\s*\/usr\/bin\/sisu/,'')
-        data[0].gsub!(/^#!\s*\/usr\/bin\/env sisu/,'')
+        data[0]=data[0].gsub(/^#!\s*\/usr\/bin\/sisu/,'').
+          gsub(/^#!\s*\/usr\/bin\/env sisu/,'')
       end
       if data[0] =~ /^(SiSU\s+[\d.]*|sisu-[\d.]+)$/ # SiSU identifier
-        data[0].gsub!(/^(SiSU\s*[\d.]*)$/,'% \1')
-        data[0].gsub!(/^(sisu-[\d.]+)$/,'% \1')
+        data[0]=data[0].gsub(/^(SiSU\s*[\d.]*)$/,'% \1').
+          gsub(/^(sisu-[\d.]+)$/,'% \1')
       end
       data.each do |para|
         if para =~/<:(insert\d+)!?>/ \
@@ -132,22 +132,24 @@ module SiSU_DAL_SubstituteAndInsert
           para.each {|x| data_expand << x }
         else data_expand << para
         end
-        data_expand.flatten!
-        data_expand.compact!
+        data_expand=data_expand.flatten.compact
       end
+      data_new=[]
       data_expand.each do |para|
         para=if @md.markup_version.determined >= 0.38
           SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructureExtract::Structure.new(@md,para).structure_markup_normalize
         else
           SiSU_DAL_DocumentStructureExtract::Structure.new(@md,para).structure_marks
         end
-        para.gsub!(/^(:?A~)\s*$/,'\1~ @title @author')                                    #conditional header
-        para.gsub!(/^((?:[1-9]|:?[A-C])~\S*)\s*$/,'\1~ [Note: heading marker::required title missing]~#')    #conditional header for incorporated document 2004w12
+        para=para.gsub(/^(:?A~)\s*$/,'\1~ @title @author').                                    #conditional header
+          gsub(/^((?:[1-9]|:?[A-C])~\S*)\s*$/,'\1~ [Note: heading marker::required title missing]~#')    #conditional header for incorporated document 2004w12
         if para =~/^@\S+?:/
-          para.gsub!(/^@(\S+?):(\s+|$)/,"#{Mx[:meta_o]}\\1#{Mx[:meta_c]}\\2")
-          para.gsub!(/^@(\S+?):([+-])(\s+|$)/,"#{Mx[:meta_o]}\\1\\2#{Mx[:meta_c]}\\3")
+          para=para.gsub(/^@(\S+?):(\s+|$)/,"#{Mx[:meta_o]}\\1#{Mx[:meta_c]}\\2").
+            gsub(/^@(\S+?):([+-])(\s+|$)/,"#{Mx[:meta_o]}\\1\\2#{Mx[:meta_c]}\\3")
         end
+        data_new << para
       end
+      data_new
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_syntax.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_syntax.rb
index 6d923467..a8ece51e 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_syntax.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/dal_syntax.rb
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Syntax
       end
     end
     def songsheet
-      @data.compact!
+      @data=@data.compact
       @data.each do |dob|
         dob=breaks(dob)
         dob=if @md.sem_tag then sem(dob) else dob end #revisit
@@ -136,8 +136,8 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Syntax
     end
     def breaks(dob)
       if dob.is !~/^(?:meta|comment|code|table)/
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/ \\\\(?: |$)/,"#{Mx[:br_line]}")
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:<:?br>|<br \/>)/,"#{Mx[:br_line]}")                  # depreciated
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/ \\\\(?: |$)/,"#{Mx[:br_line]}").
+          gsub(/(?:<:?br>|<br \/>)/,"#{Mx[:br_line]}")                  # depreciated
       end
       dob
     end
@@ -149,18 +149,17 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Syntax
       and @vz.markup_make_italic[:str])
         dob.obj=if dob.is !~/^(?:meta|heading|code|comment)/
           word=dob.obj.scan(@line_scan_ital)
-          word.flatten!
-          word.compact! #reinstated
+          word=word.flatten.compact
           line_array=[]
           word.each do |w|
             unless /#{@manmkp_ital}|#{@http_m}/.match(w)
               if defined? @md.make.italics[:regx] \
               and @md.make.italics[:regx]
-                w.gsub!(@md.make.italics[:regx],
+                w=w.gsub(@md.make.italics[:regx],
                   "#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}\\1#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}")
               elsif defined? @vz.markup_make_italic \
               and @vz.markup_make_italic
-                w.gsub!(@vz.markup_make_italic,
+                w=w.gsub(@vz.markup_make_italic,
                   "#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}\\1#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}")
               else w
               end
@@ -174,28 +173,28 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Syntax
       dob
     end
     def embolden(given)
-      given.gsub!(/^!_\s+((?:\{|#{Mx[:lnk_o]})(?:~^ )?.+?(?:\}|#{Mx[:lnk_o]})https?:\/\/\S+.*?)([#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}])/,
-        "#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]} \\1 #{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}\\2")
-      given.gsub!(/^!_\s+((?:\{|#{Mx[:lnk_o]})(?:~^ )?.+?(?:\}|#{Mx[:lnk_o]})https?:\/\/\S+.*)/,
-        "#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]} \\1 #{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}")
-      given.gsub!(/(?:^!_|^#{Mx[:lv_o]}[7-9]:\S*?#{Mx[:lv_c]})\s*(.+?)([#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}])/,
-        "#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\1#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}\\2")
-      given.gsub!(/(?:^!_|^#{Mx[:lv_o]}[7-9]:\S*?#{Mx[:lv_c]})\s*(.+?)\s+((?:[*]~\S+\s*)+)/,
-        "#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\1#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}\\2")
-      given.gsub!(/(?:^!_|^#{Mx[:lv_o]}[7-9]:\S*?#{Mx[:lv_c]})\s*(.+?)\s*([~-]#)$/,
-        "#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\1#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}\\2")
-      given.gsub!(/(?:^!_\s+|^#{Mx[:lv_o]}[7-9]:\S*?#{Mx[:lv_c]}\s*)(.*)?\s*$/,
-        "#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\1#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}")
+      given=given.gsub(/^!_\s+((?:\{|#{Mx[:lnk_o]})(?:~^ )?.+?(?:\}|#{Mx[:lnk_o]})https?:\/\/\S+.*?)([#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}])/,
+          "#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]} \\1 #{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}\\2").
+        gsub(/^!_\s+((?:\{|#{Mx[:lnk_o]})(?:~^ )?.+?(?:\}|#{Mx[:lnk_o]})https?:\/\/\S+.*)/,
+          "#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]} \\1 #{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}").
+        gsub(/(?:^!_|^#{Mx[:lv_o]}[7-9]:\S*?#{Mx[:lv_c]})\s*(.+?)([#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}])/,
+          "#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\1#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}\\2").
+        gsub(/(?:^!_|^#{Mx[:lv_o]}[7-9]:\S*?#{Mx[:lv_c]})\s*(.+?)\s+((?:[*]~\S+\s*)+)/,
+          "#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\1#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}\\2").
+        gsub(/(?:^!_|^#{Mx[:lv_o]}[7-9]:\S*?#{Mx[:lv_c]})\s*(.+?)\s*([~-]#)$/,
+          "#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\1#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}\\2").
+        gsub(/(?:^!_\s+|^#{Mx[:lv_o]}[7-9]:\S*?#{Mx[:lv_c]}\s*)(.*)?\s*$/,
+          "#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\1#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}")
     end
     def italicise(given)
-      given.gsub!(/^\/_\s*(.+?)([#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}])/,
-        "#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}\\1#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}\\2")
-      given.gsub!(/^\/_\s*(.+?)\s+((?:[*]~\S+\s*)+)/,
-        "#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}\\1#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}\\2")
-      given.gsub!(/^\/_\s*(.+?)\s*([~-]#)$/,
-        "#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}\\1#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}\\2")
-      given.gsub!(/^\/_\s+(.*)?\s*$/,
-        "#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}\\1#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}")
+      given=given.gsub(/^\/_\s*(.+?)([#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}])/,
+          "#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}\\1#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}\\2").
+        gsub(/^\/_\s*(.+?)\s+((?:[*]~\S+\s*)+)/,
+          "#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}\\1#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}\\2").
+        gsub(/^\/_\s*(.+?)\s*([~-]#)$/,
+          "#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}\\1#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}\\2").
+        gsub(/^\/_\s+(.*)?\s*$/,
+          "#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}\\1#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}")
     end
     def wordlist_bold(dob)
       dob=dob.dup
@@ -206,19 +205,18 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Syntax
         dob.obj=if dob.is !~/^(?:meta|heading|code|comment|table)/
           line_array=[]
           word=dob.obj.scan(@line_scan_bold)
-          word.flatten!
-          word.compact!
+          word=word.flatten.compact
           word.each do |w|
             unless /#{@manmkp_bold}|#{@http_m}/.match(w)
               if defined? @md.make.bold[:regx] \
               and @md.make.bold[:regx]                                                   #document header: @bold: [bold word list]
-                w.gsub!(@md.make.bold[:regx],"#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\1#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}")
+                w=w.gsub(@md.make.bold[:regx],"#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\1#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}")
               elsif defined? @vz.markup_make_bold \
               and @vz.markup_make_bold                                                   #defaults and skin adjusted bold word list
-                w.gsub!(@vz.markup_make_bold,"#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\1#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}")
+                w=w.gsub(@vz.markup_make_bold,"#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\1#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}")
               end
             else
-              if w =~ /(?:^!_|^#{Mx[:lv_o]}[7-9]:\S*?#{Mx[:lv_c]})\s+/; embolden(w)      #bold paragraph/emphasize #may wish to remove think about 7{ 8{ conversion not satisfactory, as information is lost!
+              w=if w =~ /(?:^!_|^#{Mx[:lv_o]}[7-9]:\S*?#{Mx[:lv_c]})\s+/; embolden(w)      #bold paragraph/emphasize #may wish to remove think about 7{ 8{ conversion not satisfactory, as information is lost!
               elsif w =~/^\/_\s+/; italicise(w)
               else w
               end
@@ -229,42 +227,43 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Syntax
         else dob.obj
         end
       else
-        if dob.is !~/^(?:heading|comment|meta)/ \
+        dob.obj=if dob.is !~/^(?:heading|comment|meta)/ \
         and dob.obj =~ /^!_\s+/
           embolden(dob.obj)
         elsif dob.is=='heading' \
         and dob.ln.to_s =~/[7-9]/
           embolden(dob.obj)
+        else dob.obj
         end
         if dob.obj =~ /\/_\s+/
-          italicise(dob.obj)
+          dob.obj=italicise(dob.obj)
         end
       end
       dob
     end
     def fontface(dob)
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:nbsp]}|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|#{Mx[:lnk_o]}|#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}|[\(\[\{]|\>)\*\{(.+?)\}\*/m,
-        "\\1#{@emph[:o]}\\2#{@emph[:c]}")                                                                                                                              #emphasis
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:nbsp]}|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|#{Mx[:lnk_o]}|#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}|[\(\[\{]|\>)!\{(.+?)\}!/m,
-        "\\1#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}")                                                                                                                    #bold
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:nbsp]}|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|#{Mx[:lnk_o]}|#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}|[\(\[\{]|\(|\>)\/\{(.+?)\}\//m,
-        "\\1#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}")                                                                                                              #italics
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:nbsp]}|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|#{Mx[:lnk_o]}|#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}|[\(\[\{]|\>)_\{(.+?)\}_/m,
-        "\\1#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}")                                                                                                        #underscore
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:nbsp]}|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|#{Mx[:lnk_o]}|#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}|[\(\[\{]|\>)#\{(.+?)\}#/m,
-        "\\1#{Mx[:fa_monospace_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_monospace_c]}")                                                                                                          #monospace
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:nbsp]}|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)\"\{(.+?)\}\"/m,
-        "\\1#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_c_o]}cite#{Mx[:fa_c]}")                                                                                                       #cite /blockquote?
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|[^\\])\^\{(.+?)\}\^/m,
-        "\\1#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}")                                                                                                      #superscript
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|[^\\]),\{(.+?)\},/m,
-        "\\1#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}")                                                                                                          #subscript
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:nbsp]}|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)\+\{(.+?)\}\+/m,
-        "\\1#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}")                                                                                                                #inserted text
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:nbsp]}|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)-\{(.+?)\}-/m,
-        "\\1#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}")                                                                                                                #strikethrough - deleted text
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:nbsp]}|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>|\d+)\^(\S+?)\^/,
-        "\\1#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}")                                                                                                      #superscript single word, watch digit added
+      dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:nbsp]}|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|#{Mx[:lnk_o]}|#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}|[\(\[\{]|\>)\*\{(.+?)\}\*/m,
+          "\\1#{@emph[:o]}\\2#{@emph[:c]}").                                                                                                                             #emphasis
+        gsub(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:nbsp]}|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|#{Mx[:lnk_o]}|#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}|[\(\[\{]|\>)!\{(.+?)\}!/m,
+          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}").                                                                                                                   #bold
+        gsub(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:nbsp]}|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|#{Mx[:lnk_o]}|#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}|[\(\[\{]|\(|\>)\/\{(.+?)\}\//m,
+          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}").                                                                                                             #italics
+        gsub(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:nbsp]}|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|#{Mx[:lnk_o]}|#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}|[\(\[\{]|\>)_\{(.+?)\}_/m,
+          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}").                                                                                                       #underscore
+        gsub(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:nbsp]}|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|#{Mx[:lnk_o]}|#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}|[\(\[\{]|\>)#\{(.+?)\}#/m,
+          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_monospace_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_monospace_c]}").                                                                                                         #monospace
+        gsub(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:nbsp]}|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)\"\{(.+?)\}\"/m,
+          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_c_o]}cite#{Mx[:fa_c]}").                                                                                                      #cite /blockquote?
+        gsub(/(^|[^\\])\^\{(.+?)\}\^/m,
+          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}").                                                                                                     #superscript
+        gsub(/(^|[^\\]),\{(.+?)\},/m,
+          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}").                                                                                                         #subscript
+        gsub(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:nbsp]}|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)\+\{(.+?)\}\+/m,
+          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}").                                                                                                               #inserted text
+        gsub(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:nbsp]}|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)-\{(.+?)\}-/m,
+          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}").                                                                                                               #strikethrough - deleted text
+        gsub(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:nbsp]}|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>|\d+)\^(\S+?)\^/,
+          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}")                                                                                                      #superscript single word, watch digit added
       dob
     end
     def bodymarkup(dob)
@@ -304,26 +303,25 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Syntax
         if word
           word.each do |w| # _ - / # | : ! ^ ~
             unless w =~/~\{|\}~|~\[|\]~|^\^~|~\^|\*~\S+|~#|\{t?~|\{table|https?:\/\/\S+/             # do something earlier about table!!
-              w.gsub!(/\\?~/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#126#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                                       #escaped special character
+              w=w.gsub(/\\?~/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#126#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                                       #escaped special character
             end
-            w.gsub!(/^\<$/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#lt#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                                          #escaped special character
-            w.gsub!(/^\>$/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#gt#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                                          #escaped special character
+            w=w.gsub(/^\<$/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#lt#{Mx[:gl_c]}").gsub(/^\>$/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#gt#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                                          #escaped special character
             line_array << w
           end
           dob.obj=line_array.join(' ')
           dob.obj=dob.obj.strip
         end
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/^([*#-.]{1,12})$/,'\1 ~#')                                                 #ocn off for these paragraph separators
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/~\{(.+?)\}~/m,Mx[:en_a_o] + '\1' + Mx[:en_a_c])
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/~\[([^*+].+?)\]~/m,Mx[:en_b_o] + '* \1' + Mx[:en_b_c])                     #default if markup does not specify
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/~\[(.+?)\]~/m,Mx[:en_b_o] + '\1' + Mx[:en_b_c])
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/^([*#-.]{1,12})$/,'\1 ~#').                                                #ocn off for these paragraph separators
+          gsub(/~\{(.+?)\}~/m,Mx[:en_a_o] + '\1' + Mx[:en_a_c]).
+          gsub(/~\[([^*+].+?)\]~/m,Mx[:en_b_o] + '* \1' + Mx[:en_b_c]).                    #default if markup does not specify
+          gsub(/~\[(.+?)\]~/m,Mx[:en_b_o] + '\1' + Mx[:en_b_c])
         if dob.is =='heading' \
         and dob.ln ==1
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/\s*@title\b/," #{@md.title.full}")
-          if defined? @md.creator.author \
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/\s*@title\b/," #{@md.title.full}")
+          dob.obj=if defined? @md.creator.author \
           and @md.creator.author
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/\s+(?:@creator|@author)/,",#{Mx[:br_line]}#{@md.creator.author}")
-          else dob.obj.gsub!(/\s+(?:@creator|@author)/,'')
+            dob.obj.gsub(/\s+(?:@creator|@author)/,",#{Mx[:br_line]}#{@md.creator.author}")
+          else dob.obj.gsub(/\s+(?:@creator|@author)/,'')
           end
         end
         if defined? @md.title \
@@ -332,113 +330,113 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Syntax
         and defined? @md.creator \
         and @md.creator
           if dob.is =='heading'
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/^\s*@title\s*$/,@md.title.full) if dob.lv =~/1/
-            if dob.lv =~/[23]/ \
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/^\s*@title\s*$/,@md.title.full) if dob.lv =~/1/
+            dob.obj=if dob.lv =~/[23]/ \
             and defined? @md.creator.author \
             and @md.creator.author
-              dob.obj.gsub!(/^\s*(?:(by\s+)?(?:@creator|@author))\s*$/,"\\1#{@md.creator.author}")
-            else dob.obj.gsub!(/^\s*(?:(by\s+)?(?:@creator|@author))\s*$/,'\1')
+              dob.obj.gsub(/^\s*(?:(by\s+)?(?:@creator|@author))\s*$/,"\\1#{@md.creator.author}")
+            else dob.obj.gsub(/^\s*(?:(by\s+)?(?:@creator|@author))\s*$/,'\1')
             end
           end
         end
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/<(https?:\/\/\S+?)>/,'< \1 >')                                   #catch problem markup
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/<:=(\S+?)>/,'{ c_\1.png 14x14 }image')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/<!(\S+)!>/,'<:\1>')                                              #escaped special character
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/&nbsp;/,"#{Mx[:nbsp]}")                                          #escaped special character
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\\~/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#126#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                             #escaped special character
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\\\{/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#123#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                            #escaped special character
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\\\}/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#125#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                            #escaped special character
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\\\<</,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#lt#{Mx[:gl_c]}#{Mx[:gl_o]}#lt#{Mx[:gl_c]}") #escaped special character
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\\\>>/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#gt#{Mx[:gl_c]}#{Mx[:gl_o]}#gt#{Mx[:gl_c]}") #escaped special character
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\\\</,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#lt#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                             #escaped special character
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\\\>/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#gt#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                             #escaped special character
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\\\_/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#095#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                            #escaped special character
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\\\-/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#045#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                            #escaped special character
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\\\+/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#043#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                            #escaped special character
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\\\//,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#047#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                            #escaped special character
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\\\#/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#035#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                            #escaped special character
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\\\&/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#038#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                            #&amp; #escaped special character
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\\\|/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#124#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                            #not really a sisu special character but made available as possibility
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\\\:/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#058#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                            #not really a sisu special character but made available as possibility
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\\\!/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#033#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                            #not really a sisu special character but made available as possibility
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\\\^/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#094#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                            #not really a sisu special character but made available as possibility
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\\\,/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#044#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                            #not really a sisu special character but made available as possibility
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\\\\/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#092#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                            #escaped special character
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\\\*/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#042#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                            #escaped special character
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\\\!/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#033#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                            #escaped special character
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/<(https?:\/\/\S+?)>/,'< \1 >').                                   #catch problem markup
+          gsub(/<:=(\S+?)>/,'{ c_\1.png 14x14 }image').
+          gsub(/<!(\S+)!>/,'<:\1>').                                              #escaped special character
+          gsub(/&nbsp;/,"#{Mx[:nbsp]}").                                          #escaped special character
+          gsub(/\\~/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#126#{Mx[:gl_c]}").                             #escaped special character
+          gsub(/\\\{/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#123#{Mx[:gl_c]}").                            #escaped special character
+          gsub(/\\\}/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#125#{Mx[:gl_c]}").                            #escaped special character
+          gsub(/\\\<</,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#lt#{Mx[:gl_c]}#{Mx[:gl_o]}#lt#{Mx[:gl_c]}"). #escaped special character
+          gsub(/\\\>>/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#gt#{Mx[:gl_c]}#{Mx[:gl_o]}#gt#{Mx[:gl_c]}"). #escaped special character
+          gsub(/\\\</,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#lt#{Mx[:gl_c]}").                             #escaped special character
+          gsub(/\\\>/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#gt#{Mx[:gl_c]}").                             #escaped special character
+          gsub(/\\\_/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#095#{Mx[:gl_c]}").                            #escaped special character
+          gsub(/\\\-/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#045#{Mx[:gl_c]}").                            #escaped special character
+          gsub(/\\\+/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#043#{Mx[:gl_c]}").                            #escaped special character
+          gsub(/\\\//,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#047#{Mx[:gl_c]}").                            #escaped special character
+          gsub(/\\\#/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#035#{Mx[:gl_c]}").                            #escaped special character
+          gsub(/\\\&/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#038#{Mx[:gl_c]}").                            #&amp; #escaped special character
+          gsub(/\\\|/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#124#{Mx[:gl_c]}").                            #not really a sisu special character but made available as possibility
+          gsub(/\\\:/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#058#{Mx[:gl_c]}").                            #not really a sisu special character but made available as possibility
+          gsub(/\\\!/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#033#{Mx[:gl_c]}").                            #not really a sisu special character but made available as possibility
+          gsub(/\\\^/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#094#{Mx[:gl_c]}").                            #not really a sisu special character but made available as possibility
+          gsub(/\\\,/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#044#{Mx[:gl_c]}").                            #not really a sisu special character but made available as possibility
+          gsub(/\\\\/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#092#{Mx[:gl_c]}").                            #escaped special character
+          gsub(/\\\*/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#042#{Mx[:gl_c]}").                            #escaped special character
+          gsub(/\\\!/,"#{Mx[:gl_o]}#033#{Mx[:gl_c]}")                             #escaped special character
         if dob.obj=~/(?:https?:|ftp:|\{([^{}]+?)\}(?:#|:|[.]{1,2}\/))\S+/m
           if dob.obj=~/(?:^|[#{Mx[:gl_c]}#{Mx[:nbsp]} ])\{~\^ (?:.+?)\s*\}(?:(?:https?:|ftp:|:|[.]{1,2}\/)\S+?)\s*#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/m
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|[#{Mx[:gl_c]}#{Mx[:nbsp]} ])\{~\^ ([^}]+?)\s*\}((?:https?:|ftp:|:|[.]{1,2}\/)\S+?)\s*#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/m,
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(^|[#{Mx[:gl_c]}#{Mx[:nbsp]} ])\{~\^ ([^}]+?)\s*\}((?:https?:|ftp:|:|[.]{1,2}\/)\S+?)\s*#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/m,
               "\\1#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\\2#{Mx[:lnk_c]}\\3 #{Mx[:en_a_o]}\\3 \\4#{Mx[:en_a_c]}") # watch
           end
           if dob.obj=~/(?:^|[#{Mx[:gl_c]}#{Mx[:nbsp]} ])\{~\^ (?:.+?)\s*\}(?:(?:https?:|ftp:|:|[.]{1,2}\/)\S+?)([;,.]?)(?=\s|[#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}]|$)/m
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|[#{Mx[:gl_c]}#{Mx[:nbsp]} ])\{~\^ (.+?)\s*\}((?:https?:|ftp:|:|[.]{1,2}\/)\S+?)([;,.]?)(?=\s|[#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}]|$)/m,
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(^|[#{Mx[:gl_c]}#{Mx[:nbsp]} ])\{~\^ (.+?)\s*\}((?:https?:|ftp:|:|[.]{1,2}\/)\S+?)([;,.]?)(?=\s|[#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}]|$)/m,
               "\\1#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\\2#{Mx[:lnk_c]}\\3\\4 #{Mx[:en_a_o]}\\3#{Mx[:en_a_c]} ")
           end
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|[^#])\{\s*([^{}]+?)\s*\}((?:https?:|:|[.]{2}\/|#)\S+?)(?=\s|[#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}#{Mx[:en_a_o]}#{Mx[:en_b_o]}]|$)/,
-            "\\1#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\\2#{Mx[:lnk_c]}\\3") #linked (text or image, however text cannot include modified face, e.g. bold, ital, underline)
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|[#{Mx[:gl_c]}#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:en_a_o]}#{Mx[:en_b_o]}(\s])((?:https?|ftp):\/\/\S+?\.[^>< ]+?)([,.;'"]?)(?=[\s#{Mx[:en_a_c]}#{Mx[:en_b_c]}#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}]|$)/m,
-            %{\\1#{Mx[:url_o]}\\2#{Mx[:url_c]}\\3})
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#(\S+?[^>< ]+?)([()\[\]]*[,.;:!?'"]{0,2})(?=[\s#{Mx[:en_a_c]}#{Mx[:en_b_c]}#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}]|$)/m,
-            %{#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}\\1#{Mx[:rel_c]}\\2})
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_c]}:(\S+?[^>< ]+?)([()\[\]]*[,.;:!?'"]{0,2})(?=[\s#{Mx[:en_a_c]}#{Mx[:en_b_c]}#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}]|$)/m,
-            %{#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}:\\1#{Mx[:rel_c]}\\2})
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_c]}[.]{2}\/(\S+?[^>< ]+?)([()\[\]]*[,.;:!?'"]{0,2})(?=[\s#{Mx[:en_a_c]}#{Mx[:en_b_c]}#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}]|$)/m,
-            %{#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}:\\1#{Mx[:rel_c]}\\2})
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(^|[^#])\{\s*([^{}]+?)\s*\}((?:https?:|:|[.]{2}\/|#)\S+?)(?=\s|[#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}#{Mx[:en_a_o]}#{Mx[:en_b_o]}]|$)/,
+              "\\1#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\\2#{Mx[:lnk_c]}\\3"). #linked (text or image, however text cannot include modified face, e.g. bold, ital, underline)
+            gsub(/(^|[#{Mx[:gl_c]}#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:en_a_o]}#{Mx[:en_b_o]}(\s])((?:https?|ftp):\/\/\S+?\.[^>< ]+?)([,.;'"]?)(?=[\s#{Mx[:en_a_c]}#{Mx[:en_b_c]}#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}]|$)/m,
+              %{\\1#{Mx[:url_o]}\\2#{Mx[:url_c]}\\3}).
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#(\S+?[^>< ]+?)([()\[\]]*[,.;:!?'"]{0,2})(?=[\s#{Mx[:en_a_c]}#{Mx[:en_b_c]}#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}]|$)/m,
+              %{#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}\\1#{Mx[:rel_c]}\\2}).
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_c]}:(\S+?[^>< ]+?)([()\[\]]*[,.;:!?'"]{0,2})(?=[\s#{Mx[:en_a_c]}#{Mx[:en_b_c]}#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}]|$)/m,
+              %{#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}:\\1#{Mx[:rel_c]}\\2}).
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_c]}[.]{2}\/(\S+?[^>< ]+?)([()\[\]]*[,.;:!?'"]{0,2})(?=[\s#{Mx[:en_a_c]}#{Mx[:en_b_c]}#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}]|$)/m,
+              %{#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}:\\1#{Mx[:rel_c]}\\2})
         end
         if dob.obj=~/_(?:https?|ftp):\S+/m           # _http://url #CHECK
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|[#{Mx[:gl_c]}#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:en_a_o]}#{Mx[:en_b_o]}(\s])(_(?:https?|ftp):\/\/\S+?\.[^>< ]+?)([,.;'"]?)(?=[\s#{Mx[:en_a_c]}#{Mx[:en_b_c]}#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}]|$)/m,
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(^|[#{Mx[:gl_c]}#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:en_a_o]}#{Mx[:en_b_o]}(\s])(_(?:https?|ftp):\/\/\S+?\.[^>< ]+?)([,.;'"]?)(?=[\s#{Mx[:en_a_c]}#{Mx[:en_b_c]}#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}]|$)/m,
             %{\\1#{Mx[:url_o]}\\2#{Mx[:url_c]}\\3})
         end
         dob=fontface(dob)
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/<[:e]\s+(.+?)!?>/,
-          "#{Mx[:en_a_o]}\\1#{Mx[:en_a_c]}")                                                                                                                             #not tested
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/^\s*_\*\s*/,
-          "#{Mx[:gl_bullet]}")                                                                                                                                           #bullets, shortcut
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/=\{(.+?)\}/,
-          "#{Mx[:idx_o]}\\1#{Mx[:idx_c]}")
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/^\s*_([1-9])\*\s*/,
-          "#{Mx[:pa_o]}:i\\1:\\1#{Mx[:pa_c]}#{Mx[:gl_bullet]}")                                                                                                              #bullets, shortcut
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/^\s*_([1-9])\s+/,
-          "#{Mx[:pa_o]}:i\\1:\\1#{Mx[:pa_c]}")                                                                                                                               #indent
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/^\s*_([1-9])!\s+(.+?)\s*$/,
-          "#{Mx[:pa_o]}:i\\1:\\1#{Mx[:pa_c]}#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]} ")                                                                                                                               #indent bold
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/^\s*__([1-9])\s+/,
-          "#{Mx[:pa_o]}:i0:\\1#{Mx[:pa_c]}")                                                                                                                               #hang
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/^\s*__([1-9])!\s+(.+?)\s*$/,
-          "#{Mx[:pa_o]}:i0:\\1#{Mx[:pa_c]}#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]} ")                                                                                                                          #hangdef
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/^\s*_([0-9])_([0-9])\s+/,
-          "#{Mx[:pa_o]}:i\\1:\\2#{Mx[:pa_c]}")                                                                                                                               #hang
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/^\s*_([0-9])_([0-9])!\s+(.+?)\s*$/,
-          "#{Mx[:pa_o]}:i\\1:\\2#{Mx[:pa_c]}#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\3#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]} ")                                                                                                                          #hangdef
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/<:hi>/,"#{Mx[:fa_hilite_o]}") #'<span style="background-color: rgb(255,240,196)">')   # bright yellow rgb(255,255,0) pale yellow rgb(255,255,200)
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/<:\/hi>/,"#{Mx[:fa_hilite_c]}") #'</span>')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/(#{Mx[:gr_o]}verse#{Mx[:gr_c]}.+)/m,"\\1\n")
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/[ ]+($)/,'\1')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\{\s*(.+?)\s*\}(https?:\S+?)([;,.]?)(?=\s|[#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}#{Mx[:en_a_o]}#{Mx[:en_b_o]}]|$)/,
-          "#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\\1#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\\2#{Mx[:url_c]}\\3") #any remaining linked text or image
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\{\s*(.+?)\s*\}(#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]})/,
-          "#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\\1#{Mx[:lnk_c]}\\2") #any remaining linked text or image
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|\s)([a-zA-Z0-9._-]+\@\S+?\.[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+)/,"\\1#{Mx[:url_o]}\\2#{Mx[:url_c]}")
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|[ ])\{\s*(.+?)\s*\}(\S+?)([;,.]?)(?=\s|[#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}#{Mx[:en_a_o]}#{Mx[:en_b_o]}]|$)/,
-          "\\1#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\\2#{Mx[:lnk_c]}\\3\\4") #any remaining linked text or image
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\{\s*(.+?)\s*\}#([a-zA-Z0-9][a-zA-Z0-9_-]*)([;,.]?)(?=\s|[#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}#{Mx[:en_a_o]}#{Mx[:en_b_o]}]|$)/,
-          "#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\\1#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}\\2#{Mx[:rel_c]}\\3") #any remaining linked text or image, check need
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\{\s*(.+?)\s*\}(#{Mx[:rel_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:rel_c]})/,
-          "#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\\1#{Mx[:lnk_c]}\\2") #any remaining linked text or image, check need
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\{\s*(.+?)\s*\}(image)/,
-          "#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\\1#{Mx[:lnk_c]}\\2")      #linked image
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/<[:e]\s+(.+?)!?>/,
+            "#{Mx[:en_a_o]}\\1#{Mx[:en_a_c]}").                                                                                                                             #not tested
+          gsub(/^\s*_\*\s*/,
+            "#{Mx[:gl_bullet]}").                                                                                                                                           #bullets, shortcut
+          gsub(/=\{(.+?)\}/,
+            "#{Mx[:idx_o]}\\1#{Mx[:idx_c]}").
+          gsub(/^\s*_([1-9])\*\s*/,
+            "#{Mx[:pa_o]}:i\\1:\\1#{Mx[:pa_c]}#{Mx[:gl_bullet]}").                                                                                                              #bullets, shortcut
+          gsub(/^\s*_([1-9])\s+/,
+            "#{Mx[:pa_o]}:i\\1:\\1#{Mx[:pa_c]}").                                                                                                                               #indent
+          gsub(/^\s*_([1-9])!\s+(.+?)\s*$/,
+            "#{Mx[:pa_o]}:i\\1:\\1#{Mx[:pa_c]}#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]} ").                                                                                                                               #indent bold
+          gsub(/^\s*__([1-9])\s+/,
+            "#{Mx[:pa_o]}:i0:\\1#{Mx[:pa_c]}").                                                                                                                               #hang
+          gsub(/^\s*__([1-9])!\s+(.+?)\s*$/,
+            "#{Mx[:pa_o]}:i0:\\1#{Mx[:pa_c]}#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]} ").                                                                                                                          #hangdef
+          gsub(/^\s*_([0-9])_([0-9])\s+/,
+            "#{Mx[:pa_o]}:i\\1:\\2#{Mx[:pa_c]}").                                                                                                                               #hang
+          gsub(/^\s*_([0-9])_([0-9])!\s+(.+?)\s*$/,
+            "#{Mx[:pa_o]}:i\\1:\\2#{Mx[:pa_c]}#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\3#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]} ").                                                                                                                          #hangdef
+          gsub(/<:hi>/,"#{Mx[:fa_hilite_o]}"). #'<span style="background-color: rgb(255,240,196)">')   # bright yellow rgb(255,255,0) pale yellow rgb(255,255,200)
+          gsub(/<:\/hi>/,"#{Mx[:fa_hilite_c]}"). #'</span>')
+          gsub(/(#{Mx[:gr_o]}verse#{Mx[:gr_c]}.+)/m,"\\1\n").
+          gsub(/[ ]+($)/,'\1').
+          gsub(/\{\s*(.+?)\s*\}(https?:\S+?)([;,.]?)(?=\s|[#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}#{Mx[:en_a_o]}#{Mx[:en_b_o]}]|$)/,
+            "#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\\1#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\\2#{Mx[:url_c]}\\3"). #any remaining linked text or image
+          gsub(/\{\s*(.+?)\s*\}(#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]})/,
+            "#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\\1#{Mx[:lnk_c]}\\2"). #any remaining linked text or image
+          gsub(/(^|\s)([a-zA-Z0-9._-]+\@\S+?\.[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+)/,"\\1#{Mx[:url_o]}\\2#{Mx[:url_c]}").
+          gsub(/(^|[ ])\{\s*(.+?)\s*\}(\S+?)([;,.]?)(?=\s|[#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}#{Mx[:en_a_o]}#{Mx[:en_b_o]}]|$)/,
+            "\\1#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\\2#{Mx[:lnk_c]}\\3\\4"). #any remaining linked text or image
+          gsub(/\{\s*(.+?)\s*\}#([a-zA-Z0-9][a-zA-Z0-9_-]*)([;,.]?)(?=\s|[#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}#{Mx[:br_nl]}#{Mx[:en_a_o]}#{Mx[:en_b_o]}]|$)/,
+            "#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\\1#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}\\2#{Mx[:rel_c]}\\3"). #any remaining linked text or image, check need
+          gsub(/\{\s*(.+?)\s*\}(#{Mx[:rel_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:rel_c]})/,
+            "#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\\1#{Mx[:lnk_c]}\\2"). #any remaining linked text or image, check need
+          gsub(/\{\s*(.+?)\s*\}(image)/,
+            "#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\\1#{Mx[:lnk_c]}\\2")      #linked image
       elsif dob.is=='table'
         dob=fontface(dob)
       elsif dob.is =='code'
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:meta_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:meta_c]}\s*/,'@\1: ')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s)&lt;(br(?: \/)?)&gt;([\s,.]|$)/,'\1<\2>\3') #convert <br> <br /> back, clumsy
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:meta_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:meta_c]}\s*/,'@\1: ').
+          gsub(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s)&lt;(br(?: \/)?)&gt;([\s,.]|$)/,'\1<\2>\3') #convert <br> <br /> back, clumsy
         if dob.number_
           codeline=[]
           ln=1
           dob.obj.split(/#{Mx[:gr_o]}codeline#{Mx[:gr_c]}|<br(?: \/)?>|\n/).each_with_index do |cl,i|
             unless i == 0
-              cl.gsub!(Mx[:br_nl],'')
+              cl=cl.gsub(Mx[:br_nl],'')
               w=3-ln.to_s.length
               cl = "#{ln}#{Mx[:nbsp]*w}#{Mx[:vline]}#{cl}#{Mx[:br_nl]}"
               ln +=1
@@ -448,7 +446,7 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Syntax
           codeline= codeline.join("")
           dob.obj=codeline
         else
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gr_o]}codeline#{Mx[:gr_c]}/,"\n")
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:gr_o]}codeline#{Mx[:gr_c]}/,"\n")
         end
         dob
       else # @\S+?:
@@ -474,62 +472,62 @@ module SiSU_DAL_Syntax
       # +2                  <!i2!>
       puts 'tech'
       @data.each do |line|
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|[\(\[]|\>)e\{(.+?)\}e/,
-          "\\1#{@emph[:o]}\\2#{@emph[:c]}")                                                        #emphasis
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|[\(\[]|\>)b\{(.+?)\}b/,
-          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}")                                              #bold
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|[\(\[]|\>)u\{(.+?)\}u/,
-          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}")                                  #underscore
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|[\(\[]|\>)c\{(.+?)\}c/,
-          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_c_o]}cite#{Mx[:fa_c]}")                                 #cite
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|[\(\[]|\>)i\{(.+?)\}i/,
-          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}")                                        #italics
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|[\(\[]|\>)!\{(.+?)\}!/,
-          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}")                                              #bold
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|[\(\[]|\>)\*\{(.+?)\}\*/,
-          "\\1#{@emph[:o]}\\2#{@emph[:c]}")                                                        #emphasis
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|[\(\[]|\>)_\{(.+?)\}_/,
-          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}")                                  #underscore
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|[\(\[]|\(|\>)\/\{(.+?)\}\//,
-          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}")                                        #italics
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)\"\{(.+?)\}\"/,
-          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_c_o]}cite#{Mx[:fa_c]}")
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)\^\{(.+?)\}\^/,
-          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}")
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)9\{(.+?)\}9/,
-          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}")
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>),\{(.+?)\},/,
-          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}")
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)6\{(.+?)\}6/,
-          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}")
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)\+\{(.+?)\}\+/,
-          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}")
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)v\{(.+?)\}v/,
-          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}")
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)-\{(.+?)\}-/,
-          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}")
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)x\{(.+?)\}x/,
-          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}")
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)\*(\S+?)\*/,
-          "\\1#{@emph[:o]}\\2#{@emph[:c]}")                                                        #emphasise single word, watch
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)\!(\S+?)\!/,
-          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}")                                              #bold single word, watch
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)\/([\(\)a-zA-Z0-9']+?)\/([ ,.;:'"~$]|[^a-zA-Z0-9])/,
-          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}\\3")                                     #italics single word, watch
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)_(\S+?)_/,
-          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}")                                  #underscore single word, watch
-        line.gsub!(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)\^(\S+?)\^/,
-          "\\1#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}")                                #check  #superscript single word, watch digit added
-        line.gsub!(/^\s*_\([1-9]\)\(\*\+\)\s*/,
-          "#{Mx[:pa_o]}:i\\1#{Mx[:pa_c]}#{Mx[:fa_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_c_o]}")                            #bullets, shortcut
-        line.gsub!(/^\s*_\([1-9]\)\s+/,
-          "#{Mx[:pa_o]}:i\\1#{Mx[:pa_c]}") #watch
-        line.gsub!(/^\s*__\([1-9]\)\s+/,
-          "#{Mx[:pa_o]}:h\\1#{Mx[:pa_c]}") #watch
-        #line.gsub!(/^\s*__\([1-9]\)!\s+/,
-        #  "#{Mx[:pa_o]}:hd\\1#{Mx[:pa_c]}") #watch
-        line.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_line]}\s*_[12]\s+/,
-          "#{Mx[:br_line]} ")                                                                      #indent used in endnotes, not implemented, replace when ready with: line.gsub!(/(?:<br>|<br \/>)\s*_([12])\s+/,'<br><:i\1> ')
+        line=line.gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|[\(\[]|\>)e\{(.+?)\}e/,
+            "\\1#{@emph[:o]}\\2#{@emph[:c]}").                                                        #emphasis
+          gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|[\(\[]|\>)b\{(.+?)\}b/,
+            "\\1#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}").                                              #bold
+          gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|[\(\[]|\>)u\{(.+?)\}u/,
+            "\\1#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}").                                  #underscore
+          gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|[\(\[]|\>)c\{(.+?)\}c/,
+            "\\1#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_c_o]}cite#{Mx[:fa_c]}").                                 #cite
+          gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|[\(\[]|\>)i\{(.+?)\}i/,
+            "\\1#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}").                                        #italics
+          gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|[\(\[]|\>)!\{(.+?)\}!/,
+            "\\1#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}").                                              #bold
+          gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|[\(\[]|\>)\*\{(.+?)\}\*/,
+            "\\1#{@emph[:o]}\\2#{@emph[:c]}").                                                        #emphasis
+          gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|[\(\[]|\>)_\{(.+?)\}_/,
+            "\\1#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}").                                  #underscore
+          gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|[\(\[]|\(|\>)\/\{(.+?)\}\//,
+            "\\1#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}").                                        #italics
+          gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)\"\{(.+?)\}\"/,
+            "\\1#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_c_o]}cite#{Mx[:fa_c]}").
+          gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)\^\{(.+?)\}\^/,
+            "\\1#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}").
+          gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)9\{(.+?)\}9/,
+            "\\1#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}").
+          gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>),\{(.+?)\},/,
+            "\\1#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}").
+          gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)6\{(.+?)\}6/,
+            "\\1#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}").
+          gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)\+\{(.+?)\}\+/,
+            "\\1#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}").
+          gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)v\{(.+?)\}v/,
+            "\\1#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}").
+          gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)-\{(.+?)\}-/,
+            "\\1#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}").
+          gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)x\{(.+?)\}x/,
+            "\\1#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}").
+          gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)\*(\S+?)\*/,
+            "\\1#{@emph[:o]}\\2#{@emph[:c]}").                                                        #emphasise single word, watch
+          gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)\!(\S+?)\!/,
+            "\\1#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}").                                              #bold single word, watch
+          gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)\/([\(\)a-zA-Z0-9']+?)\/([ ,.;:'"~$]|[^a-zA-Z0-9])/,
+            "\\1#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}\\3").                                     #italics single word, watch
+          gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)_(\S+?)_/,
+            "\\1#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}").                                  #underscore single word, watch
+          gsub(/(^|\s+|['"]|#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c]}|\(|\>)\^(\S+?)\^/,
+            "\\1#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}").                                #check  #superscript single word, watch digit added
+          gsub(/^\s*_\([1-9]\)\(\*\+\)\s*/,
+            "#{Mx[:pa_o]}:i\\1#{Mx[:pa_c]}#{Mx[:fa_o]}\\2#{Mx[:fa_c_o]}").                            #bullets, shortcut
+          gsub(/^\s*_\([1-9]\)\s+/,
+            "#{Mx[:pa_o]}:i\\1#{Mx[:pa_c]}"). #watch
+          gsub(/^\s*__\([1-9]\)\s+/,
+            "#{Mx[:pa_o]}:h\\1#{Mx[:pa_c]}"). #watch
+          #line.gsub(/^\s*__\([1-9]\)!\s+/,
+          #  "#{Mx[:pa_o]}:hd\\1#{Mx[:pa_c]}"). #watch
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:br_line]}\s*_[12]\s+/,
+            "#{Mx[:br_line]} ")                                                                      #indent used in endnotes, not implemented, replace when ready with: line.gsub(/(?:<br>|<br \/>)\s*_([12])\s+/,'<br><:i\1> ')
       end
       @data
     end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/db_columns.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/db_columns.rb
index 89d4c7e3..cf4ba9c7 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/db_columns.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/db_columns.rb
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.title.full \
           and @md.title.full=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.title.full
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.title.main \
           and @md.title.main=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.title.main
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.title.sub \
           and @md.title.sub=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.title.sub
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.title.short \
           and @md.title.short=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.title.short
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.title.edition \
           and @md.title.edition=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.title.edition
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.title.note \
           and @md.title.note=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.title.note
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
         def tuple
           t=if @lang.list[@md.opt.lng][:n]
             txt=@lang.list[@md.opt.lng][:n]
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.opt.lng \
           and @md.opt.lng=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.opt.lng
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -302,8 +302,8 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
             @md.creator.author_detail.each do |h|
               txt=txt + %{#{h[:the]}, #{h[:others]}; }
             end
-            txt.gsub!(/[;, ]+\s*$/,'')
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=txt.gsub(/[;, ]+\s*$/,'')
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.creator.author_hon \
           and @md.creator.author_hon=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.creator.author_hon
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.creator.author_nationality_detail \
           and @md.creator.author_nationality=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.creator.author_nationality_detail
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -374,8 +374,8 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
             @md.creator.editor_detail.each do |h|
               txt=txt + %{#{h[:the]}, #{h[:others]}; }
             end
-            txt.gsub!(/[;, ]+\s*$/,'')
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=txt.gsub(/[;, ]+\s*$/,'')
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -402,8 +402,8 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
             @md.creator.contributor_detail.each do |h|
               txt=txt + %{#{h[:the]}, #{h[:others]}; }
             end
-            txt.gsub!(/[;, ]+\s*$/,'')
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=txt.gsub(/[;, ]+\s*$/,'')
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -430,8 +430,8 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
             @md.creator.illustrator_detail.each do |h|
               txt=txt + %{#{h[:the]}, #{h[:others]}; }
             end
-            txt.gsub!(/[;, ]+\s*$/,'')
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=txt.gsub(/[;, ]+\s*$/,'')
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -458,8 +458,8 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
             @md.creator.photographer_detail.each do |h|
               txt=txt + %{#{h[:the]}, #{h[:others]}; }
             end
-            txt.gsub!(/[;, ]+\s*$/,'')
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=txt.gsub(/[;, ]+\s*$/,'')
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -485,8 +485,8 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
             @md.creator.translator_detail.each do |h|
               txt=txt + %{#{h[:the]}, #{h[:others]}; }
             end
-            txt.gsub!(/[;, ]+\s*$/,'')
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=txt.gsub(/[;, ]+\s*$/,'')
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -513,8 +513,8 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
             @md.creator.prepared_by_detail.each do |h|
               txt=txt + %{#{h[:the]}, #{h[:others]}; }
             end
-            txt.gsub!(/[;, ]+\s*$/,'')
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=txt.gsub(/[;, ]+\s*$/,'')
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -541,8 +541,8 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
             @md.creator.digitized_by_detail.each do |h|
               txt=txt + %{#{h[:the]}, #{h[:others]}; }
             end
-            txt.gsub!(/[;, ]+\s*$/,'')
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=txt.gsub(/[;, ]+\s*$/,'')
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -569,8 +569,8 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
             @md.creator.audio_detail.each do |h|
               txt=txt + %{#{h[:the]}, #{h[:others]}; }
             end
-            txt.gsub!(/[;, ]+\s*$/,'')
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=txt.gsub(/[;, ]+\s*$/,'')
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -596,8 +596,8 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
             @md.creator.video_detail.each do |h|
               txt=txt + %{#{h[:the]}, #{h[:others]}; }
             end
-            txt.gsub!(/[;, ]+\s*$/,'')
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=txt.gsub(/[;, ]+\s*$/,'')
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -630,7 +630,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
         def tuple
           t=if @lang.list[@md.opt.lng][:n]
             txt=@lang.list[@md.opt.lng][:n]
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -653,7 +653,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.opt.lng \
           and @md.opt.lng=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.opt.lng
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -675,7 +675,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.language.original \
           and @md.language.original=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.language.original
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -697,7 +697,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.language.original_char \
           and @md.language.original_char=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.language.original_char
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -733,7 +733,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.date.added_to_site \
           and @md.date.added_to_site=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.date.added_to_site
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -755,7 +755,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.date.available \
           and @md.date.available=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.date.available
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -777,7 +777,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.date.created \
           and @md.date.created=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.date.created
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -799,7 +799,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.date.issued \
           and @md.date.issued=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.date.issued
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -821,7 +821,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.date.modified \
           and @md.date.modified=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.date.modified
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -843,7 +843,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.date.published \
           and @md.date.published=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.date.published
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -865,7 +865,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.date.valid \
           and @md.date.valid=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.date.valid
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -887,7 +887,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.date.translated \
           and @md.date.translated=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.date.translated
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -909,7 +909,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.date.original_publication \
           and @md.date.original_publication=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.date.original_publication
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -932,7 +932,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.generated \
           and @md.generated.to_s=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.generated.to_s
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -958,7 +958,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.publisher \
           and @md.publisher=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.publisher
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -980,7 +980,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
 #        t=if defined? @md.current.publisher \
 #        and @md.current.publisher=~/\S+/
 #          txt=@md.current.publisher
-#          special_character_escape(txt)
+#          txt=special_character_escape(txt)
 #          "'#{txt}', "
 #        end
 #      end
@@ -1011,7 +1011,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.original.publisher \
           and @md.original.publisher=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.original.publisher
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1033,7 +1033,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.original.language \
           and @md.original.language=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.original.language
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1055,7 +1055,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.original.language_char \
           and @md.original.language_char=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.original.language_char
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1077,7 +1077,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.original.source \
           and @md.original.source=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.original.source
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1099,7 +1099,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.original.institution \
           and @md.original.institution=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.original.institution
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1121,7 +1121,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.original.nationality \
           and @md.original.nationality=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.original.nationality
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1158,7 +1158,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.rights.all \
           and @md.rights.all=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.rights.all
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1180,7 +1180,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.rights.copyright_text \
           and @md.rights.copyright_text=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.rights.copyright_text
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1202,7 +1202,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.rights.copyright_translation \
           and @md.rights.copyright_translation=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.rights.copyright_translation
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1224,7 +1224,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.rights.copyright_illustrations \
           and @md.rights.copyright_illustrations=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.rights.copyright_illustrations
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1246,7 +1246,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.rights.copyright_photographs \
           and @md.rights.copyright_photographs=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.rights.copyright_photographs
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1268,7 +1268,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.rights.copyright_preparation \
           and @md.rights.copyright_preparation=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.rights.copyright_preparation
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1290,7 +1290,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.rights.copyright_digitization \
           and @md.rights.copyright_digitization=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.rights.copyright_digitization
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1312,7 +1312,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.rights.copyright_audio \
           and @md.rights.copyright_audio=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.rights.copyright_audio
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1334,7 +1334,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.rights.copyright_video \
           and @md.rights.copyright_video=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.rights.copyright_video
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1356,7 +1356,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.rights.license \
           and @md.rights.license=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.rights.license
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1394,7 +1394,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.classify.topic_register \
           and @md.classify.topic_register=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.classify.topic_register
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1416,7 +1416,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.classify.subject \
           and @md.classify.subject=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.classify.subject
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1438,7 +1438,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.classify.type \
           and @md.classify.type=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.classify.type
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1460,7 +1460,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.classify.loc \
           and @md.classify.loc=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.classify.loc
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1482,7 +1482,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.classify.dewey \
           and @md.classify.dewey=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.classify.dewey
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1504,7 +1504,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.classify.oclc \
           and @md.classify.oclc=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.classify.oclc
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1526,7 +1526,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.classify.pg \
           and @md.classify.pg=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.classify.pg
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1548,7 +1548,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.classify.isbn \
           and @md.classify.isbn=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.classify.isbn
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1570,7 +1570,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.classify.format \
           and @md.classify.format=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.classify.format
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1592,7 +1592,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.classify.identifier \
           and @md.classify.identifier=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.classify.identifier
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1614,7 +1614,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.classify.relation \
           and @md.classify.relation=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.classify.relation
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1636,7 +1636,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.classify.coverage \
           and @md.classify.coverage=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.classify.coverage
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1658,7 +1658,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.classify.keywords \
           and @md.classify.keywords=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.classify.keywords
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1692,7 +1692,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.notes.abstract \
           and @md.notes.abstract=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.notes.abstract
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1714,7 +1714,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.notes.comment \
           and @md.notes.comment=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.notes.comment
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1736,7 +1736,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.notes.description \
           and @md.notes.description=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.notes.description
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1758,7 +1758,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.notes.history \
           and @md.notes.history=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.notes.history
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1780,7 +1780,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.notes.prefix \
           and @md.notes.prefix=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.notes.prefix
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1802,7 +1802,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.notes.prefix_a \
           and @md.notes.prefix_a=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.notes.prefix_a
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1824,7 +1824,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.notes.prefix_b \
           and @md.notes.prefix_b=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.notes.prefix_b
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1846,7 +1846,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.notes.suffix \
           and @md.notes.suffix=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.notes.suffix
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1871,7 +1871,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.fns \
           and @md.fns=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.fns
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -1916,7 +1916,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
          t=if defined? @md.filesize \
          and @md.filesize=~/\S+/
            txt=@md.filesize
-           special_character_escape(txt)
+           txt=special_character_escape(txt)
            ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
          else ['','']
          end
@@ -1938,7 +1938,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.wc_words \
           and @md.wc_words=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.wc_words
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -2006,7 +2006,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.skin_name \
           and @md.skin_name=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.skin_name
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -2029,7 +2029,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           and @md.dgst_skin.class==Array \
           and @md.dgst_skin[1]=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.dgst_skin[1]
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -2051,7 +2051,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.skin \
           and @md.skin=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.skin
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
@@ -2074,7 +2074,7 @@ module SiSU_DbColumns
           t=if defined? @md.links \
           and @md.links=~/\S+/
             txt=@md.links
-            special_character_escape(txt)
+            txt=special_character_escape(txt)
             ["#{name}, ","'#{txt}', "]
           else ['','']
           end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/db_create.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/db_create.rb
index 47d22915..6420c3ec 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/db_create.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/db_create.rb
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ module SiSU_DbCreate
       @opt,@conn,@file,@sql_type=opt,conn,file,sql_type
       @cX=SiSU_Screen::Ansi.new(@opt.cmd).cX
       @comment=(@sql_type=='pg') \
-      ? (Comment.new(@conn,@sql_type))
+      ? (SiSU_DbCreate::Comment.new(@conn,@sql_type))
       : nil
       @@dl ||=SiSU_Env::InfoEnv.new.digest.length
     end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/db_import.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/db_import.rb
index adbe5af5..a2b66937 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/db_import.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/db_import.rb
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ module SiSU_DbImport
         src=special_character_escape(src)
         @tp[:sisutxt_f],@tp[:sisutxt_i]='sisutxt, ',"'#{src}', "
         txt=clean_searchable_text(txt_arr)
-        #special_character_escape(txt)
+        #txt=special_character_escape(txt)
         @tp[:fulltxt_f],@tp[:fulltxt_i]='fulltxt, ',"'#{txt}', "
       end
 #% title
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ module SiSU_DbImport
               @col[:lid]+=1
               txt=endnotes(txt).extract_any
               @col[:body]=SiSU_FormatShared::CSS_Format.new(@md,data).lev4_minus
-              special_character_escape(@col[:body])
+              @col[:body]=special_character_escape(@col[:body])
               @col[:plaintext]=@col[:body].dup
               @col[:plaintext]=strip_markup(@col[:plaintext])
               @col[:plaintext]=clean_searchable_text(@col[:plaintext])
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ module SiSU_DbImport
               @base_url="#{@env.url.root}/#{@md.fnb}/#{@hname}.html"
               txt=endnotes(txt).extract_any
               @col[:body]=SiSU_FormatShared::CSS_Format.new(@md,data).lev4_plus
-              special_character_escape(@col[:body])
+              @col[:body]=special_character_escape(@col[:body])
               @col[:plaintext]=@col[:body].dup
               @col[:plaintext]=strip_markup(@col[:plaintext])
               @col[:plaintext]=clean_searchable_text(@col[:plaintext])
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ module SiSU_DbImport
               @base_url="#{@env.url.root}/#{@md.fnb}/#{@hname}.html"
               txt=endnotes(txt).extract_any
               @col[:body]=SiSU_FormatShared::CSS_Format.new(@md,data).lev4_plus
-              special_character_escape(@col[:body])
+              @col[:body]=special_character_escape(@col[:body])
               @col[:plaintext]=@col[:body].dup
               @col[:plaintext]=strip_markup(@col[:plaintext])
               @col[:plaintext]=clean_searchable_text(@col[:plaintext])
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ module SiSU_DbImport
               @base_url="#{@env.url.root}/#{@md.fnb}/#{@hname}.html"
               txt=endnotes(txt).extract_any
               @col[:body]=SiSU_FormatShared::CSS_Format.new(@md,data).lev4_plus
-              special_character_escape(@col[:body])
+              @col[:body]=special_character_escape(@col[:body])
               @col[:plaintext]=@col[:body].dup
               @col[:plaintext]=strip_markup(@col[:plaintext])
               @col[:plaintext]=clean_searchable_text(@col[:plaintext])
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ module SiSU_DbImport
               else
                 SiSU_FormatShared::CSS_Format.new(@md,data).norm
               end
-              special_character_escape(@col[:body])
+              @col[:body]=special_character_escape(@col[:body])
               @col[:plaintext]=@col[:body].dup
               @col[:plaintext]=strip_markup(@col[:plaintext])
               @col[:plaintext]=clean_searchable_text(@col[:plaintext])
@@ -424,9 +424,9 @@ module SiSU_DbImport
                     nr,txt,digest_clean=$1,$2.strip,0
                   end
                   @id_n+=1
-                  special_character_escape(txt)
+                  txt=special_character_escape(txt)
                   body=SiSU_FormatShared::CSS_Format.new(@md,data).endnote(nr,txt)
-                  strip_markup(txt)
+                  txt=strip_markup(txt)
                   if txt.size > (SiSU_DbColumns::ColumnSize.new.endnote_clean - 1)
                     puts "\n\nTOO LARGE (ENDNOTE - see error log)\n\n"
                     open("#{Dir.pwd}/pg_documents_error_log",'a') do |error|
@@ -463,9 +463,9 @@ module SiSU_DbImport
                     nr,txt,digest_clean=$1,$2.strip,0
                   end
                   @id_n+=1
-                  special_character_escape(txt)
+                  txt=special_character_escape(txt)
                   body=SiSU_FormatShared::CSS_Format.new(@md,data).endnote(nr,txt)
-                  strip_markup(txt)
+                  txt=strip_markup(txt)
                   if txt.size > (SiSU_DbColumns::ColumnSize.new.endnote_clean - 1)
                     puts "\n\nTOO LARGE (ENDNOTE - see error log)\n\n"
                     open("#{Dir.pwd}/pg_documents_error_log",'a') do |error|
@@ -502,9 +502,9 @@ module SiSU_DbImport
                     nr,txt,digest_clean=$1,$2.strip,0
                   end
                   @id_n+=1
-                  special_character_escape(txt)
+                  txt=special_character_escape(txt)
                   body=SiSU_FormatShared::CSS_Format.new(@md,data).endnote(nr,txt)
-                  strip_markup(txt)
+                  txt=strip_markup(txt)
                   if txt.size > (SiSU_DbColumns::ColumnSize.new.endnote_clean - 1)
                     puts "\n\nTOO LARGE (ENDNOTE - see error log)\n\n"
                     open("#{Dir.pwd}/pg_documents_error_log",'a') do |error|
@@ -568,14 +568,14 @@ module SiSU_DbImport
         : nil
       end
       def clean_text(base_url=nil)
-        if base_url
-          @txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(\d+).+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,%{<sup><a href="#{base_url}#_\\1" name="-\\1">\\1</a></sup>})
-          @txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([*]\d+).+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,%{<sup><a href="#{base_url}#_\\1" name="-\\1">\\1</a></sup>})
-          @txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([+]\d+).+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,%{<sup><a href="#{base_url}#_\\1" name="-\\1">\\1</a></sup>})
+        @txt=if base_url
+          @txt.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(\d+).+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,%{<sup><a href="#{base_url}#_\\1" name="-\\1">\\1</a></sup>}).
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([*]\d+).+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,%{<sup><a href="#{base_url}#_\\1" name="-\\1">\\1</a></sup>}).
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([+]\d+).+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,%{<sup><a href="#{base_url}#_\\1" name="-\\1">\\1</a></sup>})
         else
-          @txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(\d+).+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'<sup>\1</sup>')
-          @txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([*]\d+).+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'<sup>\1</sup>')
-          @txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([+]\d+).+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'<sup>\1</sup>')
+          @txt.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(\d+).+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'<sup>\1</sup>').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([*]\d+).+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'<sup>\1</sup>').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([+]\d+).+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'<sup>\1</sup>')
         end
         @txt
       end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/db_sqltxt.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/db_sqltxt.rb
index 49dcf10a..e65a8521 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/db_sqltxt.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/db_sqltxt.rb
@@ -59,46 +59,45 @@
 module SiSU_DbText
   class Prepare
     def special_character_escape(str)
-      str.gsub!(/'/,"''") #string.gsub!(/'/,"\047") #string.gsub!(/'/,"\\'")
-      str.gsub!(/(\\)/m,'\1\1') #ok but with warnings, double backslash on sqlite #str.gsub!(/[\\]/m,'\\x5C') #ok but with warnings, but not for sqlite #str.gsub!(/(\\)/m,'\1') #ok for sqlite not for pgsql
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,"<br />\n")
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tag_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:tag_c]}/,'') #check
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\s*(\S+?\.(?:png|jpg))(?:\s+\d+x\d+)?(.+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}\S+/,'[image: \1] \2')
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\s*(.+?)\s*#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:file|ftp):\/\/\S+?([.,!?]?(?:\s|$))/,'\1\2')
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\s*(.+?)\s*#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1')
-      str
+      str=str.gsub(/'/,"''"). #string.gsub!(/'/,"\047") #string.gsub!(/'/,"\\'")
+        gsub(/(\\)/m,'\1\1'). #ok but with warnings, double backslash on sqlite #str.gsub!(/[\\]/m,'\\x5C') #ok but with warnings, but not for sqlite #str.gsub!(/(\\)/m,'\1') #ok for sqlite not for pgsql
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,"<br />\n").
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:tag_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:tag_c]}/,''). #check
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\s*(\S+?\.(?:png|jpg))(?:\s+\d+x\d+)?(.+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}\S+/,'[image: \1] \2').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\s*(.+?)\s*#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:file|ftp):\/\/\S+?([.,!?]?(?:\s|$))/,'\1\2').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\s*(.+?)\s*#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1')
     end
     def clean_searchable_text(arr) #produce clean, searchable, plaintext from document source
       txt_arr,en=[],[]
       arr=arr.class==String ? arr.split(/\n+/m) : arr
       arr.each do |s|
-        s.gsub!(/([*\/_-])\{(.+?)\}\1/m,'\2')
-        s.gsub!(/^(?:block|group|poem|code)\{/m,''); s.gsub!(/^\}(?:block|group|poem|code)/m,'')
-        s.gsub!(/\A(?:@\S+:\s+.+)\Z/m,'')
+        s=s.gsub(/([*\/_-])\{(.+?)\}\1/m,'\2').
+          gsub(/^(?:block|group|poem|code)\{/m,'').gsub(/^\}(?:block|group|poem|code)/m,'').
+          gsub(/\A(?:@\S+:\s+.+)\Z/m,'')
         if s =~/^:A~/
           if defined? @md.creator \
           and defined? @md.creator.author \
           and not @md.creator.author.empty?
-            s.gsub!(/@author/,@md.creator.author)
+            s=s.gsub(/@author/,@md.creator.author)
           else
             SiSU_Screen::Ansi.new('v','WARNING Document Author information missing; provide @creator: :author:',@md.fnb).warn unless @md.opt.cmd.inspect =~/q/
           end
           if defined? @md.title \
           and defined? @md.title.full \
           and not @md.title.full.empty?
-            s.gsub!(/@title/,@md.title.full)
+            s=s.gsub(/@title/,@md.title.full)
           else
             SiSU_Screen::Ansi.new('v','WARNING Document Title missing; provide @title:',@md.fnb).warn unless @md.opt.cmd.inspect =~/q/
           end
         end
-        s.gsub!(/^(?:_[1-9]\*?|_\*)\s+/m,'')
-        s.gsub!(/^(?:[1-9]\~(\S+)?)\s+/m,'')
-        s.gsub!(/^(?::?[A-C]\~(\S+)?)\s+/m,'')
-        s.gsub!(/^%{1,3} .+/m,'') #removed even if contained in code block
-        s.gsub!(/<br>/m,' ')
+        s=s.gsub(/^(?:_[1-9]\*?|_\*)\s+/m,'').
+          gsub(/^(?:[1-9]\~(\S+)?)\s+/m,'').
+          gsub(/^(?::?[A-C]\~(\S+)?)\s+/m,'').
+          gsub(/^%{1,3} .+/m,''). #removed even if contained in code block
+          gsub(/<br>/m,' ')
         en << s.scan(/~\{\s*(.+?)\s*\}~/m)
-        s.gsub!(/~\{.+?\}~/m,'')
-        s.gsub!(/ \s+/m,' ')
+        s=s.gsub(/~\{.+?\}~/m,'').
+          gsub(/ \s+/m,' ')
         #special_character_escape(s)
         s
       end
@@ -109,17 +108,16 @@ module SiSU_DbText
       txt
     end
     def strip_markup(str) #define rules, make same as in dal clean
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(\d+)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'[\1]')
-      str.gsub!(/(?:&nbsp\\;|#{Mx[:nbsp]})+/,' ')
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_o]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}\d+(.+)#{Mx[:tc_c]}/u,'\1')         #tables
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}\d+#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,' ')                          #tables
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,' ')                                                     #tables tidy later
-      str.gsub!(/<.+?>/,'')
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif).+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:file|ftp)\/\/:\S+ /,' [image] ') # else image names found in search
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif).+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}/,' [image]') # else image names found in search
-      str.gsub!(/\s\s+/,' ')
-      str.strip!
-      str
+      str=str.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(\d+)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'[\1]').
+        gsub(/(?:&nbsp\\;|#{Mx[:nbsp]})+/,' ').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_o]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}\d+(.+)#{Mx[:tc_c]}/u,'\1').         #tables
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}\d+#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,' ').                          #tables
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,' ').                                                     #tables tidy later
+        gsub(/<.+?>/,'').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif).+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:file|ftp)\/\/:\S+ /,' [image] '). # else image names found in search
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif).+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}/,' [image]'). # else image names found in search
+        gsub(/\s\s+/,' ').
+        strip
     end
     def unique_words(str)
       a=str.scan(/[a-zA-Z0-9\\\/_-]{2,}/) #a=str.scan(/\S+{2,}/)
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/defaults.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/defaults.rb
index 55aeef21..1c9dd94f 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/defaults.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/defaults.rb
@@ -735,8 +735,8 @@ module SiSU_Viz
           when /\/i$/; 'i'
           else         ''
           end
-          r.gsub!(/^\/(.+?)\/i?/,'\1')
-          r.gsub!(/\(/,'(?:') # avoid need to escape use of brackets within regex provided
+          r=r.gsub(/^\/(.+?)\/i?/,'\1').
+            gsub(/\(/,'(?:') # avoid need to escape use of brackets within regex provided
           m='\b(' + r + ')\b'
           make[:str]
           make[:regx]=if x =~/i/; /#{m}/i
@@ -756,8 +756,8 @@ module SiSU_Viz
           when /\/i$/; 'i'
           else         ''
           end
-          r.gsub!(/^\/(.+?)\/i?/,'\1')
-          r.gsub!(/\(/,'(?:') # avoid need to escape use of brackets within regex provided
+          r.gsub(/^\/(.+?)\/i?/,'\1').
+            gsub(/\(/,'(?:') # avoid need to escape use of brackets within regex provided
           m='\b(' + r + ')\b'
           make[:str]
           make[:regx]=if x =~/i/; /#{m}/i
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/digests.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/digests.rb
index 5f5d90b3..91299d4c 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/digests.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/digests.rb
@@ -153,9 +153,9 @@ module SiSU_DigestView
           if para =~/#{Mx[:id_o]}~(\d+);((?:\w|[0-6]:)\d+);(\w\d+)#{Mx[:id_c]}#{Mx[:id_o]}([0-9a-f]{#{@dl}}):([0-9a-f]{#{@dl}})#{Mx[:id_c]}/
             ocn,h1,h2,d_clean,d_all=$1,$2,$3,$4,$5
             @ocn=ocn unless ocn.to_i==0
-            para.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'<b>\1</b>')
-            para.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'<i>\1</i>')
-            para.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'<u>\1</u>')
+            para=para.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'<b>\1</b>').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'<i>\1</i>').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'<u>\1</u>')
             if para=~/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}[\d*+]+.+?#{Mx[:id_o]}[0-9a-f]{#{@dl}}#{Mx[:id_c]}#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/
               para_endnotes << para.scan(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]})([\d*+]+).+?#{Mx[:id_o]}([0-9a-f]{#{@dl}})#{Mx[:id_c]}(?:#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_c]})/)
             end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/epub.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/epub.rb
index 250b428f..c87112cf 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/epub.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/epub.rb
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ module SiSU_EPUB
         data=@tuned_file_array
         scr_toc=SiSU_EPUB::Source::ScrollHeadAndSegToc.new(@md,toc).in_common #watch
         SiSU_EPUB::Source::Seg.new(@md,data).songsheet
-        SiSU_EPUB::Source::EPUB_Output.new(@md).songsheet
+        SiSU_EPUB::Source::Output.new(@md).songsheet
       rescue; SiSU_Errors::InfoError.new($!,$@,@opt.cmd,@opt.fns).error
       ensure
         unless @opt.cmd =~/[MV]/ #check maintenance flag
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ module SiSU_EPUB
               md_opf_a_content << @epub.metadata_opf.manifest_content(dob_toc,name_s_a)
               md_opf_a_spine << @epub.metadata_opf.spine(dob_toc,name_s_a)
               md_opf_a_guide << @epub.metadata_opf.guide(dob_toc,name_s_a)
-              Toc.new(@md,dob_toc).level_1
+              SiSU_EPUB::Source::Toc.new(@md,dob_toc).level_1
             when 2
               @s_b_no +=1
               name_s_b='section_b' + @s_b_no.to_s
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ module SiSU_EPUB
               md_opf_a_content << @epub.metadata_opf.manifest_content(dob_toc,name_s_b)
               md_opf_a_spine << @epub.metadata_opf.spine(dob_toc,name_s_b)
               md_opf_a_guide << @epub.metadata_opf.guide(dob_toc,name_s_b)
-              Toc.new(@md,dob_toc).level_2
+              SiSU_EPUB::Source::Toc.new(@md,dob_toc).level_2
             when 3
               @s_c_no +=1
               name_s_c='section_c' + @s_c_no.to_s
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ module SiSU_EPUB
               md_opf_a_content << @epub.metadata_opf.manifest_content(dob_toc,name_s_c)
               md_opf_a_spine << @epub.metadata_opf.spine(dob_toc,name_s_c)
               md_opf_a_guide << @epub.metadata_opf.guide(dob_toc,name_s_c)
-              Toc.new(@md,dob_toc).level_3
+              SiSU_EPUB::Source::Toc.new(@md,dob_toc).level_3
             when 4
               @ncx_cls=[]
               @nav_no+=1
@@ -281,9 +281,9 @@ module SiSU_EPUB
               md_opf_a_content << @epub.metadata_opf.manifest_content(dob_toc)
               md_opf_a_spine << @epub.metadata_opf.spine(dob_toc)
               md_opf_a_guide << @epub.metadata_opf.guide(dob_toc)
-              Toc.new(@md,dob_toc).level_4
-            when 5; Toc.new(@md,dob_toc).level_5
-            when 6; Toc.new(@md,dob_toc).level_6
+              SiSU_EPUB::Source::Toc.new(@md,dob_toc).level_4
+            when 5; SiSU_EPUB::Source::Toc.new(@md,dob_toc).level_5
+            when 6; SiSU_EPUB::Source::Toc.new(@md,dob_toc).level_6
             else nil
             end
             toc.each do |k,d|
@@ -318,8 +318,8 @@ module SiSU_EPUB
         @@toc[:opf] << @epub.metadata_opf.guide_open << md_opf_a_guide << @epub.metadata_opf.guide_close
         @@toc[:opf] << @epub.metadata_opf.package_close
         @@toc[:opf]=@@toc[:opf].flatten
-        EPUB_Output.new(@md,@@toc[:opf]).epub_metadata_opf
-        EPUB_Output.new(@md,@@toc[:ncx]).epub_toc_ncx
+        SiSU_EPUB::Source::Output.new(@md,@@toc[:opf]).epub_metadata_opf
+        SiSU_EPUB::Source::Output.new(@md,@@toc[:ncx]).epub_toc_ncx
         @md.firstseg=@@firstseg
         @@toc
       end
@@ -486,29 +486,6 @@ module SiSU_EPUB
         end
         toc
       end
-      def level_crosslink
-        dob=@data
-        if dob !~/^4~!/
-          dob.gsub!(/^4~!\s+(\S+)\s+(.+)/,
-            %{<table><tr><td width =\"80\"></td>
-  <td><a href="http://\\1">
-    #{@png.crosslink_ext}
-      &nbsp;&nbsp;\\2
-    <\/a>
-  </td></tr></table>
-})
-        else
-          dob.gsub!(/^4~!\s+(\S+)\s+(.+)/,
-            %{<table><tr><td width ="80">
-  </td><td>
-    <a href="\\1">
-      #{@png.crosslink}
-        &nbsp;&nbsp;\\2
-    <\/a>
-  </td></tr></table>
-})
-        end
-      end
     end
     class ScrollHeadAndSegToc < Toc
       def initialize(md='',toc='',links_guide_toc='')
@@ -521,7 +498,7 @@ module SiSU_EPUB
         SiSU_Screen::Ansi.new(@md.opt.cmd,'Scroll & Segtoc').txt_grey if @md.opt.cmd =~/[MVv]/
         format_head_toc=SiSU_EPUB_Format::HeadToc.new(@md)
         dochead=format_head_toc.head
-        dochead.gsub!(/toc\.(html)/,'doc.\1') #kludge
+        dochead=dochead.gsub(/toc\.(html)/,'doc.\1') #kludge
         toc_shared << dochead #<< ads.div.major
         segtoc << format_head_toc.head #<< ads.div.major
         if SiSU_EPUB_Format::HeadToc.method_defined? :toc_head_escript
@@ -589,8 +566,8 @@ module SiSU_EPUB
         #Segtoc tail added here
         segtoc << seg_toc_band_bottom
         segtoc << format_head_toc.xhtml_close
-        segtoc.flatten!.compact!
-        EPUB_Output.new(@md,segtoc).segtoc
+        segtoc=segtoc.flatten.compact #watch
+        SiSU_EPUB::Source::Output.new(@md,segtoc).segtoc
         segtoc=[]
         @toc[:scr],@toc[:seg]=[],[]
         toc_shared
@@ -600,7 +577,7 @@ module SiSU_EPUB
     end
     class Seg < SiSU_EPUB_Seg::Seg
     end
-    class EPUB_Output
+    class Output
       def initialize(md,output='')
         @md,@output=md,output
         @epub_doc="#{@md.fnb}.epub"
@@ -689,7 +666,7 @@ module SiSU_EPUB
           filename_html_segtoc=@make.epub.xhtml_segtoc
           filename_html_index=@make.epub.xhtml_index
           @output.each do |para|
-            para.strip!
+            para=para.strip
             unless para =~/\A\s*\Z/
               filename_html_segtoc.puts para,"\n"
               filename_html_index.puts para,"\n"
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/epub_concordance.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/epub_concordance.rb
index 9c90d482..1106ec13 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/epub_concordance.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/epub_concordance.rb
@@ -213,46 +213,46 @@ WOK
             and toy !~/^0$/
               line.obj=line.obj.split(@rgx_splitlist).join(' ') #%take in word or other match
               for word in line.obj.scan(@rgx_scanlist) #%take in word or other match
-                word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}|#{Mx[:lnk_c]}|#{Mx[:url_o]}|#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'')
-                word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}/,'')
-                word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_c_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:fa_c]}/,'')
-                word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#[a-z]+#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'')
-                word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#[0-9]+#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'')
-                word.gsub!(/^\S$/,'')
+                word=word.gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}|#{Mx[:lnk_c]}|#{Mx[:url_o]}|#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'').
+                  gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}/,'').
+                  gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_c_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:fa_c]}/,'').
+                  gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#[a-z]+#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'').
+                  gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#[0-9]+#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'').
+                  gsub(/^\S$/,'')
                 word=nil if word.empty?
                 word=nil if word =~@rxp_excluded0 #watch
                 word=nil if word =~@rxp_excluded1 #watch
                 word=nil if word =~/^\S$/
                 if word
-                  word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_nl]}|#{Mx[:br_line]}/,' ')
-                  word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_o]}[a-z]{1,7}#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c_o]}[a-z]{1,7}#{Mx[:fa_c]}/,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}(?:[0-9a-f]{32}:[0-9a-f]{32}|[0-9a-f]{64}:[0-9a-f]{64})#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}(?:[0-9a-f]{32}|[0-9a-f]{64})#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(?:\d|[*+])*|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}(?:\d|[*+])*|#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/mi,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}/,''); word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_c_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:fa_c]}/,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/<\/?\S+?>/,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/^\@+/,'')
-                  word.strip!
-                  word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}.+/,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/[\.,;:"]$/,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/["]/,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/^\s*[\(]/,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/[\(]\s*$/,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/^(?:See|e\.?g\.?).+/,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/^\s*[.,;:]\s*/,'')
-                  word.strip!
-                  word.gsub!(/^\(?[a-zA-Z]\)$/,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/^\d+(st|nd|rd|th)$/,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/^(\d+\.?)+$/, '')
-                  word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}|#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/:name#\S+/,'')
-                  word.gsub!(/^\S$/,'')
+                  word=word.gsub(/#{Mx[:br_nl]}|#{Mx[:br_line]}/,' ').
+                    gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_o]}[a-z]{1,7}#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_c_o]}[a-z]{1,7}#{Mx[:fa_c]}/,'').
+                    gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}(?:[0-9a-f]{32}:[0-9a-f]{32}|[0-9a-f]{64}:[0-9a-f]{64})#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'').
+                    gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}(?:[0-9a-f]{32}|[0-9a-f]{64})#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'').
+                    gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(?:\d|[*+])*|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}(?:\d|[*+])*|#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/mi,'').
+                    gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:fa_o_c]}/,'').gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_c_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:fa_c]}/,'').
+                    gsub(/<\/?\S+?>/,'').
+                    gsub(/^\@+/,'').
+                    strip.
+                    gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}.+/,'').
+                    gsub(/[\.,;:"]$/,'').
+                    gsub(/["]/,'').
+                    gsub(/^\s*[\(]/,'').
+                    gsub(/[\(]\s*$/,'').
+                    gsub(/^(?:See|e\.?g\.?).+/,'').
+                    gsub(/^\s*[.,;:]\s*/,'').
+                    strip.
+                    gsub(/^\(?[a-zA-Z]\)$/,'').
+                    gsub(/^\d+(st|nd|rd|th)$/,'').
+                    gsub(/^(\d+\.?)+$/, '').
+                    gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}|#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'').
+                    gsub(/:name#\S+/,'').
+                    gsub(/^\S$/,'')
                   word=nil if word =~/^\S$/
                   word=nil if word =~/^\s*$/ #watch
                   if word
                     unless word =~/[A-Z][A-Z]/ \
                     or word =~/\w+\s\w+/
-                      word.capitalize!
+                      word=word.capitalize
                     end
                     @freq[word] +=1
                     @word_map[word] ||= []
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/epub_format.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/epub_format.rb
index 46c9d4be..c1987fa0 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/epub_format.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/epub_format.rb
@@ -1493,12 +1493,12 @@ WOK
             m=(m.empty?) \
             ? (surname + other_names)
             : (m + '; ' + surname + ', ' + other_names)
-            m.gsub!(/</,'&lt;'); m.gsub!(/>/,'&gt;')
-            m.gsub!(/&lt;br(?: \/)?&gt;/,';')
+            m=m.gsub(/</,'&lt;').gsub(/>/,'&gt;').
+              gsub(/&lt;br(?: \/)?&gt;/,';')
           end
           x=@md.creator.author.dup
-          x.gsub!(/</,'&lt;'); x.gsub!(/>/,'&gt;')
-          x.gsub!(/&lt;br(?: \/)?&gt;/,'<br />')
+          x=x.gsub(/</,'&lt;').gsub(/>/,'&gt;').
+            gsub(/&lt;br(?: \/)?&gt;/,'<br />')
           %{\n    <dc:creator opf:file-as="#{m}" opf:role="aut">#{x}</dc:creator>}
         else ''
         end
@@ -1515,12 +1515,12 @@ WOK
             m=(m.empty?) \
             ? (surname + other_names)
             : (m + '; ' + surname + ', ' + other_names)
-            m.gsub!(/</,'&lt;'); m.gsub!(/>/,'&gt;')
-            m.gsub!(/&lt;br(?: \/)?&gt;/,';')
+            m=m.gsub(/</,'&lt;').gsub(/>/,'&gt;').
+              gsub(/&lt;br(?: \/)?&gt;/,';')
           end
           x=@md.creator.editor.dup
-          x.gsub!(/</,'&lt;'); x.gsub!(/>/,'&gt;')
-          x.gsub!(/&lt;br(?: \/)?&gt;/,'<br />')
+          x=x.gsub(/</,'&lt;').gsub(/>/,'&gt;').
+            gsub(/&lt;br(?: \/)?&gt;/,'<br />')
           %{\n    <dc:creator opf:file-as="#{m}" opf:role="edt">#{x}</dc:creator>}
         else ''
         end
@@ -1537,12 +1537,12 @@ WOK
             m=(m.empty?) \
             ? (surname + other_names)
             : (m + '; ' + surname + ', ' + other_names)
-            m.gsub!(/</,'&lt;'); m.gsub!(/>/,'&gt;')
-            m.gsub!(/&lt;br(?: \/)?&gt;/,';')
+            m=m.gsub(/</,'&lt;').gsub(/>/,'&gt;').
+              gsub(/&lt;br(?: \/)?&gt;/,';')
           end
           x=@md.creator.translator.dup
-          x.gsub!(/</,'&lt;'); x.gsub!(/>/,'&gt;')
-          x.gsub!(/&lt;br(?: \/)?&gt;/,'<br />')
+          x=x.gsub(/</,'&lt;').gsub(/>/,'&gt;').
+            gsub(/&lt;br(?: \/)?&gt;/,'<br />')
           %{\n    <dc:creator opf:file-as="#{m}" opf:role="trl">#{x}</dc:creator>}
         else ''
         end
@@ -1559,28 +1559,28 @@ WOK
             m=(m.empty?) \
             ? (surname + other_names)
             : (m + '; ' + surname + ', ' + other_names)
-            m.gsub!(/</,'&lt;'); m.gsub!(/>/,'&gt;')
-            m.gsub!(/&lt;br(?: \/)?&gt;/,';')
+            m=m.gsub(/</,'&lt;').gsub(/>/,'&gt;').
+              gsub(/&lt;br(?: \/)?&gt;/,';')
           end
           x=@md.creator.illustrator.dup
-          x.gsub!(/</,'&lt;'); x.gsub!(/>/,'&gt;')
-          x.gsub!(/&lt;br(?: \/)?&gt;/,'<br />')
+          x=x.gsub(/</,'&lt;').gsub(/>/,'&gt;').
+            gsub(/&lt;br(?: \/)?&gt;/,'<br />')
           %{\n    <dc:creator opf:file-as="#{m}" opf:role="ill">#{x}</dc:creator>}
         else ''
         end
         date_published=if defined? @md.date.published \
         and @md.date.published =~/\S+/
           x=@md.date.published.dup
-          x.gsub!(/</,'&lt;'); x.gsub!(/>/,'&gt;')
-          x.gsub!(/&lt;br(?: \/)?&gt;/,'<br />')
+          x=x.gsub(/</,'&lt;').gsub(/>/,'&gt;').
+            gsub(/&lt;br(?: \/)?&gt;/,'<br />')
           %{\n    <dc:date opf:event="published">#{x}</dc:date>}
         else ''
         end
         subject=if defined? @md.classify.subject \
         and @md.classify.subject =~/\S+/
           x=@md.classify.subject.dup
-          x.gsub!(/</,'&lt;'); x.gsub!(/>/,'&gt;')
-          x.gsub!(/&lt;br(?: \/)?&gt;/,'<br />')
+          x=x.gsub(/</,'&lt;').gsub(/>/,'&gt;').
+            gsub(/&lt;br(?: \/)?&gt;/,'<br />')
           %{\n    <dc:subject>#{x}</dc:subject>}
         else ''
         end
@@ -1791,7 +1791,7 @@ WOK
     end
     def make_concordance
       manifest=scroll=seg=''
-      wgt=Widget.new(@md)
+      wgt=SiSU_EPUB_Format::Widget.new(@md)
       %{<table summary="toc scroll and segment with pdf" border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
 <tr>
   #{wgt.seg(@vz.nav_txt_toc_link)}#{wgt.scroll(@vz.nav_txt_doc_link)}#{wgt.pdf}#{wgt.odf}
@@ -1987,7 +1987,7 @@ WOK
     end
     def doc_types #used in seg_nav_band ###
       scroll=seg=''
-      wgt=Widget.new(@md)
+      wgt=SiSU_EPUB_Format::Widget.new(@md)
       x=if @md.concord_make
         %{
 <table summary="segment navigation available documents types: toc,doc,pdf,concordance" border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
@@ -2177,7 +2177,7 @@ WOK
         end
       end
       if @txt and not @txt.empty?
-        @txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}[-~]##{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'')
+        @txt=@txt.gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}[-~]##{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'')
       end
       @p_num=ParagraphNumber.new(@md,@ocn)
       @vz=SiSU_Env::GetInit.instance.skin
@@ -2216,60 +2216,60 @@ WOK
 </div>
 }
     end
-    def para_form_css(tag,attrib)                                                    # regular paragraphs shaped here
+    def para_form_css(tag,attrib,txt)                                                    # regular paragraphs shaped here
       ul=ulc=''
       ul,ulc="<ul>\n  ","\n  </ul>" if @tag =~/li/
       %{
 <div class="substance">
   #{@p_num.ocn_display}
   #{ul}<#{tag} class="#{attrib}" #{@p_num.id}>
-    #{@named}#{@txt}
+    #{@named}#{txt}
   </#{tag}>#{ulc}
 </div>
 }
     end
     def para
-      para_form_css('p','norm')
+      para_form_css('p','norm',@txt)
     end
     def group
-      para_form_css('p','group')
+      para_form_css('p','group',@txt)
     end
     def block
-      para_form_css('p','block')
+      para_form_css('p','block',@txt)
     end
     def alt
-      para_form_css('p','alt')
+      para_form_css('p','alt',@txt)
     end
     def verse
-      para_form_css('p','verse')
+      para_form_css('p','verse',@txt)
     end
     def code
-      para_form_css('p','code')
+      para_form_css('p','code',@txt)
     end
     def center
-      para_form_css('p','center')
+      para_form_css('p','center',@txt)
     end
     def bold
-      para_form_css('p','bold')
+      para_form_css('p','bold',@txt)
     end
     def bullet
-      para_form_css('li','bullet')
+      para_form_css('li','bullet',@txt)
     end
     def table
       @txt=if @t_o.obj !~/^<table\s/
         table=SiSU_XHTML_Shared::TableXHTML.new(@t_o) #move, make happen earlier
-        @txt=table.table.obj
+        table.table.obj
       else @txt
       end
-      para_form_css('p','norm')
+      para_form_css('p','norm',@txt)
     end
     def break
-      @txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_page_new]}|#{Mx[:br_page]}/,'<hr /><br />')
-      @txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_obj]}/,'<hr style="width:30%" /><br />')
-      para_form_css('p','norm')
+      @txt=@txt.gsub(/#{Mx[:br_page_new]}|#{Mx[:br_page]}/,'<hr /><br />').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:br_obj]}/,'<hr style="width:30%" /><br />')
+      para_form_css('p','norm',@txt)
     end
     def format(tag,attrib)
-      para_form_css(tag,attrib)
+      para_form_css(tag,attrib,@txt)
     end
     def title_heading(tag,attrib)
       %{
@@ -2298,8 +2298,8 @@ WOK
     def title_heading4
       ''
     end
-    def seg_heading_sub(tag,attrib)
-      @txt.gsub!(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ')
+    def seg_heading_sub(tag,attrib,txt)
+      txt=txt.gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ')
       %{
 <div class="substance">
   #{@p_num.ocn_display}
@@ -2320,10 +2320,10 @@ WOK
 }
     end
     def seg_heading5
-      seg_heading_sub('p','bold')
+      seg_heading_sub('p','bold',@txt)
     end
     def seg_heading6
-      seg_heading_sub('p','bold')
+      seg_heading_sub('p','bold',@txt)
     end
     def dl #check :trailer
       "<dl><b>#{@txt}</b> #{@trailer}</dl>"
@@ -2333,18 +2333,19 @@ WOK
     </p>
   </div>'
     end
-    def gsub_body
-      case @txt
+    def gsub_body #unused
+      @txt=case @txt
       when /^(?:#{Mx[:pa_o]}i[1-9]#{Mx[:pa_c]}\s*)?\((i+|iv|v|vi+|ix|x|xi+)\)/
-        @txt.gsub!(/^\((i+|iv|v|vi+|ix|x|xi+)\)/,'<b>(\1)</b>')
-        @txt.gsub!(/^(#{Mx[:pa_o]}i[1-9]#{Mx[:pa_c]})\s*\((i+|iv|v|vi+|ix|x|xi+)\)/,'\1<b>(\2)</b>')
+        @txt.gsub(/^\((i+|iv|v|vi+|ix|x|xi+)\)/,'<b>(\1)</b>').
+          gsub(/^(#{Mx[:pa_o]}i[1-9]#{Mx[:pa_c]})\s*\((i+|iv|v|vi+|ix|x|xi+)\)/,'\1<b>(\2)</b>')
       when /^(?:#{Mx[:pa_o]}i[1-9]#{Mx[:pa_c]}\s*)?\(?(\d|[a-z])+\)/
-        @txt.gsub!(/^\((\d+|[a-z])+\)/,'<b>(\1)</b>')
-        @txt.gsub!(/^(#{Mx[:pa_o]}i[1-9]#{Mx[:pa_c]})\s*\((\d+|[a-z])+\)/,'\1<b>(\2)</b>')
+        @txt.gsub(/^\((\d+|[a-z])+\)/,'<b>(\1)</b>').
+          gsub(/^(#{Mx[:pa_o]}i[1-9]#{Mx[:pa_c]})\s*\((\d+|[a-z])+\)/,'\1<b>(\2)</b>')
       when /^\s*\d{1,3}\.\s/
-        @txt.gsub!(/^\s*(\d+\.)/,'<b>\1</b>')
+        @txt.gsub(/^\s*(\d+\.)/,'<b>\1</b>')
       when /^\s*[A-Z]\.\s/
-        @txt.gsub!(/^\s*([A-Z]\.)/,'<b>\1</b>')
+        @txt.gsub(/^\s*([A-Z]\.)/,'<b>\1</b>')
+      else @txt
       end
     end
     def bold_para
@@ -2356,9 +2357,9 @@ WOK
   &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
 #{@vz.table_close}}
     end
-    def bold_heading
-      @txt.gsub!(/[1-9]~\S+/,'')
-      @txt.gsub!(/[1-9]~/,'')
+    def bold_heading #unused
+      @txt=@txt.gsub(/[1-9]~\S+/,'').
+        gsub(/[1-9]~/,'')
       %{<p class="bold">
     #{@txt}
   </p>
@@ -2444,9 +2445,8 @@ WOK
 }
     end
     def clean(txt)
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'')
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'')
-      txt
+      txt=txt.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'')
     end
     def subtoc_lev(tag,attrib)
       @txt=clean(@txt)
@@ -2458,10 +2458,10 @@ WOK
       note=''
       if txt =~/(#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})/m # had \s* at end
         note=$1
-        note.gsub!(/[\n\s]+/m,' ')
-        txt.gsub!(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ')
-        txt.gsub!(/<a[\n\s]+"[\n\s]+href="#note_ref\d+">&nbsp;<sup id="note\d+">\d+<\/sup>&nbsp;/m,'')
-        txt.gsub!(/<a[\n\s]+"[\n\s]+href="#note_ref\d+">#{Mx[:nbsp]}<sup id="note\d+">\d+<\/sup>#{Mx[:nbsp]}/m,'') #remove
+        note=note.gsub(/[\n\s]+/m,' ')
+        txt=txt.gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ').
+          gsub(/<a[\n\s]+"[\n\s]+href="#note_ref\d+">&nbsp;<sup id="note\d+">\d+<\/sup>&nbsp;/m,'').
+          gsub(/<a[\n\s]+"[\n\s]+href="#note_ref\d+">#{Mx[:nbsp]}<sup id="note\d+">\d+<\/sup>#{Mx[:nbsp]}/m,'') #remove
       end
       %{<#{tag} class="#{attrib}">
     <a href="#o#{@ocn}"><i>#{txt}</i></a> #{note}
@@ -2473,8 +2473,8 @@ WOK
     def subtoc_lev6
       subtoc_lev('h6','subtoc') if @txt
     end
-    def heading_sub(tag,attrib)
-      @txt.gsub!(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ')
+    def heading_sub(tag,attrib,txt)
+      txt=txt.gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ')
       %{
 <div class="substance">
   #{@p_num.ocn_display}
@@ -2496,10 +2496,10 @@ WOK
 }
     end
     def heading5
-      heading_sub('p','bold')
+      heading_sub('p','bold',@txt)
     end
     def heading6
-      heading_sub('p','bold')
+      heading_sub('p','bold',@txt)
     end
     def navigation_heading4
       %{<table summary="navigation segment heading 4" width=100% bgcolor="#08163f" border="0">
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/epub_segments.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/epub_segments.rb
index 5545dc23..1119d8c8 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/epub_segments.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/epub_segments.rb
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ module SiSU_EPUB_Seg
   require_relative 'shared_xhtml'                       # shared_xhtml.rb
   require_relative 'epub'                               # epub.rb
   require_relative 'shared_metadata'                    # shared_metadata.rb
-  class SegOutput
+  class Output
     def initialize(md,outputfile,seg,minitoc,type='')
       @md,@output_epub_cont_seg,@seg,@minitoc,@type=md,outputfile,seg,minitoc,type
     end
@@ -114,11 +114,10 @@ WOK
           filename_seg << @seg[:headings] << @seg[:main] << "\n</div>\n"
         end
         filename_seg << @seg[:tail] << @seg[:nav] << @seg[:close]
-        filename_seg.flatten!.compact!
+        filename_seg=filename_seg.flatten.compact #watch
         filename_seg.each do |str|
           unless str =~/\A\s*\Z/
-            str.strip!
-            @output_epub_cont_seg << str
+            @output_epub_cont_seg << str.strip
           end
         end
         @output_epub_cont_seg.close
@@ -149,7 +148,7 @@ WOK
         @minitoc=SiSU_EPUB::Source::Toc.new(@md,@data).minitoc
         data=get_subtoc_endnotes(@data)
         data=articles(data)
-        Seg.new.cleanup # (((( added ))))
+        SiSU_EPUB_Seg::Seg.new.cleanup # (((( added ))))
         #### (((( END )))) ####
       rescue; SiSU_Errors::InfoError.new($!,$@,@md.opt.cmd,@md.fns).error
       ensure
@@ -187,10 +186,10 @@ WOK
         #  #while dob.obj =~/href="#{Xx[:segment]}#+(\S+?)"/
         #  #  m=$1
         #  #  if map_nametags[m][:segname]
-        #  #    dob.obj.sub!(/href="#{Xx[:segment]}#+(\S+?)"/,%{href="#{map_nametags[m][:segname]}#{Sfx[:html]}#\\1"})
+        #  #    dob.obj=dob.obj.sub(/href="#{Xx[:segment]}#+(\S+?)"/,%{href="#{map_nametags[m][:segname]}#{Sfx[:html]}#\\1"})
         #  #  else
         #  #    p "NOT FOUND name_tags: #{m}"
-        #  #    dob.obj.sub!(/href="#{Xx[:segment]}#+(\S+?)"/,%{href="#\\1"}) # not satisfactory
+        #  #    dob.obj=dob.obj.sub(/href="#{Xx[:segment]}#+(\S+?)"/,%{href="#\\1"}) # not satisfactory
         #  #  end
         #  #end
         #end
@@ -237,32 +236,32 @@ WOK
             || dob.is=='heading_insert') \
             and dob.ln==4
               if tracking != 0
-                Seg.new(@md).tail
+                SiSU_EPUB_Seg::Seg.new(@md).tail
                 segfilename="#{dir_epub_cont}/#{@@seg_name_xhtml[tracking-1]}#{Sfx[:epub_xhtml]}"
                 output_epub_cont_seg=File.new(segfilename,'w') if @@seg_name_xhtml[tracking-1]
                 if dob.is=='heading' \
                 or @@seg_name_xhtml[tracking-1] !~/endnotes|book_index|metadata/
-                  SegOutput.new(@md,output_epub_cont_seg,@@seg,@minitoc).output
+                  SiSU_EPUB_Seg::Output.new(@md,output_epub_cont_seg,@@seg,@minitoc).output
                 elsif dob.is=='heading_insert'
                   if @@seg_name_xhtml[tracking-1]=='endnotes'
-                    SegOutput.new(@md,output_epub_cont_seg,@@seg,@minitoc,'endnotes').output
+                    SiSU_EPUB_Seg::Output.new(@md,output_epub_cont_seg,@@seg,@minitoc,'endnotes').output
                   elsif @@seg_name_xhtml[tracking-1]=='book_index'
-                    SegOutput.new(@md,output_epub_cont_seg,@@seg,@minitoc,'idx').output
+                    SiSU_EPUB_Seg::Output.new(@md,output_epub_cont_seg,@@seg,@minitoc,'idx').output
                     @@seg[:idx]=[]
                   elsif @@seg_name_xhtml[tracking-1]=='metadata' # navigation bug FIX
-                    SegOutput.new(@md,output_epub_cont_seg,@@seg,@minitoc,'metadata').output
+                    SiSU_EPUB_Seg::Output.new(@md,output_epub_cont_seg,@@seg,@minitoc,'metadata').output
                   else puts "#{__FILE__}::#{__LINE__}"
                   end
                 else puts "#{__FILE__}::#{__LINE__}"
                 end
-                Seg.new.reinitialise
+                SiSU_EPUB_Seg::Seg.new.reinitialise
                 heading_art(dob)
                 head(dob)
                 if @@seg_name_xhtml[tracking]=='sisu_manifest' # this is for manifest, includes navigation bug
                   segfilename="#{dir_epub_cont}/#{@@seg_name_xhtml[tracking]}#{Sfx[:epub_xhtml]}"
                   output_epub_cont_seg=File.new(segfilename,'w')
-                  SegOutput.new(@md,output_epub_cont_seg,@@seg,@minitoc,'sisu_manifest').output
-                  Seg.new.reinitialise #BUG navigation bug with items following metadata, and occurring before manifest, this becomes a bug ... work area for book index, FIX
+                  SiSU_EPUB_Seg::Output.new(@md,output_epub_cont_seg,@@seg,@minitoc,'sisu_manifest').output
+                  SiSU_EPUB_Seg::Seg.new.reinitialise #BUG navigation bug with items following metadata, and occurring before manifest, this becomes a bug ... work area for book index, FIX
                 end
                #@output_epub_cont_seg.close                                         #%(((( EOF )))) -->
               end
@@ -329,7 +328,7 @@ WOK
         txt_obj={ txt: @@heading1, ocn_display: @p_num.ocn_display }
         format_seg=SiSU_EPUB_Format::FormatSeg.new(@md,txt_obj)
         @@seg[:headings] << format_seg.title_heading1.gsub(clean,'')
-        @@heading1.gsub!(/&nbsp;<a name="-[\d*+]+" href="#_[\d*+]+">&nbsp;<sup>[\d*+]+<\/sup>&nbsp;<\/a>/,'')
+        @@heading1=@@heading1.gsub(/&nbsp;<a name="-[\d*+]+" href="#_[\d*+]+">&nbsp;<sup>[\d*+]+<\/sup>&nbsp;<\/a>/,'')
       end
       if @@is2==1
         heading2=@@heading2
@@ -340,7 +339,7 @@ WOK
         txt_obj={ txt: heading2, ocn_display: @p_num.ocn_display }
         format_seg=SiSU_EPUB_Format::FormatSeg.new(@md,txt_obj)
         @@seg[:headings] << format_seg.title_heading2.gsub(clean,'')
-        @@heading2.gsub!(/&nbsp;<a name="-[\d*+]+" href="#_[\d*+]+">&nbsp;<sup>[\d*+]+<\/sup>&nbsp;<\/a>/,'')
+        @@heading2=@@heading2.gsub(/&nbsp;<a name="-[\d*+]+" href="#_[\d*+]+">&nbsp;<sup>[\d*+]+<\/sup>&nbsp;<\/a>/,'')
       end
       if @@is3==1
         heading3=@@heading3
@@ -351,7 +350,7 @@ WOK
         txt_obj={ txt: heading3, ocn_display: @p_num.ocn_display }
         format_seg=SiSU_EPUB_Format::FormatSeg.new(@md,txt_obj)
         @@seg[:headings] << format_seg.title_heading3.gsub(clean,'')
-        @@heading3.gsub!(/&nbsp;<a name="-[\d*+]+" href="#_[\d*+]+">&nbsp;<sup>[\d*+]+<\/sup>&nbsp;<\/a>/,'')
+        @@heading3=@@heading3.gsub(/&nbsp;<a name="-[\d*+]+" href="#_[\d*+]+">&nbsp;<sup>[\d*+]+<\/sup>&nbsp;<\/a>/,'')
       end
       if @@is4==1
         heading4=@@heading4
@@ -413,7 +412,7 @@ WOK
           sto.break
       end
       if @md.flag_separate_endnotes # may need to revisit, check
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/"\s+href="#note_ref(\d+)">/,%{" href=\"endnotes#{Sfx[:epub_xhtml]}#note_ref\\1">})       #endnote- twice #removed file type
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/"\s+href="#note_ref(\d+)">/,%{" href=\"endnotes#{Sfx[:epub_xhtml]}#note_ref\\1">})       #endnote- twice #removed file type
       end
       if dob.is =~/heading|para/ \
       and (not dob.ocn or dob.ocn.to_s.empty?)
@@ -464,7 +463,7 @@ WOK
     end
     def get_subtoc_endnotes(data) #get endnotes & sub-table of contents subtoc
       data.each do |dob|
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/<a name=\"h\d.*?\">(.+?)<\/a>/mi,'\1')
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/<a name=\"h\d.*?\">(.+?)<\/a>/mi,'\1')
         if @md.flag_auto_endnotes
           if (dob.is=='heading' \
           || dob.is=='heading_insert') \
@@ -516,7 +515,7 @@ WOK
             if dob.obj=~/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}#{pls}\d+\s.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/m
               endnote_array << dob.obj.scan(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}#{pls}\d+\s.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/m)
             end
-            endnote_array.flatten! #.compact! #check compacting
+            endnote_array=endnote_array.flatten #.compact #check compacting
             endnote_array.each do |note|
               note_match=note.dup
               note_match_seg=note.dup
@@ -541,7 +540,7 @@ WOK
               note_match_all_seg=format_seg.endnote_seg_body(@@fn) #BUG WATCH 200408
               @@seg[:endnote_all] << note_match_all_seg
             end
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ')
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ')
           end
         end
       end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/epub_tune.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/epub_tune.rb
index 2f150006..dfb19caf 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/epub_tune.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/epub_tune.rb
@@ -101,98 +101,97 @@ module SiSU_EPUB_Tune
         html
       else html.obj
       end
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(#[0-9]{3})#{Mx[:gl_c]}/u,'&\1;')
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#([a-z]{2,4})#{Mx[:gl_c]}/u,'&\1;')
-      str.gsub!(/\*/u,'&#042;')   # &#042;
-      str.gsub!(/\+/u,'&#043;')   # &#043;
-      str.gsub!(/¢/u,'&cent;')    # &#162;
-      str.gsub!(/£/u,'&pound;')   # &#163;
-      str.gsub!(/¥/u,'&yen;')     # &#165;
-      str.gsub!(/§/u,'&sect;')    # &#167;
-      str.gsub!(/©/u,'&copy;')    # &#169;
-      str.gsub!(/ª/u,'&ordf;')    # &#170;
-      str.gsub!(/«/u,'&laquo;')   # &#171;
-      str.gsub!(/®/u,'&reg;')     # &#174;
-      str.gsub!(/°/u,'&deg;')     # &#176;
-      str.gsub!(/±/u,'&plusmn;')  # &#177;
-      str.gsub!(/²/u,'&sup2;')    # &#178;
-      str.gsub!(/³/u,'&sup3;')    # &#179;
-      str.gsub!(/µ/u,'&micro;')   # &#181;
-      str.gsub!(/¶/u,'&para;')    # &#182;
-      str.gsub!(/¹/u,'&sup1;')    # &#185;
-      str.gsub!(/º/u,'&ordm;')    # &#186;
-      str.gsub!(/»/u,'&raquo;')   # &#187;
-      str.gsub!(/¼/u,'&frac14;')  # &#188;
-      str.gsub!(/½/u,'&frac12;')  # &#189;
-      str.gsub!(/¾/u,'&frac34;')  # &#190;
-      str.gsub!(/×/u,'&times;')   # &#215;
-      str.gsub!(/÷/u,'&divide;')  # &#247;
-      str.gsub!(/¿/u,'&iquest;')  # &#191;
-      str.gsub!(/À/u,'&Agrave;')  # &#192;
-      str.gsub!(/Á/u,'&Aacute;')  # &#193;
-      str.gsub!(/Â/u,'&Acirc;')   # &#194;
-      str.gsub!(/Ã/u,'&Atilde;')  # &#195;
-      str.gsub!(/Ä/u,'&Auml;')    # &#196;
-      str.gsub!(/Å/u,'&Aring;')   # &#197;
-      str.gsub!(/Æ/u,'&AElig;')   # &#198;
-      str.gsub!(/Ç/u,'&Ccedil;')  # &#199;
-      str.gsub!(/È/u,'&Egrave;')  # &#200;
-      str.gsub!(/É/u,'&Eacute;')  # &#201;
-      str.gsub!(/Ê/u,'&Ecirc;')   # &#202;
-      str.gsub!(/Ë/u,'&Euml;')    # &#203;
-      str.gsub!(/Ì/u,'&Igrave;')  # &#204;
-      str.gsub!(/Í/u,'&Iacute;')  # &#205;
-      str.gsub!(/Î/u,'&Icirc;')   # &#206;
-      str.gsub!(/Ï/u,'&Iuml;')    # &#207;
-      str.gsub!(/Ð/u,'&ETH;')     # &#208;
-      str.gsub!(/Ñ/u,'&Ntilde;')  # &#209;
-      str.gsub!(/Ò/u,'&Ograve;')  # &#210;
-      str.gsub!(/Ó/u,'&Oacute;')  # &#211;
-      str.gsub!(/Ô/u,'&Ocirc;')   # &#212;
-      str.gsub!(/Õ/u,'&Otilde;')  # &#213;
-      str.gsub!(/Ö/u,'&Ouml;')    # &#214;
-      str.gsub!(/Ø/u,'&Oslash;')  # &#216;
-      str.gsub!(/Ù/u,'&Ugrave;')  # &#217;
-      str.gsub!(/Ú/u,'&Uacute;')  # &#218;
-      str.gsub!(/Û/u,'&Ucirc;')   # &#219;
-      str.gsub!(/Ü/u,'&Uuml;')    # &#220;
-      str.gsub!(/Ý/u,'&Yacute;')  # &#221;
-      str.gsub!(/Þ/u,'&THORN;')   # &#222;
-      str.gsub!(/ß/u,'&szlig;')   # &#223;
-      str.gsub!(/à/u,'&agrave;')  # &#224;
-      str.gsub!(/á/u,'&aacute;')  # &#225;
-      str.gsub!(/â/u,'&acirc;')   # &#226;
-      str.gsub!(/ã/u,'&atilde;')  # &#227;
-      str.gsub!(/ä/u,'&auml;')    # &#228;
-      str.gsub!(/å/u,'&aring;')   # &#229;
-      str.gsub!(/æ/u,'&aelig;')   # &#230;
-      str.gsub!(/ç/u,'&ccedil;')  # &#231;
-      str.gsub!(/è/u,'&egrave;')  # &#232;
-      str.gsub!(/é/u,'&eacute;')  # &#233;
-      str.gsub!(/ê/u,'&ecirc;')   # &#234;
-      str.gsub!(/ë/u,'&euml;')    # &#235;
-      str.gsub!(/ì/u,'&igrave;')  # &#236;
-      str.gsub!(/í/u,'&iacute;')  # &#237;
-      str.gsub!(/î/u,'&icirc;')   # &#238;
-      str.gsub!(/ï/u,'&iuml;')    # &#239;
-      str.gsub!(/ð/u,'&eth;')     # &#240;
-      str.gsub!(/ñ/u,'&ntilde;')  # &#241;
-      str.gsub!(/ò/u,'&ograve;')  # &#242;
-      str.gsub!(/ó/u,'&oacute;')  # &#243;
-      str.gsub!(/ô/u,'&ocirc;')   # &#244;
-      str.gsub!(/õ/u,'&otilde;')  # &#245;
-      str.gsub!(/ö/u,'&ouml;')    # &#246;
-      str.gsub!(/ø/u,'&oslash;')  # &#248;
-      str.gsub!(/ù/u,'&ugrave;')  # &#250;
-      str.gsub!(/ú/u,'&uacute;')  # &#251;
-      str.gsub!(/û/u,'&ucirc;')   # &#252;
-      str.gsub!(/ü/u,'&uuml;')    # &#253;
-      str.gsub!(/þ/u,'&thorn;')   # &#254;
-      str.gsub!(/ÿ/u,'&yuml;')    # &#255;
-      str.gsub!(/ý/u,'&yacute;')
-      str.gsub!(/<br>/u,'<br />')
-      str.gsub(/#{Mx[:nbsp]}/u,'&nbsp;')
-      str
+      str=str.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(#[0-9]{3})#{Mx[:gl_c]}/u,'&\1;').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#([a-z]{2,4})#{Mx[:gl_c]}/u,'&\1;').
+        gsub(/\*/u,'&#042;').   # &#042;
+        gsub(/\+/u,'&#043;').   # &#043;
+        gsub(/¢/u,'&cent;').    # &#162;
+        gsub(/£/u,'&pound;').   # &#163;
+        gsub(/¥/u,'&yen;').     # &#165;
+        gsub(/§/u,'&sect;').    # &#167;
+        gsub(/©/u,'&copy;').    # &#169;
+        gsub(/ª/u,'&ordf;').    # &#170;
+        gsub(/«/u,'&laquo;').   # &#171;
+        gsub(/®/u,'&reg;').     # &#174;
+        gsub(/°/u,'&deg;').     # &#176;
+        gsub(/±/u,'&plusmn;').  # &#177;
+        gsub(/²/u,'&sup2;').    # &#178;
+        gsub(/³/u,'&sup3;').    # &#179;
+        gsub(/µ/u,'&micro;').   # &#181;
+        gsub(/¶/u,'&para;').    # &#182;
+        gsub(/¹/u,'&sup1;').    # &#185;
+        gsub(/º/u,'&ordm;').    # &#186;
+        gsub(/»/u,'&raquo;').   # &#187;
+        gsub(/¼/u,'&frac14;').  # &#188;
+        gsub(/½/u,'&frac12;').  # &#189;
+        gsub(/¾/u,'&frac34;').  # &#190;
+        gsub(/×/u,'&times;').   # &#215;
+        gsub(/÷/u,'&divide;').  # &#247;
+        gsub(/¿/u,'&iquest;').  # &#191;
+        gsub(/À/u,'&Agrave;').  # &#192;
+        gsub(/Á/u,'&Aacute;').  # &#193;
+        gsub(/Â/u,'&Acirc;').   # &#194;
+        gsub(/Ã/u,'&Atilde;').  # &#195;
+        gsub(/Ä/u,'&Auml;').    # &#196;
+        gsub(/Å/u,'&Aring;').   # &#197;
+        gsub(/Æ/u,'&AElig;').   # &#198;
+        gsub(/Ç/u,'&Ccedil;').  # &#199;
+        gsub(/È/u,'&Egrave;').  # &#200;
+        gsub(/É/u,'&Eacute;').  # &#201;
+        gsub(/Ê/u,'&Ecirc;').   # &#202;
+        gsub(/Ë/u,'&Euml;').    # &#203;
+        gsub(/Ì/u,'&Igrave;').  # &#204;
+        gsub(/Í/u,'&Iacute;').  # &#205;
+        gsub(/Î/u,'&Icirc;').   # &#206;
+        gsub(/Ï/u,'&Iuml;').    # &#207;
+        gsub(/Ð/u,'&ETH;').     # &#208;
+        gsub(/Ñ/u,'&Ntilde;').  # &#209;
+        gsub(/Ò/u,'&Ograve;').  # &#210;
+        gsub(/Ó/u,'&Oacute;').  # &#211;
+        gsub(/Ô/u,'&Ocirc;').   # &#212;
+        gsub(/Õ/u,'&Otilde;').  # &#213;
+        gsub(/Ö/u,'&Ouml;').    # &#214;
+        gsub(/Ø/u,'&Oslash;').  # &#216;
+        gsub(/Ù/u,'&Ugrave;').  # &#217;
+        gsub(/Ú/u,'&Uacute;').  # &#218;
+        gsub(/Û/u,'&Ucirc;').   # &#219;
+        gsub(/Ü/u,'&Uuml;').    # &#220;
+        gsub(/Ý/u,'&Yacute;').  # &#221;
+        gsub(/Þ/u,'&THORN;').   # &#222;
+        gsub(/ß/u,'&szlig;').   # &#223;
+        gsub(/à/u,'&agrave;').  # &#224;
+        gsub(/á/u,'&aacute;').  # &#225;
+        gsub(/â/u,'&acirc;').   # &#226;
+        gsub(/ã/u,'&atilde;').  # &#227;
+        gsub(/ä/u,'&auml;').    # &#228;
+        gsub(/å/u,'&aring;').   # &#229;
+        gsub(/æ/u,'&aelig;').   # &#230;
+        gsub(/ç/u,'&ccedil;').  # &#231;
+        gsub(/è/u,'&egrave;').  # &#232;
+        gsub(/é/u,'&eacute;').  # &#233;
+        gsub(/ê/u,'&ecirc;').   # &#234;
+        gsub(/ë/u,'&euml;').    # &#235;
+        gsub(/ì/u,'&igrave;').  # &#236;
+        gsub(/í/u,'&iacute;').  # &#237;
+        gsub(/î/u,'&icirc;').   # &#238;
+        gsub(/ï/u,'&iuml;').    # &#239;
+        gsub(/ð/u,'&eth;').     # &#240;
+        gsub(/ñ/u,'&ntilde;').  # &#241;
+        gsub(/ò/u,'&ograve;').  # &#242;
+        gsub(/ó/u,'&oacute;').  # &#243;
+        gsub(/ô/u,'&ocirc;').   # &#244;
+        gsub(/õ/u,'&otilde;').  # &#245;
+        gsub(/ö/u,'&ouml;').    # &#246;
+        gsub(/ø/u,'&oslash;').  # &#248;
+        gsub(/ù/u,'&ugrave;').  # &#250;
+        gsub(/ú/u,'&uacute;').  # &#251;
+        gsub(/û/u,'&ucirc;').   # &#252;
+        gsub(/ü/u,'&uuml;').    # &#253;
+        gsub(/þ/u,'&thorn;').   # &#254;
+        gsub(/ÿ/u,'&yuml;').    # &#255;
+        gsub(/ý/u,'&yacute;').
+        gsub(/<br>/u,'<br />').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:nbsp]}/u,'&nbsp;')
     end
   end
   class Tune
@@ -208,47 +207,39 @@ module SiSU_EPUB_Tune
       begin
         @cX=SiSU_Screen::Ansi.new(@md.opt.cmd).cX
         SiSU_Screen::Ansi.new(@md.opt.cmd,'Tune').txt_grey if @md.opt.cmd =~/[MVv]/
-        data=Tune.new(@data,@md).amp_html
-        data=Tune.new(data,@md).endnotes_html
-        data=Tune.new(data,@md).url_markup
-        data=Tune.new(data,@md).markup
+        data=SiSU_EPUB_Tune::Tune.new(@data,@md).amp_html
+        data=SiSU_EPUB_Tune::Tune.new(data,@md).endnotes_html
+        data=SiSU_EPUB_Tune::Tune.new(data,@md).url_markup
+        data=SiSU_EPUB_Tune::Tune.new(data,@md).markup
         if @md.opt.cmd =~/M/  #Hard Output Tune Optional on/off here
-          data=Output.new(data,@md).hard_output
-          Output.new(data,@md).marshal
+          data=SiSU_EPUB_Tune::Output.new(data,@md).hard_output
+          SiSU_EPUB_Tune::Output.new(data,@md).marshal
         end
-        tuned=Tune.new(@data,@md).output
+        tuned=SiSU_EPUB_Tune::Tune.new(@data,@md).output
       rescue; SiSU_Errors::InfoError.new($!,$@,@md.opt.cmd,@md.fns).error
       ensure
       end
     end
-    def para_numbers
-      data=@data
-      @tuned_file=[]
-      data.each do |dob|
-        dob.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lv_o]}\d:(\S?)#{Mx[:lv_c]}/,'\0#\1.&nbsp;') #fix Mx[:lv_o]
-        @tuned_file << dob
-      end
-    end
     def markup
       @tuned_file=[]
       @data.each do |dob|
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}#([a-zA-Z]+)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'&\1;')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}(#[0-9]+)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'&\1;')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,'<br />') unless dob.is=='table'
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'<b>\1</b>')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'<i>\1</i>')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'<u>\1</u>')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'<sup>\1</sup>')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,'<sub>\1</sub>')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'<ins>\1</ins>')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,'<cite>\1</cite>')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,'<del>\1</del>')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_monospace_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_monospace_c]}/,'<tt>\1</tt>') # tt, kbd
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}:name#(\S+?)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/^#{Mx[:gl_bullet]}/m,'●&nbsp;&nbsp;')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:nbsp]}/,'&nbsp;')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/<(p|br)>/,'<\1 />')
-        dob=SiSU_EPUB_Tune::CleanXHTML.new(dob).clean
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}#([a-zA-Z]+)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'&\1;').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}(#[0-9]+)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'&\1;')
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,'<br />') unless dob.is=='table'
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'<b>\1</b>').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'<i>\1</i>').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'<u>\1</u>').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'<sup>\1</sup>').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,'<sub>\1</sub>').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'<ins>\1</ins>').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,'<cite>\1</cite>').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,'<del>\1</del>').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_monospace_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_monospace_c]}/,'<tt>\1</tt>'). # tt, kbd
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}:name#(\S+?)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'').
+          gsub(/^#{Mx[:gl_bullet]}/m,'●&nbsp;&nbsp;').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:nbsp]}/,'&nbsp;').
+          gsub(/<(p|br)>/,'<\1 />')
+        dob.obj=SiSU_EPUB_Tune::CleanXHTML.new(dob.obj).clean
         @tuned_file << dob
       end
     end
@@ -280,29 +271,32 @@ module SiSU_EPUB_Tune
               %{<a href="#{u}"><img src="#{image_path}/#{png}" #{w} #{h} naturalsizeflag="0" align="bottom" border="0" /></a>#{caption}}
             else %{<img src="#{image_path}/#{png}" #{w} #{h} naturalsizeflag="0" align="bottom" border="0" />#{caption}}
             end
-            word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|image)/,ins)
+            word=word.gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|image)/,ins)
           else
             link=m[/(.+)/m]
             png=m.scan(/\S+/)[0].strip
             link=link.strip
-            u.sub!(/^#*/,'') #make neater
+            u=u.sub(/^#*/,'') #make neater
             if map_nametags[u] \
             and map_nametags[u][:segname]
-              if u=~/^\d+$/
-                u.gsub!(/^(\d+)$/,"#{map_nametags[u][:segname]}#{Sfx[:xhtml]}#o\\1") if u !~/\// unless http_
-              else
-                u.gsub!(/(\S+)/,"#{map_nametags[u][:segname]}#{Sfx[:xhtml]}#\\1") if u !~/\// unless http_
+              u=unless http_
+                u=if u=~/^\d+$/
+                  u.gsub(/^(\d+)$/,"#{map_nametags[u][:segname]}#{Sfx[:xhtml]}#o\\1") if u !~/\//
+                else
+                  u.gsub(/(\S+)/,"#{map_nametags[u][:segname]}#{Sfx[:xhtml]}#\\1") if u !~/\//
+                end
+              else u
               end
             elsif u =~/^:/
-              u.gsub!(/^:/,"#{@env.url.root}/")
+              u=u.gsub(/^:/,"#{@env.url.root}/")
             elsif u =~/^\.\.\//
-              u.gsub!(/^\.\.\//,"#{@env.url.root}/")
+              u=u.gsub(/^\.\.\//,"#{@env.url.root}/")
             elsif u =~/https?:\/\//
             else p "NOT FOUND name_tags: #{u}"
             end
             ins=%{<a href="#{u}">#{link}</a>}
-            word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}/,ins)
-            word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:rel_c]}/,ins)
+            word=word.gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}/,ins).
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:rel_c]}/,ins)
           end
           word
         else word
@@ -317,56 +311,57 @@ module SiSU_EPUB_Tune
       data.each do |dob|
         unless dob.is=='code'
           if dob.obj =~/<::\s+/ #watch
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/<::\s+(\S+?)\s+!>/,
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/<::\s+(\S+?)\s+!>/,
               %{<img src="#{@env.url.images_epub}/c_\\1.png" alt="\\1" width="14" height="14" align="bottom" border="0" />})
           end
           if dob.obj =~/<:image\s+/
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/<:image\s+(http\S+)\s+(\S+)\s+(\S+)\s+(\S+)\s+>/,
-              %{<a href="\\1"><img src="#{@env.url.images_epub}/\\2" \\3 \\4 naturalsizeflag="0" align="bottom" border="0" /></a>})
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/<:image\s+(http\S+)\s+(\S+)\s+>/,
-              %{<a href="\\1"><img src="#{@env.url.images_epub}/\\2" naturalsizeflag="0" align="bottom" border="0" /></a>})
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/<:image\s+(\S+)\s+(\S+)\s+(\S+)\s+>/,
-              %{<img src="#{@env.url.images_epub}/\\1" \\2 \\3 naturalsizeflag="0" align="bottom" border="0" />})
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/<:image\s+(\S+)\s+>/,
-              %{<img src="#{@env.url.images_epub}/\\1" naturalsizeflag="0" align="bottom" border="0" />})
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/<:image\s+(http\S+)\s+(\S+)\s+(\S+)\s+(\S+)\s+>/,
+                %{<a href="\\1"><img src="#{@env.url.images_epub}/\\2" \\3 \\4 naturalsizeflag="0" align="bottom" border="0" /></a>}).
+              gsub(/<:image\s+(http\S+)\s+(\S+)\s+>/,
+                %{<a href="\\1"><img src="#{@env.url.images_epub}/\\2" naturalsizeflag="0" align="bottom" border="0" /></a>}).
+              gsub(/<:image\s+(\S+)\s+(\S+)\s+(\S+)\s+>/,
+                %{<img src="#{@env.url.images_epub}/\\1" \\2 \\3 naturalsizeflag="0" align="bottom" border="0" />}).
+              gsub(/<:image\s+(\S+)\s+>/,
+                %{<img src="#{@env.url.images_epub}/\\1" naturalsizeflag="0" align="bottom" border="0" />})
           end
           if dob.obj =~/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|#{Mx[:rel_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:rel_c]}|image)/
             @word_mode=dob.obj.scan(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|#{Mx[:rel_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:rel_c]}|image)[()\[\]]*[,.;:!?'"]{0,2}|(?:#{Mx[:gl_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:gl_c]})+|[^#{Mx[:lnk_o]}#{Mx[:lnk_c]}]+/mu)
             words=urls(@word_mode)
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/.+/m,words)
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/.+/m,words)
           end
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/\\copyright/i,%{<sup>&copy;</sup>})
-          if (dob.obj !~/\<:ad\s+\.\.\//)
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/\<:ad\s+(\S+)?\s+(\S+\.png)\s+(.+)?\;\s+(.+)?\;\s*!\>/,
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/\\copyright/i,%{<sup>&copy;</sup>})
+          dob.obj=if (dob.obj !~/\<:ad\s+\.\.\//)
+            dob.obj.gsub(/\<:ad\s+(\S+)?\s+(\S+\.png)\s+(.+)?\;\s+(.+)?\;\s*!\>/,
               %{\n<center><a href="http:\/\/\\1" target="external"><img src="#{@env.url.images_epub}/\\2" alt="\\3" /></a></center>\n})
           else
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/\<:ad\s+(\S+)?\s+(\S+\.png)\s+(.+)?\;\s+(.+)?\;\s*\>/,
+            dob.obj.gsub(/\<:ad\s+(\S+)?\s+(\S+\.png)\s+(.+)?\;\s+(.+)?\;\s*\>/,
               %{\n<center><a href="\\1" target="_top"><img src="#{@env.url.images_epub}/\\2" alt="\\3" /></a></center>\n})
           end
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/!pick/,%{<img border="0" height="15" width="15" src="#{@env.url.images_epub}/#{@vz.icon_choice}" alt="stellar" />})
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/!new/,%{&nbsp;<img border="0" height="15" width="15" src="#{@env.url.images_epub}/#{@vz.icon_new}" alt="new" />})
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/<:h(.{1,7}?)>/,'<a href="#h\1">\1</a>')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/<:to(\d{1,7}?)>/,'<a href="#to\1">to&nbsp;{&nbsp;\1&nbsp;}</a> ')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'<a href="\1" target="_top">\1</a>') #http ftp matches escaped, no decoration
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}([a-zA-Z0-9._-]+\@\S+?\.[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,%{#{@brace_url.xml_open}<a href="mailto:\\1">\\1</a>#{@brace_url.xml_close}})
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,%{#{@brace_url.xml_open}<a href="\\1" target="_top">\\1</a>#{@brace_url.xml_close}}) #http ftp matches with decoration
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/!pick/,%{<img border="0" height="15" width="15" src="#{@env.url.images_epub}/#{@vz.icon_choice}" alt="stellar" />}).
+            gsub(/!new/,%{&nbsp;<img border="0" height="15" width="15" src="#{@env.url.images_epub}/#{@vz.icon_new}" alt="new" />}).
+            gsub(/<:h(.{1,7}?)>/,'<a href="#h\1">\1</a>').
+            gsub(/<:to(\d{1,7}?)>/,'<a href="#to\1">to&nbsp;{&nbsp;\1&nbsp;}</a> ').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'<a href="\1" target="_top">\1</a>'). #http ftp matches escaped, no decoration
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}([a-zA-Z0-9._-]+\@\S+?\.[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,%{#{@brace_url.xml_open}<a href="mailto:\\1">\\1</a>#{@brace_url.xml_close}}).
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,%{#{@brace_url.xml_open}<a href="\\1" target="_top">\\1</a>#{@brace_url.xml_close}}) #http ftp matches with decoration
           if dob.obj =~/..\/\S+/ \
           and dob.obj !~/(\"..\/\S+?\"|>\s*..\/\S+<)/
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/(\.\.\/\S+)/,'<a href="\1">\1</a>')
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(\.\.\/\S+)/,'<a href="\1">\1</a>')
           end
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/<a href="\.\.\//,%{<a href="#{@vz.url_site}/})
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/<a href="\.\.\//,%{<a href="#{@vz.url_site}/})
         else
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/</m,'&lt;'); dob.obj.gsub!(/>/m,'&gt;')
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/</m,'&lt;').gsub(/>/m,'&gt;')
         end
         @tuned_file << dob
       end
     end
     def amp_html
-      data=@data
+      data,data_new=@data,[]
       data.each do |dob|
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/&/u,'&amp;')
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/&/u,'&amp;')
+        data_new << dob
       end
-      data
+      data_new
     end
     def endnotes_html
       data=@data
@@ -375,23 +370,23 @@ module SiSU_EPUB_Tune
       ast,pls='&#042;','&#043;'
       data.each do |dob|
         unless dob.is =~/^code/
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(#{Mx[:en_a_o]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]})(\d+)\s+(.+?)(#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_c]})/,
-            %{#{Mx[:nbsp]}<a href="#note\\2">#{Mx[:nbsp]}<sup id="note_ref\\2">\\2</sup>#{Mx[:nbsp]}</a> } +  #note- endnote-
-            %{\\1\\2 <a href="#note_ref\\2">#{Mx[:nbsp]}<sup id="note\\2">\\2.</sup></a> \\3 \\4}) #endnote- note- (careful may have switched)
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(#{Mx[:en_b_o]})[*](\d+)\s+(.+?)(#{Mx[:en_b_c]})/,
-            %{#{Mx[:nbsp]}<a href="#note_astx\\2">#{Mx[:nbsp]}<sup id="note_ref_astx\\2">#{ast}\\2</sup>#{Mx[:nbsp]}</a> } +  #note- endnote-
-            %{\\1#{ast}\\2 <a href="#note_ref_astx\\2">#{Mx[:nbsp]}<sup id="note_astx\\2">#{ast}\\2.</sup></a> \\3 \\4}) #endnote- note- (careful may have switched)
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(#{Mx[:en_b_o]})[+](\d+)\s+(.+?)(#{Mx[:en_b_c]})/,
-            %{#{Mx[:nbsp]}<a href="#note_plus\\2">#{Mx[:nbsp]}<sup id="note_ref_plus\\2">#{pls}\\2</sup>#{Mx[:nbsp]}</a> } +  #note- endnote-
-            %{\\1#{pls}\\2 <a href="#note_ref_plus\\2">#{Mx[:nbsp]}<sup id="note_plus\\2">#{pls}\\2.</sup></a> \\3 \\4}) #endnote- note- (careful may have switched) # double-check there may here be a bug
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(#{Mx[:en_a_o]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]})(\d+)\s+(.+?)(#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_c]})/,
+              %{#{Mx[:nbsp]}<a href="#note\\2">#{Mx[:nbsp]}<sup id="note_ref\\2">\\2</sup>#{Mx[:nbsp]}</a> } +  #note- endnote-
+              %{\\1\\2 <a href="#note_ref\\2">#{Mx[:nbsp]}<sup id="note\\2">\\2.</sup></a> \\3 \\4}). #endnote- note- (careful may have switched)
+            gsub(/(#{Mx[:en_b_o]})[*](\d+)\s+(.+?)(#{Mx[:en_b_c]})/,
+              %{#{Mx[:nbsp]}<a href="#note_astx\\2">#{Mx[:nbsp]}<sup id="note_ref_astx\\2">#{ast}\\2</sup>#{Mx[:nbsp]}</a> } +  #note- endnote-
+              %{\\1#{ast}\\2 <a href="#note_ref_astx\\2">#{Mx[:nbsp]}<sup id="note_astx\\2">#{ast}\\2.</sup></a> \\3 \\4}). #endnote- note- (careful may have switched)
+            gsub(/(#{Mx[:en_b_o]})[+](\d+)\s+(.+?)(#{Mx[:en_b_c]})/,
+              %{#{Mx[:nbsp]}<a href="#note_plus\\2">#{Mx[:nbsp]}<sup id="note_ref_plus\\2">#{pls}\\2</sup>#{Mx[:nbsp]}</a> } +  #note- endnote-
+              %{\\1#{pls}\\2 <a href="#note_ref_plus\\2">#{Mx[:nbsp]}<sup id="note_plus\\2">#{pls}\\2.</sup></a> \\3 \\4}) #endnote- note- (careful may have switched) # double-check there may here be a bug
           if dob.obj =~/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([*+]+)\s+.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/
             m=$1.length.to_i
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/(#{Mx[:en_a_o]})[*]+\s+(.+?)(#{Mx[:en_a_c]})/,
-              %{#{Mx[:nbsp]}<a href="#note#{a*m}">#{Mx[:nbsp]}<sup id="note_ref#{a*m}">#{ast*m}</sup>#{Mx[:nbsp]}</a> } +  #note- endnote-
-              %{\\1#{ast*m} <a href="#note_ref#{a*m}">#{Mx[:nbsp]}<sup id="note#{a*m}">#{ast*m}</sup></a> \\2 \\3}) #endnote- note- (careful may have switched)
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/(#{Mx[:en_a_o]})([+]+)\s+(.+?)(#{Mx[:en_a_c]})/,
-              %{#{Mx[:nbsp]}<a href="#note#{s*m}">#{Mx[:nbsp]}<sup id="note_ref#{s*m}">#{pls*m}</sup>#{Mx[:nbsp]}</a> } +  #note- endnote-
-              %{\\1#{pls*m} <a href="#note_ref#{s*m}">#{Mx[:nbsp]}<sup id="note#{s*m}">#{pls*m}</sup></a> \\2 \\3}) #endnote- note- (careful may have switched)
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(#{Mx[:en_a_o]})[*]+\s+(.+?)(#{Mx[:en_a_c]})/,
+                %{#{Mx[:nbsp]}<a href="#note#{a*m}">#{Mx[:nbsp]}<sup id="note_ref#{a*m}">#{ast*m}</sup>#{Mx[:nbsp]}</a> } +  #note- endnote-
+                %{\\1#{ast*m} <a href="#note_ref#{a*m}">#{Mx[:nbsp]}<sup id="note#{a*m}">#{ast*m}</sup></a> \\2 \\3}). #endnote- note- (careful may have switched)
+              gsub(/(#{Mx[:en_a_o]})([+]+)\s+(.+?)(#{Mx[:en_a_c]})/,
+                %{#{Mx[:nbsp]}<a href="#note#{s*m}">#{Mx[:nbsp]}<sup id="note_ref#{s*m}">#{pls*m}</sup>#{Mx[:nbsp]}</a> } +  #note- endnote-
+                %{\\1#{pls*m} <a href="#note_ref#{s*m}">#{Mx[:nbsp]}<sup id="note#{s*m}">#{pls*m}</sup></a> \\2 \\3}) #endnote- note- (careful may have switched)
           end
         end
         @tuned_file << dob
@@ -401,8 +396,7 @@ module SiSU_EPUB_Tune
       data=@data
       @tuned_file=[]
       data.each do |dob|
-        dob.obj.strip!
-        dob.obj.chomp!
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.strip.chomp
         @tuned_file << dob
       end
       @tuned_file << "\n<EOF>" if (@md.fns =~/\.sst0/) #remove
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/harvest_authors.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/harvest_authors.rb
index 3d3c2378..fa6934a5 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/harvest_authors.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/harvest_authors.rb
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ module SiSU_Harvest_Authors
       else
         #p "missing author field: #{@filename} title: #{@title}; author: #{@author_format}"
       end
-      idx_array[lang].flatten!
+      idx_array[lang]=idx_array[lang].flatten
       idx_array
     end
   end
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ module SiSU_Harvest_Authors
         @@the_idx_authors[lang] ||= {}
         idx_array.each do |idx|
           idx[:author][:last_first_format_a].each do |author|
-            author.strip!
+            author=author.strip
             if @@the_idx_authors[lang][author].class==NilClass
               @@the_idx_authors[lang][author]={ md: [] }
             end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/harvest_topics.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/harvest_topics.rb
index 6bdc7e12..504e0a4d 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/harvest_topics.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/harvest_topics.rb
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ module SiSU_Harvest_Topics
           g=@idx_list.scan(/[^;]+/)
           idxl=[]
           g.each do |i|
-            i.strip!
+            i=i.strip
             idxl << { filename: filename, file: file, rough_idx: i, title: @fulltitle, author: creator, page: page, lang: lang  }
           end
           idxl
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ module SiSU_Harvest_Topics
       else
         p "missing required field in #{@filename} - [title]: <<#{@title}>>; [author]: <<#{@author_format}>>; [idx]: <<#{@idx_list}>>" if @opt.cmd.inspect =~/[VM]/
       end
-      idx_array[lang].flatten!
+      idx_array[lang]=idx_array[lang].flatten
       idx_array
     end
   end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/html.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/html.rb
index 6306975f..2c249348 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/html.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/html.rb
@@ -239,12 +239,12 @@ module SiSU_HTML
             toc=if dob_toc.is =='heading' \
             or dob.is=='heading_insert'
               toc=case dob_toc.ln
-              when 1; Toc.new(@md,dob_toc).level_1
-              when 2; Toc.new(@md,dob_toc).level_2
-              when 3; Toc.new(@md,dob_toc).level_3
-              when 4; Toc.new(@md,dob_toc).level_4
-              when 5; Toc.new(@md,dob_toc).level_5
-              when 6; Toc.new(@md,dob_toc).level_6
+              when 1; SiSU_HTML::Source::Toc.new(@md,dob_toc).level_1
+              when 2; SiSU_HTML::Source::Toc.new(@md,dob_toc).level_2
+              when 3; SiSU_HTML::Source::Toc.new(@md,dob_toc).level_3
+              when 4; SiSU_HTML::Source::Toc.new(@md,dob_toc).level_4
+              when 5; SiSU_HTML::Source::Toc.new(@md,dob_toc).level_5
+              when 6; SiSU_HTML::Source::Toc.new(@md,dob_toc).level_6
               else nil
               end
             end
@@ -488,8 +488,8 @@ WOK
       end
       def level_crosslink
         dob=@data
-        if dob !~/^4~!/
-          dob.gsub!(/^4~!\s+(\S+)\s+(.+)/,
+        dob=if dob !~/^4~!/
+          dob.gsub(/^4~!\s+(\S+)\s+(.+)/,
             %{<table><tr><td width =\"80\"></td>
   <td><a href="http://\\1" target="_top">
     #{@png.crosslink_ext}
@@ -498,7 +498,7 @@ WOK
   </td></tr></table>
 })
         else
-          dob.gsub!(/^4~!\s+(\S+)\s+(.+)/,
+          dob.gsub(/^4~!\s+(\S+)\s+(.+)/,
             %{<table><tr><td width ="80">
   </td><td>
     <a href="\\1" target="_top">
@@ -521,7 +521,7 @@ WOK
         SiSU_Screen::Ansi.new(@md.opt.cmd,'Scroll & Segtoc').txt_grey if @md.opt.cmd =~/[MVv]/
         format_head_toc=SiSU_HTML_Format::HeadToc.new(@md)
         dochead=format_head_toc.head
-        dochead.gsub!(/toc\.(html)/,'doc.\1') #kludge
+        dochead=dochead.gsub(/toc\.(html)/,'doc.\1') #kludge
         ads=SiSU_HTML_Promo::Ad.new(@md)
         toc_shared << dochead << ads.div.major
         @segtoc << format_head_toc.head << ads.div.major
@@ -584,8 +584,8 @@ WOK
         @segtoc << @seg_toc_band_bottom
         ads=SiSU_HTML_Promo::Ad.new(@md)
         @segtoc << format_head_toc.seg_navigation_tail << ads.div.close << ads.display << format_head_toc.html_close
-        @segtoc.flatten!.compact!
-        Output.new(@segtoc,@md).segtoc
+        @segtoc=@segtoc.flatten.compact #watch
+        SiSU_HTML::Source::Output.new(@segtoc,@md).segtoc
         @segtoc=[]
         @toc[:scr],@toc[:seg]=[],[]
         toc_shared
@@ -603,7 +603,7 @@ WOK
         scroll=[]
         hr='<center><hr width=90% /></center>'
         scroll << @scr_toc << '<div class="scroll">' << hr << @scr_body << @scr_endnotes << hr << @scr_owner_details << '</div>' << @scr_tails
-        scroll.flatten!.compact!
+        scroll=scroll.flatten.compact #watch
       end
     end
     class Seg < SiSU_HTML_Seg::Seg
@@ -617,12 +617,12 @@ WOK
         begin
           @filename_html_scroll=@file.write_file.html_scroll
           @data.each do |para|
-            para.strip!
-            para.gsub!(/<:.+?>/,'')
-            para.gsub!(Xx[:html_relative2],@file.path_rel_links.html_scroll_2)
-            para.gsub!(Xx[:html_relative1],@file.path_rel_links.html_scroll_1)
-            #para.gsub!(/#{Xx[:html_relative]}/,@file.path_rel_links.html_scroll)
-            para.gsub!(/#{Rx[:mx_fa_clean]}/,'')
+            para=para.strip.
+              gsub(/<:.+?>/,'').
+              gsub(Xx[:html_relative2],@file.path_rel_links.html_scroll_2).
+              gsub(Xx[:html_relative1],@file.path_rel_links.html_scroll_1).
+             #gsub(/#{Xx[:html_relative]}/,@file.path_rel_links.html_scroll).
+              gsub(/#{Rx[:mx_fa_clean]}/,'')
             unless para =~/\A\s*\Z/
               @filename_html_scroll.puts para,"\n"
             end
@@ -635,10 +635,10 @@ WOK
         begin
           @filename_html_segtoc=@file.write_file.html_segtoc
           @data.each do |para|
-            para.strip!
-            para.gsub!(/<!.+?!>/,'')
-            para.gsub!(Xx[:html_relative2],@file.path_rel_links.html_seg_2)
-            para.gsub!(Xx[:html_relative1],@file.path_rel_links.html_seg_1)
+            para=para.strip.
+              gsub(/<!.+?!>/,'').
+              gsub(Xx[:html_relative2],@file.path_rel_links.html_seg_2).
+              gsub(Xx[:html_relative1],@file.path_rel_links.html_seg_1)
             unless para =~/\A\s*\Z/
               @filename_html_segtoc.puts para,"\n"
             end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/html_format.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/html_format.rb
index 4267a2da..fdf7f568 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/html_format.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/html_format.rb
@@ -75,14 +75,14 @@ module SiSU_HTML_Format
       or @skin_no_ocn
         ocn_class='ocn_off'
         @ocn.gsub(/^(\d+|)$/,
-        %{<label class="#{ocn_class}">&nbsp;</label>})
+          %{<label class="#{ocn_class}">&nbsp;</label>})
       elsif @ocn.to_i==0
         @ocn.gsub(/^(\d+|)$/,
-        %{<label class="#{ocn_class}"><a name="#{@ocn}">&nbsp;</a></label>})
+          %{<label class="#{ocn_class}"><a name="#{@ocn}">&nbsp;</a></label>})
       else
         ocn_class='ocn'
         @ocn.gsub(/^(\d+|)$/,
-        %{<label class="#{ocn_class}"><a name="#{@ocn}" href="##{@ocn}" class="lnk#{ocn_class}">\\1</a></label>})
+          %{<label class="#{ocn_class}"><a name="#{@ocn}" href="##{@ocn}" class="lnk#{ocn_class}">\\1</a></label>})
       end
     end
     def name
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ module SiSU_HTML_Format
     end
     def doc_types #used in toc & seg_nav_band
       scroll=seg=''
-      wgt=Widget.new(@md)
+      wgt=SiSU_HTML_Format::Widget.new(@md)
       %{
 <table summary="segment navigation available documents types: toc,doc,pdf,concordance" border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
 <tr>
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ WOK
       end
     end
     def make_seg_scroll_pdf
-      wgt=Widget.new(@md)
+      wgt=SiSU_HTML_Format::Widget.new(@md)
       scroll=%{<td align="center" bgcolor=#{@vz.color_band2}>
   #{@vz.nav_txt_doc_link}
 </td>
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ WOK
     end
     def make_scroll_seg_pdf
       manifest=scroll=seg=''
-      wgt=Widget.new(@md)
+      wgt=SiSU_HTML_Format::Widget.new(@md)
       seg=%{<td align="center" bgcolor=#{@vz.color_band2}>
   #{@vz.nav_txt_toc_link}
 </td>
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ WOK
     end
     def make_concordance
       manifest=scroll=seg=''
-      wgt=Widget.new(@md)
+      wgt=SiSU_HTML_Format::Widget.new(@md)
       %{<table summary="toc scroll and segment with pdf" border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
 <tr>
 <td align="center" bgcolor=#{@vz.color_band2}>
@@ -653,7 +653,7 @@ WOK
         @file=SiSU_Env::FileOp.new(@md) if @md
         if @file.output_dir_structure.by_language_code? \
         or @file.output_dir_structure.by_filetype?
-          nxt.gsub!(/sisu_manifest\.html/,"../../manifest/#{@file.base_filename.manifest}")
+          nxt=nxt.gsub(/sisu_manifest\.html/,"../../manifest/#{@file.base_filename.manifest}")
         end
       end
       %{<table summary="segment hidden control pre and next" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor=#{@vz.color_grey_pale} align="center">
@@ -715,7 +715,7 @@ WOK
         @file=SiSU_Env::FileOp.new(@md) if @md
         if @file.output_dir_structure.by_language_code? \
         or @file.output_dir_structure.by_filetype?
-          nxt.gsub!(/sisu_manifest\.html/,"../../manifest/#{@file.base_filename.manifest}")
+          nxt=nxt.gsub(/sisu_manifest\.html/,"../../manifest/#{@file.base_filename.manifest}")
         end
       end
       %{<table summary="segment navigation pre/next" border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
@@ -974,7 +974,7 @@ WOK
       end
       @headnamed= (@headname ? %{<a name="h#{@headname}" id="h#{@headname}"></a>} : nil)
       if @txt and not @txt.empty?
-        @txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}[-~]##{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'')
+        @txt=@txt.gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}[-~]##{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'')
       end
       @p_num=ParagraphNumber.new(@md,@ocn)
       @vz=SiSU_Env::GetInit.instance.skin
@@ -1081,8 +1081,8 @@ WOK
       para_form_css('p','norm')
     end
     def break
-      @txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_page_new]}|#{Mx[:br_page]}/,'<hr /><br />')
-      @txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_obj]}/,'<hr style="width:30%" /><br />')
+      @txt=@txt.gsub(/#{Mx[:br_page_new]}|#{Mx[:br_page]}/,'<hr /><br />').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:br_obj]}/,'<hr style="width:30%" /><br />')
       para_form_css('p','norm')
     end
     def format(tag,attrib)
@@ -1141,7 +1141,7 @@ WOK
       ''
     end
     def seg_heading_sub(tag,attrib)
-      @txt.gsub!(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ')
+      @txt=@txt.gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ')
       %{
 <div class="substance">
   #{@p_num.ocn_display}
@@ -1176,15 +1176,16 @@ WOK
   </div>'
     end
     def gsub_body #fix
-      case @txt
+      @txt=case @txt
       when /^\((i+|iv|v|vi+|ix|x|xi+)\)/
-        @txt.gsub!(/^\((i+|iv|v|vi+|ix|x|xi+)\)/,'<b>(\1)</b>')
+        @txt.gsub(/^\((i+|iv|v|vi+|ix|x|xi+)\)/,'<b>(\1)</b>')
       when /^\(?(\d|[a-z])+\)/
-        @txt.gsub!(/^\((\d+|[a-z])+\)/,'<b>(\1)</b>')
+        @txt.gsub(/^\((\d+|[a-z])+\)/,'<b>(\1)</b>')
       when /^\s*\d{1,3}\.\s/
-        @txt.gsub!(/^\s*(\d+\.)/,'<b>\1</b>')
+        @txt.gsub(/^\s*(\d+\.)/,'<b>\1</b>')
       when /^\s*[A-Z]\.\s/
-        @txt.gsub!(/^\s*([A-Z]\.)/,'<b>\1</b>')
+        @txt.gsub(/^\s*([A-Z]\.)/,'<b>\1</b>')
+      else @txt
       end
     end
     def bold_para
@@ -1197,8 +1198,8 @@ WOK
 #{@vz.table_close}}
     end
     def bold_heading
-      @txt.gsub!(/[1-9]~(\S+)/,'<a name="\1"></a>')
-      @txt.gsub!(/[1-9]~/,'')
+      @txt=@txt.gsub(/[1-9]~(\S+)/,'<a name="\1"></a>').
+        gsub(/[1-9]~/,'')
       %{<p class="bold">
     #{@txt}
   </p>
@@ -1286,8 +1287,8 @@ WOK
 }
     end
     def clean(txt)
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'')
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'')
+      txt=txt.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'')
       txt
     end
     def subtoc_lev(tag,attrib)
@@ -1300,9 +1301,9 @@ WOK
       note=''
       if txt =~/(#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})/m # had \s* at end
         note=$1
-        note.gsub!(/[\n\s]+/m,' ')
-        txt.gsub!(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ')
-        txt.gsub!(/<a[\n\s]+name="-\d+"[\n\s]+href="#_\d+">&nbsp;<sup>\d+<\/sup>&nbsp;/m,'')
+        note=note.gsub(/[\n\s]+/m,' ')
+        txt=txt.gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ').
+          gsub(/<a[\n\s]+name="-\d+"[\n\s]+href="#_\d+">&nbsp;<sup>\d+<\/sup>&nbsp;/m,'')
       end
       %{<#{tag} class="#{attrib}">
     <a href="##{@ocn}"><i>#{txt}</i></a> #{note}
@@ -1315,7 +1316,7 @@ WOK
       subtoc_lev('h6','subtoc') if @txt
     end
     def heading_sub(tag,attrib)
-      @txt.gsub!(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ')
+      @txt=@txt.gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ')
       %{
 <div class="substance">
   #{@p_num.ocn_display}
@@ -1407,7 +1408,7 @@ WOK
       lev('h0','toc')
     end
     def strip_endnotes(txt)
-      txt.gsub!(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ')
+      txt=txt.gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ')
       txt
     end
     def mini_lev1
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/html_minitoc.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/html_minitoc.rb
index 7f891a2e..d70fa7e1 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/html_minitoc.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/html_minitoc.rb
@@ -75,17 +75,17 @@
         @toc=[]
         @data.each do |txt|
           if (txt.is =='heading' or txt.is =='heading_insert')
-            txt.obj.gsub!(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}).+?(?:#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_c]})/m,'') #remove endnotes from toc
-            txt.obj.gsub!(/<a name="-\d+" href="#_\d+">&nbsp;<sup>\d+<\/sup>&nbsp;<\/a>/,'')
-            txt.obj.gsub!(@pat_strip_heading_name,'\1')
-            txt.obj.gsub(/(.*?)<a name="(\d+)"><\/a>(.*)/,'\1') #2002w42 altered gsub! - problematic? - suspect
+            txt.obj=txt.obj.gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}).+?(?:#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_c]})/m,''). #remove endnotes from toc
+              gsub(/<a name="-\d+" href="#_\d+">&nbsp;<sup>\d+<\/sup>&nbsp;<\/a>/,'').
+              gsub(@pat_strip_heading_name,'\1')
+              #gsub(/(.*?)<a name="(\d+)"><\/a>(.*)/,'\1') #2002w42 altered gsub - problematic? - suspect
             toc=case txt.ln
-            when 1; TocMini.new(@md,txt).level_1
-            when 2; TocMini.new(@md,txt).level_2
-            when 3; TocMini.new(@md,txt).level_3
-            when 4; TocMini.new(@md,txt).level_4
-            when 5; TocMini.new(@md,txt).level_5
-            when 6; TocMini.new(@md,txt).level_6
+            when 1; SiSU_HTML_MiniToc::TocMini.new(@md,txt).level_1
+            when 2; SiSU_HTML_MiniToc::TocMini.new(@md,txt).level_2
+            when 3; SiSU_HTML_MiniToc::TocMini.new(@md,txt).level_3
+            when 4; SiSU_HTML_MiniToc::TocMini.new(@md,txt).level_4
+            when 5; SiSU_HTML_MiniToc::TocMini.new(@md,txt).level_5
+            when 6; SiSU_HTML_MiniToc::TocMini.new(@md,txt).level_6
             else
             end
             @toc << toc
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@
         txt=@data
         if (txt.is =='heading' or txt.is =='heading_insert') \
         and txt.ocn !=0
-          txt.obj.gsub!(@pat_strip_heading_name,'\1')
+          txt.obj=txt.obj.gsub(@pat_strip_heading_name,'\1')
         end
         title=unless txt.obj =~/Document Information/; txt.obj
         else
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@
         txt=@data
         if (txt.is =='heading' or txt.is =='heading_insert') \
         and txt.ocn !=0
-          txt.obj.gsub!(@pat_strip_heading_name,'\1')
+          txt.obj=txt.obj.gsub(@pat_strip_heading_name,'\1')
         end
         txt_obj={ txt: txt.obj }
         format_toc=SiSU_HTML_Format::FormatToc.new(@md,txt_obj)
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@
         txt=@data
         if (txt.is =='heading' or txt.is =='heading_insert') \
         and txt.ocn !=0
-          txt.obj.gsub!(@pat_strip_heading_name,'\1')
+          txt.obj=txt.obj.gsub(@pat_strip_heading_name,'\1')
         end
         toc={}
           lnk_n_txt=%{  <a href="#{@@seg_url}#{@md.lang_code_insert}#{Sfx[:html]}##{txt.ocn}">
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@
         txt=@data
         if (txt.is =='heading' or txt.is =='heading_insert') \
         and txt.ocn !=0
-          txt.obj.gsub!(@pat_strip_heading_name,'\1')
+          txt.obj=txt.obj.gsub(@pat_strip_heading_name,'\1')
         end
         toc={}
           lnk_n_txt=%{  <a href="#{@@seg_url}#{@md.lang_code_insert}#{Sfx[:html]}##{txt.ocn}">
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/html_scroll.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/html_scroll.rb
index ac57b585..89f88b04 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/html_scroll.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/html_scroll.rb
@@ -68,8 +68,8 @@ module SiSU_HTML_Scroll
     end
     def songsheet
       begin
-        scr=Scroll.new(@md,@data,@endnotes).markup
-        scr[:tails]=Scroll.new(@md).tails
+        scr=SiSU_HTML_Scroll::Scroll.new(@md,@data,@endnotes).markup
+        scr[:tails]=SiSU_HTML_Scroll::Scroll.new(@md).tails
         scr
       rescue; SiSU_Errors::InfoError.new($!,$@,@md.opt.cmd,@md.fns).error
       ensure
@@ -81,14 +81,14 @@ module SiSU_HTML_Scroll
       @rcdc=false
       @scr={ body: [], metadata: [], owner_details: [] }
       data.each do |dob|
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{@md.file.output_path.html_seg.rel_image}/m,@md.file.output_path.html_scroll.rel_image)
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{@md.file.output_path.html_seg.rel_image}/m,@md.file.output_path.html_scroll.rel_image)
         if defined? dob.name and dob.name =~/^meta/ \
         and dob.obj =~/Document Information/
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(Document Information(?: \(metadata\))?)/,'\1<a name="docinfo"></a>')
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(Document Information(?: \(metadata\))?)/,'\1<a name="docinfo"></a>')
         end
         if dob.obj =~/^Metadata$/ \
         and dob.lv =='B'
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Metadata/,'')
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/Metadata/,'')
         end
         if defined? dob.name \
         and dob.name =~/^metadata/ \
@@ -96,11 +96,11 @@ module SiSU_HTML_Scroll
         and dob.obj =~/SiSU Metadata, document information/
           @rcdc=true
         end
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/href="[a-z0-9._-]+(#\S+?")/m,'href="\1') # internal document links
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/href="#{Xx[:segment]}/m,'href="')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:\s*#{Mx[:br_page]}\s*|\s*#{Mx[:br_page_new]}\s*)+/m,'<p><hr width=90% /></p>')
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/href="[a-z0-9._-]+(#\S+?")/m,'href="\1'). # internal document links
+          gsub(/href="#{Xx[:segment]}/m,'href="').
+          gsub(/(?:\s*#{Mx[:br_page]}\s*|\s*#{Mx[:br_page_new]}\s*)+/m,'<p><hr width=90% /></p>')
         if dob.obj !~/(^#{Rx[:meta]}|#{Mx[:br_eof]})/
-          unless dob.is =~/^code/; dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ')
+          unless dob.is =~/^code/; dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ')
           end
           if defined? dob.ocn
             @p_num=SiSU_HTML_Format::ParagraphNumber.new(@md,dob.ocn)
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ module SiSU_HTML_Scroll
               sto.heading_body4
               book_idx=SiSU_Particulars::CombinedSingleton.instance.get_idx_html(@md.opt).html_idx
               book_idx.each do |x| #takes book index prepared for segments and strips segment identifying info
-                x.gsub!(/<a href="\S+?\.html#(\d+)">(\1(?:-\d+)?)<\/a>/,'<a href="#\1">\2</a>')
+                x=x.gsub(/<a href="\S+?\.html#(\d+)">(\1(?:-\d+)?)<\/a>/,'<a href="#\1">\2</a>')
               end
               book_idx.join("\n")
             #elsif dob.ln==4 \
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/html_segments.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/html_segments.rb
index 75c9b90f..ba825ae4 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/html_segments.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/html_segments.rb
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ module SiSU_HTML_Seg
   require_relative 'html'                               # html.rb
   require_relative 'html_promo'                         # html_promo.rb
   require_relative 'shared_metadata'                    # shared_metadata.rb
-  class SegOutput
+  class Output
     def initialize(md,outputfile,seg,minitoc,type='')
       @md,@output_seg_file,@seg,@minitoc,@type=md,outputfile,seg,minitoc,type
       @title_banner_=SiSU_Env::CreateSite.new(@md.opt.cmd).html_seg_title_banner?
@@ -106,12 +106,12 @@ module SiSU_HTML_Seg
           filename_seg << @minitoc << @seg[:headings] << @seg[:main] << "\n</div>\n"
         end
         filename_seg << @seg[:tail] << @seg[:tocband_bannerless] << @seg[:credits]
-        filename_seg.flatten!.compact!
+        filename_seg=filename_seg.flatten.compact #watch
         filename_seg.each do |str|
           unless str =~/\A\s*\Z/
-            str.strip!
-            str.gsub!(Xx[:html_relative2],@file.path_rel_links.html_seg_2)
-            str.gsub!(Xx[:html_relative1],@file.path_rel_links.html_seg_1)
+            str=str.strip.
+              gsub(Xx[:html_relative2],@file.path_rel_links.html_seg_2).
+              gsub(Xx[:html_relative1],@file.path_rel_links.html_seg_1)
             @output_seg_file << str
           end
         end
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ module SiSU_HTML_Seg
         @minitoc=SiSU_HTML::Source::Toc.new(@md,@data).minitoc
         data=get_subtoc_endnotes(@data)
         data=articles(data)
-        Seg.new.cleanup # (((( added ))))
+        SiSU_HTML_Seg::Seg.new.cleanup # (((( added ))))
         #### (((( END )))) ####
       rescue; SiSU_Errors::InfoError.new($!,$@,@md.opt.cmd,@md.fns).error
       ensure
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ module SiSU_HTML_Seg
                 unless FileTest.directory?(@file.output_path.html_seg.dir)
                   FileUtils::mkdir_p(@file.output_path.html_seg.dir) if File.writable?("#{@file.output_path.base.dir}/.")
                 end
-                Seg.new(@md).tail
+                SiSU_HTML_Seg::Seg.new(@md).tail
                 segfilename="#{@file.output_path.html_seg.dir}/#{@@seg_name_html[tracking-1]}#{@md.lang_code_insert}#{Sfx[:html]}"
                 output_seg_file=File.new(segfilename,'w') if @@seg_name_html[tracking-1]
                 minitoc=(@env.html_minitoc?) \
@@ -242,27 +242,27 @@ module SiSU_HTML_Seg
                 : ''
                 if dob.is=='heading' \
                 or @@seg_name_html[tracking-1] !~/endnotes|book_index|metadata/
-                  SegOutput.new(@md,output_seg_file,@@seg,minitoc).output
+                  SiSU_HTML_Seg::Output.new(@md,output_seg_file,@@seg,minitoc).output
                 elsif dob.is=='heading_insert'
                   if @@seg_name_html[tracking-1]=='endnotes'
-                    SegOutput.new(@md,output_seg_file,@@seg,minitoc,'endnotes').output
+                    SiSU_HTML_Seg::Output.new(@md,output_seg_file,@@seg,minitoc,'endnotes').output
                   elsif @@seg_name_html[tracking-1]=='book_index'
-                    SegOutput.new(@md,output_seg_file,@@seg,minitoc,'idx').output
+                    SiSU_HTML_Seg::Output.new(@md,output_seg_file,@@seg,minitoc,'idx').output
                     @@seg[:idx]=[]
                   elsif @@seg_name_html[tracking-1]=='metadata'
-                    SegOutput.new(@md,output_seg_file,@@seg,minitoc,'metadata').output
+                    SiSU_HTML_Seg::Output.new(@md,output_seg_file,@@seg,minitoc,'metadata').output
                   else puts "#{__FILE__}::#{__LINE__}"
                   end
                 else puts "#{__FILE__}::#{__LINE__}"
                 end
-                Seg.new.reinitialise
+                SiSU_HTML_Seg::Seg.new.reinitialise
                 heading_art(dob)
                 head(dob)
                #keep use for last segment, eg if metadata is last segment
                #if @@seg_name_html[tracking] =~/metadata/ # this is for metadata
                #  segfilename="#{@md.dir_out}/#{@md.fnl[:pre]}#{@@seg_name_html[tracking]}#{@md.fnl[:mid]}#{Sfx[:html]}#{@md.fnl[:post]}"
                #  output_seg_file=File.new(segfilename,'w')
-               #  SegOutput.new(@md,output_seg_file,@@seg,minitoc,'metadata').output
+               #  SiSU_HTML_Seg::Output.new(@md,output_seg_file,@@seg,minitoc,'metadata').output
                #  Seg.new.reinitialise
                #end
               end
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ module SiSU_HTML_Seg
         txt_obj={ txt: @@heading1, ocn_display: @p_num.ocn_display }
         format_seg=SiSU_HTML_Format::FormatSeg.new(@md,txt_obj)
         @@seg[:headings] << format_seg.title_heading1.gsub(clean,'')
-        @@heading1.gsub!(/&nbsp;<a name="-[\d*+]+" href="#_[\d*+]+">&nbsp;<sup>[\d*+]+<\/sup>&nbsp;<\/a>/,'')
+        @@heading1=@@heading1.gsub(/&nbsp;<a name="-[\d*+]+" href="#_[\d*+]+">&nbsp;<sup>[\d*+]+<\/sup>&nbsp;<\/a>/,'')
       end
       if @@is2==1
         heading2=@@heading2
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ module SiSU_HTML_Seg
         txt_obj={ txt: heading2, ocn_display: @p_num.ocn_display }
         format_seg=SiSU_HTML_Format::FormatSeg.new(@md,txt_obj)
         @@seg[:headings] << format_seg.title_heading2.gsub(clean,'')
-        @@heading2.gsub!(/&nbsp;<a name="-[\d*+]+" href="#_[\d*+]+">&nbsp;<sup>[\d*+]+<\/sup>&nbsp;<\/a>/,'')
+        @@heading2=@@heading2.gsub(/&nbsp;<a name="-[\d*+]+" href="#_[\d*+]+">&nbsp;<sup>[\d*+]+<\/sup>&nbsp;<\/a>/,'')
       end
       if @@is3==1
         heading3=@@heading3
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ module SiSU_HTML_Seg
         txt_obj={ txt: heading3, ocn_display: @p_num.ocn_display }
         format_seg=SiSU_HTML_Format::FormatSeg.new(@md,txt_obj)
         @@seg[:headings] << format_seg.title_heading3.gsub(clean,'')
-        @@heading3.gsub!(/&nbsp;<a name="-[\d*+]+" href="#_[\d*+]+">&nbsp;<sup>[\d*+]+<\/sup>&nbsp;<\/a>/,'')
+        @@heading3=@@heading3.gsub(/&nbsp;<a name="-[\d*+]+" href="#_[\d*+]+">&nbsp;<sup>[\d*+]+<\/sup>&nbsp;<\/a>/,'')
       end
       if @@is4==1
         heading4=@@heading4
@@ -421,13 +421,13 @@ module SiSU_HTML_Seg
           sto.break
         end
         if @md.flag_separate_endnotes
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/"\s+href="#_(\d+)">/,%{" href=\"endnotes#{Sfx[:html]}#_\\1">})       #endnote- twice #removed file type
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/"\s+href="#_(\d+)">/,%{" href=\"endnotes#{Sfx[:html]}#_\\1">})       #endnote- twice #removed file type
         end
         if dob.obj !~/#{@vz.margin_txt_w1}|#{@vz.margin_txt_w2}/
           if dob.is =~/heading|para/ and (not dob.ocn or dob.ocn.to_s.empty?)
             format_seg=SiSU_HTML_Format::FormatSeg.new(@md,dob)
           end
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/\s*(-\{{2}~\d+|<:e[:_]\d+>).*/,'')                   #potentially dagerous - removes all paragraphs with <!e_!> #?? workpoint
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/\s*(-\{{2}~\d+|<:e[:_]\d+>).*/,'')                   #potentially dagerous - removes all paragraphs with <!e_!> #?? workpoint
           if dob.obj =~/<a name="_\d+" href="#-\d+">&nbsp;<sup>/                #endnote- note-
             format_seg=SiSU_HTML_Format::FormatSeg.new(@md,dob)
             dob=format_seg.no_paranum
@@ -471,7 +471,7 @@ module SiSU_HTML_Seg
     end
     def get_subtoc_endnotes(data) #get endnotes & sub-table of contents subtoc
       data.each do |dob|
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/<a name=\"h\d.*?\">(.+?)<\/a>/mi,'\1')
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/<a name=\"h\d.*?\">(.+?)<\/a>/mi,'\1')
         if @md.flag_auto_endnotes
           if (dob.is=='heading' or dob.is=='heading_insert') \
           and dob.ln.to_s =~/^[1234]/ \
@@ -523,7 +523,7 @@ module SiSU_HTML_Seg
             if dob.obj=~/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}[+]\d+\s.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/m
               endnote_array << dob.obj.scan(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}[+]\d+\s.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/m)
             end
-            endnote_array.flatten!.compact! #check compacting
+            endnote_array=endnote_array.flatten.compact #watch, check compacting
             endnote_array.each do |note|
               note_match=note.dup
               note_match_seg=note.dup
@@ -548,7 +548,7 @@ module SiSU_HTML_Seg
               note_match_all_seg=format_seg.endnote_seg_body(@@fn) #BUG WATCH 200408
               @@seg[:endnote_all] << note_match_all_seg
             end
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ')
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ')
           end
         end
       end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/html_tune.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/html_tune.rb
index 0161d5df..fab17b78 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/html_tune.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/html_tune.rb
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ module SiSU_HTML_Tune
       data=[]
       @data.each do |x|
         unless x.obj.empty?
-          x.obj.strip!
+          x.obj=x.obj.strip
           data << x
         end
       end
@@ -106,94 +106,93 @@ module SiSU_HTML_Tune
         html
       else html.obj
       end
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(#[0-9]{3})#{Mx[:gl_c]}/u,'&\1;')
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#([a-z]{2,4})#{Mx[:gl_c]}/u,'&\1;')
-      str.gsub!(/¢/u,'&cent;')    # &#162;
-      str.gsub!(/£/u,'&pound;')   # &#163;
-      str.gsub!(/¥/u,'&yen;')     # &#165;
-      str.gsub!(/§/u,'&sect;')    # &#167;
-      str.gsub!(/©/u,'&copy;')    # &#169;
-      str.gsub!(/ª/u,'&ordf;')    # &#170;
-      str.gsub!(/«/u,'&laquo;')   # &#171;
-      str.gsub!(/®/u,'&reg;')     # &#174;
-      str.gsub!(/°/u,'&deg;')     # &#176;
-      str.gsub!(/±/u,'&plusmn;')  # &#177;
-      str.gsub!(/²/u,'&sup2;')    # &#178;
-      str.gsub!(/³/u,'&sup3;')    # &#179;
-      str.gsub!(/µ/u,'&micro;')   # &#181;
-      str.gsub!(/¶/u,'&para;')    # &#182;
-      str.gsub!(/¹/u,'&sup1;')    # &#185;
-      str.gsub!(/º/u,'&ordm;')    # &#186;
-      str.gsub!(/»/u,'&raquo;')   # &#187;
-      str.gsub!(/¼/u,'&frac14;')  # &#188;
-      str.gsub!(/½/u,'&frac12;')  # &#189;
-      str.gsub!(/¾/u,'&frac34;')  # &#190;
-      str.gsub!(/×/u,'&times;')   # &#215;
-      str.gsub!(/÷/u,'&divide;')  # &#247;
-      str.gsub!(/¿/u,'&iquest;')  # &#191;
-      str.gsub!(/À/u,'&Agrave;')  # &#192;
-      str.gsub!(/Á/u,'&Aacute;')  # &#193;
-      str.gsub!(/Â/u,'&Acirc;')   # &#194;
-      str.gsub!(/Ã/u,'&Atilde;')  # &#195;
-      str.gsub!(/Ä/u,'&Auml;')    # &#196;
-      str.gsub!(/Å/u,'&Aring;')   # &#197;
-      str.gsub!(/Æ/u,'&AElig;')   # &#198;
-      str.gsub!(/Ç/u,'&Ccedil;')  # &#199;
-      str.gsub!(/È/u,'&Egrave;')  # &#200;
-      str.gsub!(/É/u,'&Eacute;')  # &#201;
-      str.gsub!(/Ê/u,'&Ecirc;')   # &#202;
-      str.gsub!(/Ë/u,'&Euml;')    # &#203;
-      str.gsub!(/Ì/u,'&Igrave;')  # &#204;
-      str.gsub!(/Í/u,'&Iacute;')  # &#205;
-      str.gsub!(/Î/u,'&Icirc;')   # &#206;
-      str.gsub!(/Ï/u,'&Iuml;')    # &#207;
-      str.gsub!(/Ð/u,'&ETH;')     # &#208;
-      str.gsub!(/Ñ/u,'&Ntilde;')  # &#209;
-      str.gsub!(/Ò/u,'&Ograve;')  # &#210;
-      str.gsub!(/Ó/u,'&Oacute;')  # &#211;
-      str.gsub!(/Ô/u,'&Ocirc;')   # &#212;
-      str.gsub!(/Õ/u,'&Otilde;')  # &#213;
-      str.gsub!(/Ö/u,'&Ouml;')    # &#214;
-      str.gsub!(/Ø/u,'&Oslash;')  # &#216;
-      str.gsub!(/Ù/u,'&Ugrave;')  # &#217;
-      str.gsub!(/Ú/u,'&Uacute;')  # &#218;
-      str.gsub!(/Û/u,'&Ucirc;')   # &#219;
-      str.gsub!(/Ü/u,'&Uuml;')    # &#220;
-      str.gsub!(/Ý/u,'&Yacute;')  # &#221;
-      str.gsub!(/Þ/u,'&THORN;')   # &#222;
-      str.gsub!(/ß/u,'&szlig;')   # &#223;
-      str.gsub!(/à/u,'&agrave;')  # &#224;
-      str.gsub!(/á/u,'&aacute;')  # &#225;
-      str.gsub!(/â/u,'&acirc;')   # &#226;
-      str.gsub!(/ã/u,'&atilde;')  # &#227;
-      str.gsub!(/ä/u,'&auml;')    # &#228;
-      str.gsub!(/å/u,'&aring;')   # &#229;
-      str.gsub!(/æ/u,'&aelig;')   # &#230;
-      str.gsub!(/ç/u,'&ccedil;')  # &#231;
-      str.gsub!(/è/u,'&egrave;')  # &#232;
-      str.gsub!(/é/u,'&eacute;')  # &#233;
-      str.gsub!(/ê/u,'&ecirc;')   # &#234;
-      str.gsub!(/ë/u,'&euml;')    # &#235;
-      str.gsub!(/ì/u,'&igrave;')  # &#236;
-      str.gsub!(/í/u,'&iacute;')  # &#237;
-      str.gsub!(/î/u,'&icirc;')   # &#238;
-      str.gsub!(/ï/u,'&iuml;')    # &#239;
-      str.gsub!(/ð/u,'&eth;')     # &#240;
-      str.gsub!(/ñ/u,'&ntilde;')  # &#241;
-      str.gsub!(/ò/u,'&ograve;')  # &#242;
-      str.gsub!(/ó/u,'&oacute;')  # &#243;
-      str.gsub!(/ô/u,'&ocirc;')   # &#244;
-      str.gsub!(/õ/u,'&otilde;')  # &#245;
-      str.gsub!(/ö/u,'&ouml;')    # &#246;
-      str.gsub!(/ø/u,'&oslash;')  # &#248;
-      str.gsub!(/ù/u,'&ugrave;')  # &#250;
-      str.gsub!(/ú/u,'&uacute;')  # &#251;
-      str.gsub!(/û/u,'&ucirc;')   # &#252;
-      str.gsub!(/ü/u,'&uuml;')    # &#253;
-      str.gsub!(/þ/u,'&thorn;')   # &#254;
-      str.gsub!(/ÿ/u,'&yuml;')    # &#255;
-      str.gsub!(/ý/u,'&yacute;')
-      str
+      str=str.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(#[0-9]{3})#{Mx[:gl_c]}/u,'&\1;').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#([a-z]{2,4})#{Mx[:gl_c]}/u,'&\1;').
+        gsub(/¢/u,'&cent;').    # &#162;
+        gsub(/£/u,'&pound;').   # &#163;
+        gsub(/¥/u,'&yen;').     # &#165;
+        gsub(/§/u,'&sect;').    # &#167;
+        gsub(/©/u,'&copy;').    # &#169;
+        gsub(/ª/u,'&ordf;').    # &#170;
+        gsub(/«/u,'&laquo;').   # &#171;
+        gsub(/®/u,'&reg;').     # &#174;
+        gsub(/°/u,'&deg;').     # &#176;
+        gsub(/±/u,'&plusmn;').  # &#177;
+        gsub(/²/u,'&sup2;').    # &#178;
+        gsub(/³/u,'&sup3;').    # &#179;
+        gsub(/µ/u,'&micro;').   # &#181;
+        gsub(/¶/u,'&para;').    # &#182;
+        gsub(/¹/u,'&sup1;').    # &#185;
+        gsub(/º/u,'&ordm;').    # &#186;
+        gsub(/»/u,'&raquo;').   # &#187;
+        gsub(/¼/u,'&frac14;').  # &#188;
+        gsub(/½/u,'&frac12;').  # &#189;
+        gsub(/¾/u,'&frac34;').  # &#190;
+        gsub(/×/u,'&times;').   # &#215;
+        gsub(/÷/u,'&divide;').  # &#247;
+        gsub(/¿/u,'&iquest;').  # &#191;
+        gsub(/À/u,'&Agrave;').  # &#192;
+        gsub(/Á/u,'&Aacute;').  # &#193;
+        gsub(/Â/u,'&Acirc;').   # &#194;
+        gsub(/Ã/u,'&Atilde;').  # &#195;
+        gsub(/Ä/u,'&Auml;').    # &#196;
+        gsub(/Å/u,'&Aring;').   # &#197;
+        gsub(/Æ/u,'&AElig;').   # &#198;
+        gsub(/Ç/u,'&Ccedil;').  # &#199;
+        gsub(/È/u,'&Egrave;').  # &#200;
+        gsub(/É/u,'&Eacute;').  # &#201;
+        gsub(/Ê/u,'&Ecirc;').   # &#202;
+        gsub(/Ë/u,'&Euml;').    # &#203;
+        gsub(/Ì/u,'&Igrave;').  # &#204;
+        gsub(/Í/u,'&Iacute;').  # &#205;
+        gsub(/Î/u,'&Icirc;').   # &#206;
+        gsub(/Ï/u,'&Iuml;').    # &#207;
+        gsub(/Ð/u,'&ETH;').     # &#208;
+        gsub(/Ñ/u,'&Ntilde;').  # &#209;
+        gsub(/Ò/u,'&Ograve;').  # &#210;
+        gsub(/Ó/u,'&Oacute;').  # &#211;
+        gsub(/Ô/u,'&Ocirc;').   # &#212;
+        gsub(/Õ/u,'&Otilde;').  # &#213;
+        gsub(/Ö/u,'&Ouml;').    # &#214;
+        gsub(/Ø/u,'&Oslash;').  # &#216;
+        gsub(/Ù/u,'&Ugrave;').  # &#217;
+        gsub(/Ú/u,'&Uacute;').  # &#218;
+        gsub(/Û/u,'&Ucirc;').   # &#219;
+        gsub(/Ü/u,'&Uuml;').    # &#220;
+        gsub(/Ý/u,'&Yacute;').  # &#221;
+        gsub(/Þ/u,'&THORN;').   # &#222;
+        gsub(/ß/u,'&szlig;').   # &#223;
+        gsub(/à/u,'&agrave;').  # &#224;
+        gsub(/á/u,'&aacute;').  # &#225;
+        gsub(/â/u,'&acirc;').   # &#226;
+        gsub(/ã/u,'&atilde;').  # &#227;
+        gsub(/ä/u,'&auml;').    # &#228;
+        gsub(/å/u,'&aring;').   # &#229;
+        gsub(/æ/u,'&aelig;').   # &#230;
+        gsub(/ç/u,'&ccedil;').  # &#231;
+        gsub(/è/u,'&egrave;').  # &#232;
+        gsub(/é/u,'&eacute;').  # &#233;
+        gsub(/ê/u,'&ecirc;').   # &#234;
+        gsub(/ë/u,'&euml;').    # &#235;
+        gsub(/ì/u,'&igrave;').  # &#236;
+        gsub(/í/u,'&iacute;').  # &#237;
+        gsub(/î/u,'&icirc;').   # &#238;
+        gsub(/ï/u,'&iuml;').    # &#239;
+        gsub(/ð/u,'&eth;').     # &#240;
+        gsub(/ñ/u,'&ntilde;').  # &#241;
+        gsub(/ò/u,'&ograve;').  # &#242;
+        gsub(/ó/u,'&oacute;').  # &#243;
+        gsub(/ô/u,'&ocirc;').   # &#244;
+        gsub(/õ/u,'&otilde;').  # &#245;
+        gsub(/ö/u,'&ouml;').    # &#246;
+        gsub(/ø/u,'&oslash;').  # &#248;
+        gsub(/ù/u,'&ugrave;').  # &#250;
+        gsub(/ú/u,'&uacute;').  # &#251;
+        gsub(/û/u,'&ucirc;').   # &#252;
+        gsub(/ü/u,'&uuml;').    # &#253;
+        gsub(/þ/u,'&thorn;').   # &#254;
+        gsub(/ÿ/u,'&yuml;').    # &#255;
+        gsub(/ý/u,'&yacute;')
     end
   end
   class Tune
@@ -212,10 +211,10 @@ module SiSU_HTML_Tune
         songsheet_array(@data)
         #data=songsheet_array(@data)
         if @md.opt.cmd =~/M/  #Hard Output Tune Optional on/off here
-          data=Output.new(@data,@md).hard_output
-          Output.new(@data,@md).marshal
+          data=SiSU_HTML_Tune::Output.new(@data,@md).hard_output
+          SiSU_HTML_Tune::Output.new(@data,@md).marshal
         end
-        tuned=Tune.new(@data,@md).output
+        tuned=SiSU_HTML_Tune::Tune.new(@data,@md).output
       rescue; SiSU_Errors::InfoError.new($!,$@,@md.opt.cmd,@md.fns).error
       ensure
       end
@@ -266,15 +265,15 @@ module SiSU_HTML_Tune
               %{<a href="#{u}"><img src="#{image_path}/#{png}" #{w} #{h} naturalsizeflag="0" align="bottom" border="0"></a>#{caption}}
             else %{<img src="#{image_path}/#{png}" #{w} #{h} naturalsizeflag="0" align="bottom" border="0">#{caption}}
             end
-            word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|image)/,ins)
+            word=word.gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|image)/,ins)
           else
             link=m[/(.+)/m]
             png=m.scan(/\S+/)[0].strip
             link=link.strip
-            u.gsub!(/(\S+)/,"#{Xx[:segment]}#\\1") if u !~/\// unless http_ #marker: in scroll remove; in seg replace
+            u=u.gsub(/(\S+)/,"#{Xx[:segment]}#\\1") if u !~/\// unless http_ #marker: in scroll remove; in seg replace
             ins=%{<a href="#{u}">#{link}</a>}
-            word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}/,ins)
-            word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:rel_c]}/,ins)
+            word=word.gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}/,ins).
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:rel_c]}/,ins)
           end
           word
         else word
@@ -288,82 +287,74 @@ module SiSU_HTML_Tune
         if dob.obj =~/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|#{Mx[:rel_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:rel_c]}|image)/
           @word_mode=dob.obj.scan(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|#{Mx[:rel_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:rel_c]}|image)[()\[\]]*[,.;:!?'"]{0,2}|(?:#{Mx[:gl_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:gl_c]})+|[^#{Mx[:lnk_o]}#{Mx[:lnk_c]}]+/mu)
           words=urls(@word_mode)
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/.+/m,words)
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/.+/m,words)
         end #consider change, do a while loop
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\\copyright/i,%{<sup>&copy;</sup>})
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/\\copyright/i,%{<sup>&copy;</sup>})
         if (dob.obj !~/\<:ad\s+\.\.\//)
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/\<:ad\s+(\S+)?\s+(\S+\.png)\s+(.+)?\;\s+(.+)?\;\s*!\>/,
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/\<:ad\s+(\S+)?\s+(\S+\.png)\s+(.+)?\;\s+(.+)?\;\s*!\>/,
             %{\n<center><a href="http:\/\/\\1" target="external"><img src="#{@env.url.images_local}/\\2" alt="\\3"></a></center>\n})
         else
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/\<:ad\s+(\S+)?\s+(\S+\.png)\s+(.+)?\;\s+(.+)?\;\s*\>/,
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/\<:ad\s+(\S+)?\s+(\S+\.png)\s+(.+)?\;\s+(.+)?\;\s*\>/,
             %{\n<center><a href="\\1" target="_top"><img src="#{@env.url.images_local}/\\2" alt="\\3"></a></center>\n})
         end
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/!pick/,%{<img border="0" height="15" width="15" src="#{@env.url.images}/#{@vz.icon_choice}" alt="stellar">})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/!new/,%{&nbsp;<img border="0" height="15" width="15" src="#{@env.url.images}/#{@vz.icon_new}" alt="new">})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/<:h(.{1,7}?)>/,'<a href="#h\1">\1</a>')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/<:to(\d{1,7}?)>/,'<a href="#to\1">to&nbsp;{&nbsp;\1&nbsp;}</a> ')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'<a href="\1" target="_top">\1</a>') #http ftp matches escaped, no decoration
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}([a-zA-Z0-9._-]+\@\S+?\.[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,%{#{@brace_url.xml_open}<a href="mailto:\\1">\\1</a>#{@brace_url.xml_close}})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,%{#{@brace_url.xml_open}<a href="\\1" target="_top">\\1</a>#{@brace_url.xml_close}}) #http ftp matches with decoration
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/!pick/,%{<img border="0" height="15" width="15" src="#{@env.url.images}/#{@vz.icon_choice}" alt="stellar">}).
+          gsub(/!new/,%{&nbsp;<img border="0" height="15" width="15" src="#{@env.url.images}/#{@vz.icon_new}" alt="new">}).
+          gsub(/<:h(.{1,7}?)>/,'<a href="#h\1">\1</a>').
+          gsub(/<:to(\d{1,7}?)>/,'<a href="#to\1">to&nbsp;{&nbsp;\1&nbsp;}</a> ').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'<a href="\1" target="_top">\1</a>'). #http ftp matches escaped, no decoration
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}([a-zA-Z0-9._-]+\@\S+?\.[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,%{#{@brace_url.xml_open}<a href="mailto:\\1">\\1</a>#{@brace_url.xml_close}}).
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,%{#{@brace_url.xml_open}<a href="\\1" target="_top">\\1</a>#{@brace_url.xml_close}}) #http ftp matches with decoration
         if dob.obj =~/#{Xx[:html_relative2]}\/\S+/ \
         and dob.obj !~/(\"#{Xx[:html_relative2]}\/\S+?\"|>\s*#{Xx[:html_relative2]}\/\S+<)/
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(#{Xx[:html_relative2]}\/\S+)/,'<a href="\1">\1</a>')
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(#{Xx[:html_relative2]}\/\S+)/,'<a href="\1">\1</a>')
         end
         if dob.obj =~/..\/\S+/ \
         and dob.obj !~/(\"..\/\S+?\"|>\s*..\/\S+<)/
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/\.\.(\/\S+)/,%{<a href="#{Xx[:html_relative2]}\1">\1</a>})
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/\.\.(\/\S+)/,%{<a href="#{Xx[:html_relative2]}\1">\1</a>})
         end
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/<a href=":/,%{<a href="#{@vz.url_site}/})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/<a href="\.\.\//,%{<a href="#{@vz.url_site}/})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/<a href="#{Xx[:html_relative2]}\//,%{<a href="#{@vz.url_site}/})
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/<a href=":/,%{<a href="#{@vz.url_site}/}).
+          gsub(/<a href="\.\.\//,%{<a href="#{@vz.url_site}/}).
+          gsub(/<a href="#{Xx[:html_relative2]}\//,%{<a href="#{@vz.url_site}/})
       else
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/</m,'&lt;'); dob.obj.gsub!(/>/m,'&gt;')
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/</m,'&lt;').gsub(/>/m,'&gt;')
       end
       dob
     end
-    def para_numbers
-      data=@data
-      @tuned_file=[]
-      data.each do |dob|
-        dob.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lv_o]}\d:(\S?)#{Mx[:lv_c]}/,'\0<a name="H#\1">#\1.</a>&nbsp;') #fix Mx[:lv_o]
-        @tuned_file << dob
-      end
-    end
     def angle_brackets(dob)
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/<([a-z:\/]+)>/,"#{Dx[:lt_xml]}\\1#{Dx[:gt_xml]}")
+      dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/<([a-z:\/]+)>/,"#{Dx[:lt_xml]}\\1#{Dx[:gt_xml]}")
       dob
     end
     def endnotes_html(dob)
       unless dob.is =~/^code/
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/(#{Mx[:en_a_o]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]})(\d+)\s+(.+?)(#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_c]})/,
-          '&nbsp;<a name="-\2" href="#_\2">&nbsp;<sup>\2</sup>&nbsp;</a> ' + #note- endnote-
-          '\1\2 <a name="_\2" href="#-\2">&nbsp;<sup>\2.</sup></a> \3 \4')   #endnote- note- (careful may have switched)
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/(#{Mx[:en_b_o]})([*+]\d+)\s+(.+?)(#{Mx[:en_b_c]})/,
-          '&nbsp;<a name="-\2" href="#_\2">&nbsp;<sup>\2</sup>&nbsp;</a> ' + #note- endnote-
-          '\1\2 <a name="_\2" href="#-\2">&nbsp;<sup>\2.</sup></a> \3 \4')   #endnote- note- (careful may have switched)
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/(#{Mx[:en_a_o]})([*+]+)\s+(.+?)(#{Mx[:en_a_c]})/,
-          '&nbsp;<a name="-\2" href="#_\2">&nbsp;<sup>\2</sup>&nbsp;</a> ' + #note- endnote-
-          '\1\2 <a name="_\2" href="#-\2">&nbsp;<sup>\2</sup></a> \3 \4')    #endnote- note- (careful may have switched)
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(#{Mx[:en_a_o]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]})(\d+)\s+(.+?)(#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_c]})/,
+            '&nbsp;<a name="-\2" href="#_\2">&nbsp;<sup>\2</sup>&nbsp;</a> ' + #note- endnote-
+            '\1\2 <a name="_\2" href="#-\2">&nbsp;<sup>\2.</sup></a> \3 \4').   #endnote- note- (careful may have switched)
+          gsub(/(#{Mx[:en_b_o]})([*+]\d+)\s+(.+?)(#{Mx[:en_b_c]})/,
+            '&nbsp;<a name="-\2" href="#_\2">&nbsp;<sup>\2</sup>&nbsp;</a> ' + #note- endnote-
+            '\1\2 <a name="_\2" href="#-\2">&nbsp;<sup>\2.</sup></a> \3 \4').   #endnote- note- (careful may have switched)
+          gsub(/(#{Mx[:en_a_o]})([*+]+)\s+(.+?)(#{Mx[:en_a_c]})/,
+            '&nbsp;<a name="-\2" href="#_\2">&nbsp;<sup>\2</sup>&nbsp;</a> ' + #note- endnote-
+            '\1\2 <a name="_\2" href="#-\2">&nbsp;<sup>\2</sup></a> \3 \4')    #endnote- note- (careful may have switched)
       end
       dob
     end
     def markup(dob)
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}#([a-zA-Z]+)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'&\1;')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}(#[0-9]+)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'&\1;')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,'<br />') unless dob.is=='table'
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'<b>\1</b>')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'<i>\1</i>')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'<u>\1</u>')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'<sup>\1</sup>')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,'<sub>\1</sub>')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'<ins>\1</ins>')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,'<cite>\1</cite>')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,'<del>\1</del>')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_monospace_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_monospace_c]}/,'<tt>\1</tt>') # tt, kbd
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}:name#(\S+?)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'<a name="\1"></a>')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/^#{Mx[:gl_bullet]}/m,'●&nbsp;&nbsp;')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:nbsp]}/,'&nbsp;')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/<(p|br)>/,'<\1 />')
+      dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}#([a-zA-Z]+)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'&\1;').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}(#[0-9]+)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'&\1;')
+      dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,'<br />') unless dob.is=='table'
+      dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'<b>\1</b>').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'<i>\1</i>').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'<u>\1</u>').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'<sup>\1</sup>').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,'<sub>\1</sub>').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'<ins>\1</ins>').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,'<cite>\1</cite>').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,'<del>\1</del>').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_monospace_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_monospace_c]}/,'<tt>\1</tt>'). # tt, kbd
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}:name#(\S+?)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'<a name="\1"></a>').
+        gsub(/^#{Mx[:gl_bullet]}/m,'●&nbsp;&nbsp;').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:nbsp]}/,'&nbsp;').
+        gsub(/<(p|br)>/,'<\1 />')
       dob=SiSU_HTML_Tune::CleanHTML.new(dob).clean
       dob
     end
@@ -371,8 +362,7 @@ module SiSU_HTML_Tune
       data=@data
       @tuned_file=[]
       data.each do |dob|
-        dob.obj.strip!
-        dob.obj.chomp!
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.strip.chomp
         @tuned_file << dob
       end
       @tuned_file << "\n<EOF>" if (@md.fns =~/\.sst0/) #remove
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/hub.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/hub.rb
index dbcf3c8e..c2477267 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/hub.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/hub.rb
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ module SiSU
               else
                if @req !~/^conf$/ \
                and @opt.fns !~/http:\/\//
-                  Operations.new(@opt).not_found
+                  SiSU::Operations.new(@opt).not_found
                 end
               end
             elsif FileTest.file?(put)
@@ -250,14 +250,14 @@ module SiSU
                 @n_do=@n_do+1
                 SiSU_Screen::Ansi.new(@opt.cmd,@n_do,"#{@req.upcase} processed").files_processed if @opt.cmd =~/[MVv]/
               end
-            else Operations.new(@opt).not_found
+            else SiSU::Operations.new(@opt).not_found
             end
           end
         end
       elsif @req =~/^dbi$/;            SiSU_DBI::SQL.new(@opt).connect    # -D -d
       elsif @req=~/^sisupod_make$/;    SiSU_Doc::Source.new(@opt).read         # -S
       end
-      Operations.new.counter
+      SiSU::Operations.new.counter
     end
   end
   class Operations
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ p "here #{__FILE__} #{__LINE__}" if @opt =~/M/
       @tell=lambda { SiSU_Screen::Ansi.new(@opt.cmd,@msg,"#{@msgs.inspect if @msgs}") }
     end
     def op(req,msg)
-      Op.new(@opt,req,msg).select if req and msg
+      SiSU::Op.new(@opt,req,msg).select if req and msg
     end
     def actions
       if @opt.cmd =~/E/ # re-assign character
@@ -407,22 +407,22 @@ p "here #{__FILE__} #{__LINE__}" if @opt =~/M/
           if @opt.cmd =~/R/
             if @opt.mod.inspect =~/--init(?:ialize)?=site/ \
             and @opt.cmd =~/RZ/
-              Operations.new(@opt).remote_put_base_site_rsync_match
-            else Operations.new(@opt).remote_put_base_site_rsync
+              SiSU::Operations.new(@opt).remote_put_base_site_rsync_match
+            else SiSU::Operations.new(@opt).remote_put_base_site_rsync
             end
           elsif @opt.cmd =~/r/
             if @opt.mod.inspect =~/--init(?:ialize)?=site/ \
             and @opt.cmd =~/CCr/
-              Operations.new(@opt).remote_put_base_site_all
-            else Operations.new(@opt).remote_put_base_site
+              SiSU::Operations.new(@opt).remote_put_base_site_all
+            else SiSU::Operations.new(@opt).remote_put_base_site
             end
           end
         end
         if @opt.act[:sample_search_form][:bool]                                #% --sample-search-form, -F cgi sample search form
-          Operations.new(@opt).cgi
+          SiSU::Operations.new(@opt).cgi
         end
         if @opt.act[:webrick][:bool]                                           #% --webrick, -W webrick
-          Operations.new(@opt).webrick
+          SiSU::Operations.new(@opt).webrick
         end
         if @opt.cmd =~/Z/                                                      #% -Z wipe previous output clean
           op('zap','Zap, deletions')
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ p "here #{__FILE__} #{__LINE__}" if @opt =~/M/
             if @get_s.length > 0                                               #% remote markup file .sst
               require_relative 'remote'                                        # remote.rb
               SiSU_Remote::Get.new(@opt,@get_s).fns
-              Operations.new.counter
+              SiSU::Operations.new.counter
             end
             if @get_p.length > 0                                               #% remote sisupod
               require_relative 'remote'                                        # remote.rb
@@ -536,13 +536,14 @@ p "here #{__FILE__} #{__LINE__}" if @opt =~/M/
             if FileTest.file?(fns)
               @opt.fns=fns
               case @opt.fns
-              when /\.(termsheet.rb)$/;            Operations.new(@opt).termsheet
+              when /\.(termsheet.rb)$/
+                SiSU::Operations.new(@opt).termsheet
               else                                 #print "not processed --> ", fns, "\n"
               end
-            else Operations.new(@opt).not_found
+            else SiSU::Operations.new(@opt).not_found
             end
           end
-          Operations.new.counter
+          SiSU::Operations.new.counter
         end
         if @opt.cmd =~/k/                                                      #% -T temporary tests
           op('xml_scaffold','XML scaffold')
@@ -632,7 +633,7 @@ p "here #{__FILE__} #{__LINE__}" if @opt =~/M/
             and @opt.mod.inspect =~/--(?:(?:convert(?:-from)?|from)[=-])?(?:xml2sst|sxml)/
             elsif @opt.fns=~/\.ssi$/ \
             and @opt.mod.inspect =~/--identify/
-            else Operations.new(@opt).not_recognised
+            else SiSU::Operations.new(@opt).not_recognised
             end
           end
           if @opt.fns =~/\.ssm\.sst$/ \
@@ -641,7 +642,7 @@ p "here #{__FILE__} #{__LINE__}" if @opt =~/M/
             @tell.call.warn unless @opt.cmd =~/V/
             File.unlink(@opt.fns) if File.exist?(@opt.fns) #CONSIDER
           end
-        else                          #Operations.new(fns,'html').not_found
+        else                          #SiSU::Operations.new(fns,'html').not_found
         end
       end
     end
@@ -665,7 +666,7 @@ p "here #{__FILE__} #{__LINE__}" if @opt =~/M/
     home=ENV['HOME']
     argv=$*
     @opt=SiSU_Commandline::Options.new(argv)
-    Processing.new(@opt).actions
+    SiSU::Processing.new(@opt).actions
   rescue; STDERR.puts SiSU_Screen::Ansi.new(@opt,$!,$@,nil).rescue #fix
   ensure
     Dir.chdir(@@pwd_the)
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/manifest.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/manifest.rb
index 30e645b4..3310fa98 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/manifest.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/manifest.rb
@@ -92,13 +92,13 @@ module SiSU_Manifest
           SiSU_Screen::Ansi.new(@opt.cmd,"#{browser} #{url_html}").grey_tab if @opt.cmd =~/v/i
         end
         data=SiSU_HTML::Source::HTML_Environment.new(@particulars).tuned_file_instructions
-        OutputInfo.new(@md).check_output(data)
+        SiSU_Manifest::Source::Output.new(@md).check_output(data)
       rescue; SiSU_Errors::InfoError.new($!,$@,@opt.cmd,@opt.fns).error
       ensure
       end
     end
     private
-    class OutputInfo <Source
+    class Output <Source
       def initialize(md)
         @manifest={ txt: [], html: [] }
         @md,@fns=md,md.fns
@@ -117,8 +117,8 @@ module SiSU_Manifest
       def output
         manifest=@f.write_file.manifest
         @manifest[:html].each do |x|
-          x.gsub!(Xx[:html_relative2],@f.path_rel_links.html_scroll_2)
-          x.gsub!(Xx[:html_relative1],@f.path_rel_links.html_scroll_1)
+          x=x.gsub(Xx[:html_relative2],@f.path_rel_links.html_scroll_2).
+            gsub(Xx[:html_relative1],@f.path_rel_links.html_scroll_1)
           manifest << x
         end
       end
@@ -180,8 +180,7 @@ module SiSU_Manifest
           end
         end
         manifests
-        @m.uniq!
-        @m
+        @m=@m.uniq
       end
       def languages(id,file)
         flv=published_manifests?
@@ -201,7 +200,7 @@ module SiSU_Manifest
         end
       end
       def metadata(id,info)
-        info.to_s.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_line]}/,'<br />')
+        info=info.to_s.gsub(/#{Mx[:br_line]}/,'<br />')
         @manifest[:html] << %{<tr><th class="left"><p class="bold_left">#{id}:</p></th><td><p class="left">#{info}</p></td></tr>\n}
       end
       def links(url,lnk,target)
@@ -772,8 +771,8 @@ WOK
           if @env.manifest_minitoc?
             if @env.output_dir_structure.by_language_code? \
             or @env.output_dir_structure.by_filetype?
-              minitoc.gsub!(/<a href="(\S+?)"/m,%{<a href="../html/#{@md.fnb}/\\1"})
-              minitoc.gsub!(/<a href="\.\.\/html\/#{@md.fnb}\/(?:sisu_manifest\.html|#{@f.base_filename.manifest})"/m,
+              minitoc=minitoc.gsub(/<a href="(\S+?)"/m,%{<a href="../html/#{@md.fnb}/\\1"}).
+                gsub(/<a href="\.\.\/html\/#{@md.fnb}\/(?:sisu_manifest\.html|#{@f.base_filename.manifest})"/m,
               %{<a href="#{@f.base_filename.manifest}"})
             end
             @manifest[:html] <<<<WOK
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/manpage.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/manpage.rb
index 90c31a3b..94416eb2 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/manpage.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/manpage.rb
@@ -138,17 +138,17 @@ module SiSU_Manpage
           else                              SiSU_TextUtils::Wrap.new(e.to_s,78,0,1)
           end
           wrap=util.line_wrap
-          if wrap =~ /^\s*[\d*+]+\s+.+?\s*\Z/m
-            wrap.gsub!(/(^|&nbsp;|#{Mx[:nbsp]}|\s|\*)\\\*/,'\1\\\\\*') #man page requires
-            wrap.gsub!(/\s\.(\S+)/,' \\.\1')
-            wrap.gsub!(/^\s*([\d*+]+)\s+(.+?)\s*\Z/m, <<GSUB
+          wrap=if wrap =~ /^\s*[\d*+]+\s+.+?\s*\Z/m
+            wrap.gsub(/(^|&nbsp;|#{Mx[:nbsp]}|\s|\*)\\\*/,'\1\\\\\*'). #man page requires
+              gsub(/\s\.(\S+)/,' \\.\1').
+              gsub(/^\s*([\d*+]+)\s+(.+?)\s*\Z/m, <<GSUB
 .TP
 .BI \\1.
 \\2
 GSUB
                       )
           else
-            wrap.gsub!(/^\s*(.+)\Z/m, <<GSUB
+            wrap.gsub(/^\s*(.+)\Z/m, <<GSUB
 \\1
 GSUB
                       )
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ WOK
           else util=SiSU_TextUtils::Wrap.new(paragraph,78,0)
           end
           w=util.line_wrap
-          w.gsub!(/^(\\\.)/,' \1')
+          w=w.gsub(/^(\\\.)/,' \1')
           w
         end
         if lv
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ WOK
           end
         else
           @manpage[:body] << if  wrapped =~/^\.BI\s/ # main text, contents, body KEEP
-            '.TP' << @br << wrapped.gsub!(/^\.BI\s/,'.B ') # sleight ... simpler output
+            '.TP' << @br << wrapped.gsub(/^\.BI\s/,'.B ') # sleight ... simpler output (check gsub!)
           else
             '.br' << @br << wrapped
           end
@@ -263,76 +263,76 @@ WOK
           or dob.is=='heading_insert'
             dob.obj=''
           end
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/.+?<-#>/,'')                                           # remove dummy headings (used by html) #check
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'^\1^')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,'[\1]')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'++\1++')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,'--\1--')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,'"\1"')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_monospace_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_monospace_c]}/,'\1')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/\A\s*#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}#{Mx[:br_line]}([,.:!?](?: |$))?/m,"#{Mx[:br_line]}.I \\1\\2#{Mx[:br_line]}")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/\s*#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}([,.:!?](?: |$))?/m,"#{Mx[:br_line]}.I \\1\\2#{Mx[:br_line]}")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/\A\s*#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}([,.:!?](?: |$))?#{Mx[:br_line]}/m,"#{Mx[:br_line]}.BI \\1\\2#{Mx[:br_line]}")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/\s*#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}([,.:!?](?: |$))?/,"#{Mx[:br_line]}.B \\1\\2#{Mx[:br_line]}")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/\s*#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}([,.:!?](?: |$))?/,"#{Mx[:br_line]}.I \\1\\2#{Mx[:br_line]}")
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/.+?<-#>/,'').                                           # remove dummy headings (used by html) #check
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'^\1^').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,'[\1]').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'++\1++').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,'--\1--').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,'"\1"').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_monospace_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_monospace_c]}/,'\1').
+            gsub(/\A\s*#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}#{Mx[:br_line]}([,.:!?](?: |$))?/m,"#{Mx[:br_line]}.I \\1\\2#{Mx[:br_line]}").
+            gsub(/\s*#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}([,.:!?](?: |$))?/m,"#{Mx[:br_line]}.I \\1\\2#{Mx[:br_line]}").
+            gsub(/\A\s*#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}([,.:!?](?: |$))?#{Mx[:br_line]}/m,"#{Mx[:br_line]}.BI \\1\\2#{Mx[:br_line]}").
+            gsub(/\s*#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}([,.:!?](?: |$))?/,"#{Mx[:br_line]}.B \\1\\2#{Mx[:br_line]}").
+            gsub(/\s*#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}([,.:!?](?: |$))?/,"#{Mx[:br_line]}.I \\1\\2#{Mx[:br_line]}")
           unless dob.is=='code'
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:^|\s)#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}([,.:!?](?: |$))?/,"\\1 #{@brace_url.txt_open}\\2#{@brace_url.txt_close}\\3")
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s)#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}([,.:!?](?: |$))?/,"\\1#{@brace_url.txt_open}\\2#{@brace_url.txt_close}\\3")
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(?:^|\s)#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}([,.:!?](?: |$))?/,"\\1 #{@brace_url.txt_open}\\2#{@brace_url.txt_close}\\3").
+              gsub(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s)#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}([,.:!?](?: |$))?/,"\\1#{@brace_url.txt_open}\\2#{@brace_url.txt_close}\\3")
             @manpage[:endnotes]=extract_endnotes(dob.obj)
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([\d*+]+)\s*(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/m,'[^\1]') # endnote marker marked up
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([\d*+]+)\s*(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/m,'[^\1]') # endnote marker marked up
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#amp#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'&') ##{Mx[:gl_o]}#095#{Mx[:gl_c]}
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#033#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'!')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#035#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'#')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#042#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'*')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#045#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'-')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#092#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\e')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#047#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'/')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#095#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'_')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#123#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'{')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#125#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'}')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#126#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'~')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#169#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'©')
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([\d*+]+)\s*(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/m,'[^\1]'). # endnote marker marked up
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([\d*+]+)\s*(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/m,'[^\1]'). # endnote marker marked up
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#amp#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'&'). ##{Mx[:gl_o]}#095#{Mx[:gl_c]}
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#033#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'!').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#035#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'#').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#042#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'*').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#045#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'-').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#092#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\e').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#047#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'/').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#095#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'_').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#123#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'{').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#125#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'}').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#126#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'~').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#169#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'©')
           else
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/\\/,'\e')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]})\s*/,"\n\n")                                   # watch
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/\\/,'\e').
+              gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]})\s*/,"\n\n")                                   # watch
             #dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]})+\s*/,"\n")                                   # watch
           end
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|&nbsp;|#{Mx[:nbsp]}|\s|\*)\\\*/,'\1\\\\\*') #man page requires
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/┆/,'|')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/\s\.(\S+)/,' \\.\1')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(\n\.)(\S\S\S+)/m,'\1\\.\2')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/-/,'\-') #manpages use this
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/&#126;/,'~') if dob.obj #manpages use this
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(^|&nbsp;|#{Mx[:nbsp]}|\s|\*)\\\*/,'\1\\\\\*'). #man page requires
+            gsub(/┆/,'|').
+            gsub(/\s\.(\S+)/,' \\.\1').
+            gsub(/(\n\.)(\S\S\S+)/m,'\1\\.\2').
+            gsub(/-/,'\-') #manpages use this
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/&#126;/,'~') if dob.obj #manpages use this
           if dob.is =~/block|group|verse|alt|code/
             if dob.is =='code'
-              dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|[^}])_([<>])/m,'\1\2') # _> _<
-              dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|[^}])_([<>])/m,'\1\2') # _<_<
-              dob.obj.gsub!(/\A(.+)?\Z/m,".nf\n\n\\1\n\n.fi")
+              dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(^|[^}])_([<>])/m,'\1\2'). # _> _<
+                gsub(/(^|[^}])_([<>])/m,'\1\2'). # _<_<
+                gsub(/\A(.+)?\Z/m,".nf\n\n\\1\n\n.fi")
             end
           end
           #dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]})+\s*/m,"\n.br\n")                                   # watch
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]})+\s*/m,"\n\n")                                   # watch
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]})+\s*/m,"\n\n")                                   # watch
           blit=dob.obj.scan(/\[[^\]]+\]|[^\[]+/)
           blit_array=[]
           blit.each do |x|
-            if x =~/^\[/
-              x.gsub!(/\s+/,' \ ') #manpages use this
+            x=if x =~/^\[/
+              x.gsub(/\s+/,' \ ') #manpages use this
             else x
             end
             blit_array << x
           end
           dob.obj=blit_array.join
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}:name#\S+?#{Mx[:gl_c]}/mi,'') #added
-          #dob.obj.gsub!(/\s\\\s+(#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]})/,'\1') #a messy solution
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_page]}\s*|#{Mx[:br_page_new]}/,'')                                         # remove page breaks
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s)#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1\2')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/<a href=".+?">(.+?)<\/a>/m,'\1')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}name#\S+?#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'')                                     # remove name links
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/&nbsp;|#{Mx[:nbsp]}/,' ')                                          # decide on
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\s*(\S+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif)) .+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'    [ \1 ]') #"[ #{dir.url.images_local}\/\\1 ]")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\s*(\S+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif)) .+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}image/,'    [ \1 ]') #"[ #{dir.url.images_local}\/\\1 ]")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/^(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\s*\S+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif)\s+.+?"(.*?)"\s*#{Mx[:lnk_c]}\S+/,'[image: "\1"]')
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}:name#\S+?#{Mx[:gl_c]}/mi,''). #added
+          #gsub(/\s\\\s+(#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]})/,'\1'). #a messy solution
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:br_page]}\s*|#{Mx[:br_page_new]}/,'').                                         # remove page breaks
+            gsub(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s)#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1\2').
+            gsub(/<a href=".+?">(.+?)<\/a>/m,'\1').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}name#\S+?#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'').                                     # remove name links
+            gsub(/&nbsp;|#{Mx[:nbsp]}/,' ').                                          # decide on
+            gsub(/(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\s*(\S+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif)) .+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'    [ \1 ]'). #"[ #{dir.url.images_local}\/\\1 ]")
+            gsub(/(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\s*(\S+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif)) .+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}image/,'    [ \1 ]'). #"[ #{dir.url.images_local}\/\\1 ]")
+            gsub(/^(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\s*\S+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif)\s+.+?"(.*?)"\s*#{Mx[:lnk_c]}\S+/,'[image: "\1"]')
           wordlist=dob.obj.scan(/\S+/)
           if dob.obj !~/(^#{Rx[:meta]}|#{Mx[:br_eof]}|#{Mx[:br_endnotes]})/
             if dob.obj =~@regx #/.+?<~\d+;\w\d+;\w\d+>.*/ #watch change
@@ -362,14 +362,14 @@ WOK
               dob.obj=''
             end
             if dob.obj
-              dob.obj.gsub!(/\s(\[)/m,' \ \1')
-              dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]})\s*/,"\n\n")                                   # watch
-              dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#126#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'~')
-              dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#123#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'{')
-              dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:pa_o]}\S+#{Mx[:pa_c]}/,' ')
+              dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/\s(\[)/m,' \ \1').
+                gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]})\s*/,"\n\n").                                   # watch
+                gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#126#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'~').
+                gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#123#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'{').
+                gsub(/#{Mx[:pa_o]}\S+#{Mx[:pa_c]}/,' ')
               unless dob.is =='code'
-                dob.obj.gsub!(/<!.+!>/,' ')
-                dob.obj.gsub!(/<:\S+>/,' ')
+                dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/<!.+!>/,' ').
+                  gsub(/<:\S+>/,' ')
               end
             end
             dob
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ WOK
           if para.class==Array \
           and para.length > 0
             para.each do |line|
-              line.gsub!(/\s+$/m,'')
+              line=line.gsub(/\s+$/m,'')
               filename_manpage.puts line           #unix manpage
             end
           else filename_manpage.puts para          #unix manpage # /^([*=-]|\.){5}/
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/odf.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/odf.rb
index 4b90c543..d58da74e 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/odf.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/odf.rb
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ module SiSU_ODF
         @@odf[:tail] << "\n</office:text></office:body></office:document-content>"
       end
       def heading(dob,p_num='')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tag_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:tag_c]}/,'') #check
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:tag_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:tag_c]}/,'') #check
         m=/#{$1}/
         breakpage=''
         if @md.fns \
@@ -232,29 +232,29 @@ module SiSU_ODF
         end
         if m; m.each do |i|
             cont,url=i[1],i[2]
-            cont.gsub!(/([)(\]\[])/,"\\\\\\1")
-            cont.gsub!(/([+?])/,"\\\\\\1") # incorrect handling of +
-            url.gsub!(/([+?])/,"\\\\\\1")
-            dob.obj.sub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}[ ]*#{cont}[ ]*#{Mx[:lnk_c]}image/m,image_odf(i))
-            dob.obj.sub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}[ ]*#{cont}[ ]*#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}#{url}#{Mx[:url_c]}/m,image_odf(i))
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/\\([)(\]\[?])/,'\1') #clumsy fix
+            cont=cont.gsub(/([)(\]\[])/,"\\\\\\1").
+              gsub(/([+?])/,"\\\\\\1") # incorrect handling of +
+            url=url.gsub(/([+?])/,"\\\\\\1")
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.sub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}[ ]*#{cont}[ ]*#{Mx[:lnk_c]}image/m,image_odf(i)).
+              sub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}[ ]*#{cont}[ ]*#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}#{url}#{Mx[:url_c]}/m,image_odf(i)).
+              sub(/\\([)(\]\[?])/,'\1') #clumsy fix
           end
           m=nil
         end
         dob
       end
       def text_link_odf(txt,url,trail)
-        txt.gsub!(/(\\\+)/,'+') #this is convoluted, and risky :-(
-        url.gsub!(/(\\\+)/,'+') #this is convoluted, and risky :-(
+        txt=txt.gsub(/(\\\+)/,'+') #this is convoluted, and risky :-(
+        url=url.gsub(/(\\\+)/,'+') #this is convoluted, and risky :-(
         map_nametags=SiSU_Particulars::CombinedSingleton.instance.get_map_nametags(@md).nametags_map
         t=case url
         when /^https?:/
           %{<text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="#{url}">#{txt.strip}</text:a>#{trail}}
         when /^:/                 # site same document collection html link
-          url.gsub!(/^:/,"#{@env.url.root}/")
+          url=url.gsub(/^:/,"#{@env.url.root}/")
           %{<text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="#{url}">#{txt.strip}</text:a>#{trail}}
         when /^\.\.\//                 # site same document collection html link
-          url.gsub!(/^\.\.\//,"#{@env.url.root}/")
+          url=url.gsub(/^\.\.\//,"#{@env.url.root}/")
           %{<text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="#{url}">#{txt.strip}</text:a>#{trail}}
         else                           # document internal link
           if map_nametags[url] \
@@ -273,11 +273,11 @@ module SiSU_ODF
         if m
           m.each do |i|
             txt,url,trail=i[1],i[2]
-            txt.gsub!(/([)(\]\[])/,"\\\\\\1")
-            txt.gsub!(/([+?*])/,"\\\\\\1") # problems with +
-            url.gsub!(/([+?])/,"\\\\\\1") # problems with +
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}[ ]*#{txt}#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}#{url}#{Mx[:url_c]}/m,text_link_odf(txt,url,trail)) #make sure trailing ']' are not caught in url
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/\\([)(\]\[?])/,'\1') #clumsy fix
+            txt=txt.gsub(/([)(\]\[])/,"\\\\\\1").
+              gsub(/([+?*])/,"\\\\\\1") # problems with +
+            url=url.gsub(/([+?])/,"\\\\\\1") # problems with +
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}[ ]*#{txt}#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}#{url}#{Mx[:url_c]}/m,text_link_odf(txt,url,trail)). #make sure trailing ']' are not caught in url
+              gsub(/\\([)(\]\[?])/,'\1') #clumsy fix
           end
           m=nil
         end
@@ -288,23 +288,23 @@ module SiSU_ODF
         if m
           m.each do |i|
             txt,url,trail=i[1],i[2]
-            txt.gsub!(/([)(\]\[])/,"\\\\\\1")
-            txt.gsub!(/([+?*])/,"\\\\\\1") # problems with +
-            url.gsub!(/([+?])/,"\\\\\\1") # problems with +
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}[ ]*#{txt}#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}#{url}#{Mx[:rel_c]}/m,text_link_odf(txt,url,trail)) #make sure trailing ']' are not caught in url
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/\\([)(\]\[?])/,'\1') #clumsy fix
+            txt=txt.gsub(/([)(\]\[])/,"\\\\\\1").
+              gsub(/([+?*])/,"\\\\\\1") # problems with +
+            url=url.gsub(/([+?])/,"\\\\\\1") # problems with +
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}[ ]*#{txt}#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}#{url}#{Mx[:rel_c]}/m,text_link_odf(txt,url,trail)). #make sure trailing ']' are not caught in url
+              gsub(/\\([)(\]\[?])/,'\1') #clumsy fix
           end
           m=nil
         end
         dob
       end
       def normal(dob,p_num='')                                                           #P1 - P3
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
-          '<text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="\1">\1</text:a>') #http ftp matches escaped, no decoration
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}([a-zA-Z0-9._-]+\@\S+?\.[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
-          %{#{@brace_url.xml_open}<text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="mailto:\\1">\\1</text:a>#{@brace_url.xml_close}})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
-          %{#{@brace_url.xml_open}<text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="\\1">\\1</text:a>#{@brace_url.xml_close}}) #http ftp matches with decoration
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+            '<text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="\1">\1</text:a>'). #http ftp matches escaped, no decoration
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}([a-zA-Z0-9._-]+\@\S+?\.[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+            %{#{@brace_url.xml_open}<text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="mailto:\\1">\\1</text:a>#{@brace_url.xml_close}}).
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+            %{#{@brace_url.xml_open}<text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="\\1">\\1</text:a>#{@brace_url.xml_close}}) #http ftp matches with decoration
         dob.obj= if dob.is=='para' \
         and dob.indent.to_s =~/[0-9]/ \
         and dob.indent == dob.hang
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ module SiSU_ODF
       def fontface(dob)
       end
       def footnote_urls(str)
-        str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+        str=str.gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
           %{#{@brace_url.xml_open}<text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="\\1">\\1</text:a>#{@brace_url.xml_close}})
         str=text_link(str) if str =~/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}/
         str=text_link_relative(str) if str =~/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:rel_c]}/
@@ -334,11 +334,11 @@ module SiSU_ODF
           @astx||=10000
           @astxs||=20000
           if str =~/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}\d+\s+/
-            str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'<text:note text:id="ftn\1" text:note-class="footnote"><text:note-citation>\1</text:note-citation><text:note-body><text:p text:style-name="Footnote"> \2</text:p><text:p text:style-name="Footnote"/></text:note-body></text:note>')
+            str=str.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'<text:note text:id="ftn\1" text:note-class="footnote"><text:note-citation>\1</text:note-citation><text:note-body><text:p text:style-name="Footnote"> \2</text:p><text:p text:style-name="Footnote"/></text:note-body></text:note>')
           end
           if str =~/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([*]+)\s+/
             a=$1.gsub(/([*])/,"\\\\\\1")
-              str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([*]+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,%{<text:note text:id="ftn#{@astx.to_s}" text:note-class="footnote"><text:note-citation text:label="\\1">\\1</text:note-citation><text:note-body><text:p text:style-name="Footnote"> \\2</text:p><text:p text:style-name="Footnote"/></text:note-body></text:note>})
+              str=str.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([*]+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,%{<text:note text:id="ftn#{@astx.to_s}" text:note-class="footnote"><text:note-citation text:label="\\1">\\1</text:note-citation><text:note-body><text:p text:style-name="Footnote"> \\2</text:p><text:p text:style-name="Footnote"/></text:note-body></text:note>})
               @astxs+=1
           end
           if str=~/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}[*+]+\s/
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ module SiSU_ODF
               a=x[0].gsub(/([*+])/,"\\\\\\1")
               str=group_clean(str)
               str=footnote_urls(str)
-              str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(#{a})\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,%{<text:note text:id="ftn#{@astx.to_s}" text:note-class="footnote"><text:note-citation text:label="\\1">\\1</text:note-citation><text:note-body><text:p text:style-name="Footnote"> \\2</text:p><text:p text:style-name="Footnote"/></text:note-body></text:note>})
+              str=str.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(#{a})\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,%{<text:note text:id="ftn#{@astx.to_s}" text:note-class="footnote"><text:note-citation text:label="\\1">\\1</text:note-citation><text:note-body><text:p text:style-name="Footnote"> \\2</text:p><text:p text:style-name="Footnote"/></text:note-body></text:note>})
               @astx+=1
             end
           end
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ module SiSU_ODF
               a=x[0].gsub(/([*+])/,"\\\\\\1")
               str=group_clean(str)
               str=footnote_urls(str)
-              str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}(#{a})\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,%{<text:note text:id="ftn#{@astx.to_s}" text:note-class="footnote"><text:note-citation text:label="\\1">\\1</text:note-citation><text:note-body><text:p text:style-name="Footnote"> \\2</text:p><text:p text:style-name="Footnote"/></text:note-body></text:note>})
+              str=str.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}(#{a})\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,%{<text:note text:id="ftn#{@astx.to_s}" text:note-class="footnote"><text:note-citation text:label="\\1">\\1</text:note-citation><text:note-body><text:p text:style-name="Footnote"> \\2</text:p><text:p text:style-name="Footnote"/></text:note-body></text:note>})
               @astx+=1
             end
           end
@@ -368,12 +368,11 @@ module SiSU_ODF
         t_o
       end
       def group_clean(str)
-        str.gsub!(/&amp;nbsp;|&nbsp;|#{Mx[:nbsp]}/,'&#160;')
-        str.gsub!(/</,'&lt;'); str.gsub!(/>/,'&gt;')
-        str.gsub!(/&lt;(text:span text:style-name="Span_\S+?"|\/text:span)&gt;/,'<\1>') #works, not ideal
-        str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_line]}/,'<br />')
-        str.gsub!(/&lt;br(?:\s+\/)?&gt;/,'<br />')
-        str
+        str=str.gsub(/&amp;nbsp;|&nbsp;|#{Mx[:nbsp]}/,'&#160;').
+          gsub(/</,'&lt;').gsub(/>/,'&gt;').
+          gsub(/&lt;(text:span text:style-name="Span_\S+?"|\/text:span)&gt;/,'<\1>'). #works, not ideal
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:br_line]}/,'<br />').
+          gsub(/&lt;br(?:\s+\/)?&gt;/,'<br />')
       end
       def poem(dob,p_num)                                                             #P4 #same as group
         parray=[]
@@ -388,19 +387,19 @@ module SiSU_ODF
       end
       def group(dob,p_num)                                                            #P4 #same as verse
         parray=[]
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
-          '<text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="\1">\1</text:a>') #http ftp matches escaped, no decoration
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}([a-zA-Z0-9._-]+\@\S+?\.[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
-          %{#{@brace_url.xml_open}<text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="mailto:\\1">\\1</text:a>#{@brace_url.xml_close}})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
-          %{#{@brace_url.xml_open}<text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="\\1">\\1</text:a>#{@brace_url.xml_close}}) #http ftp matches with decoration
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+            '<text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="\1">\1</text:a>'). #http ftp matches escaped, no decoration
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}([a-zA-Z0-9._-]+\@\S+?\.[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+            %{#{@brace_url.xml_open}<text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="mailto:\\1">\\1</text:a>#{@brace_url.xml_close}}).
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+            %{#{@brace_url.xml_open}<text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="\\1">\\1</text:a>#{@brace_url.xml_close}}) #http ftp matches with decoration
         dob.obj.split(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/).each do |parablock|
           parablock=group_clean(parablock)
-          parablock.gsub!(/&lt;text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="(.+?)"&gt;/m,'<text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="\1">')
-          parablock.gsub!(/&lt;(\/text:a)&gt;/,'<\1>')
-          parablock.gsub!(/&lt;(text:note text:id=.+?)&gt;/,'<\1>')
-          parablock.gsub!(/&lt;(text:p text:style-name="Footnote")&gt;/,'<\1>')
-          parablock.gsub!(/&lt;(\/?text:(?:note-citation|note-body|note|p))&gt;/,'<\1>')
+          parablock=parablock.gsub(/&lt;text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="(.+?)"&gt;/m,'<text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="\1">').
+            gsub(/&lt;(\/text:a)&gt;/,'<\1>').
+            gsub(/&lt;(text:note text:id=.+?)&gt;/,'<\1>').
+            gsub(/&lt;(text:p text:style-name="Footnote")&gt;/,'<\1>').
+            gsub(/&lt;(\/?text:(?:note-citation|note-body|note|p))&gt;/,'<\1>')
           parablock=footnote(parablock)
           parray << %{<text:p text:style-name="P_group">#{parablock}</text:p>} if parablock =~/\S+/
         end
@@ -411,19 +410,19 @@ module SiSU_ODF
       end
       def block(dob,p_num)                                                            #P4 #same as verse
         parray=[]
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
-          '<text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="\1">\1</text:a>') #http ftp matches escaped, no decoration
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}([a-zA-Z0-9._-]+\@\S+?\.[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
-          %{#{@brace_url.xml_open}<text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="mailto:\\1">\\1</text:a>#{@brace_url.xml_close}})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
-          %{#{@brace_url.xml_open}<text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="\\1">\\1</text:a>#{@brace_url.xml_close}}) #http ftp matches with decoration
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+            '<text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="\1">\1</text:a>'). #http ftp matches escaped, no decoration
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}([a-zA-Z0-9._-]+\@\S+?\.[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+            %{#{@brace_url.xml_open}<text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="mailto:\\1">\\1</text:a>#{@brace_url.xml_close}}).
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+            %{#{@brace_url.xml_open}<text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="\\1">\\1</text:a>#{@brace_url.xml_close}}) #http ftp matches with decoration
         dob.obj.split(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/).each do |parablock|
           parablock=group_clean(parablock)
-          parablock.gsub!(/&lt;text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="(.+?)"&gt;/m,'<text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="\1">')
-          parablock.gsub!(/&lt;(\/text:a)&gt;/,'<\1>')
-          parablock.gsub!(/&lt;(text:note text:id=.+?)&gt;/,'<\1>')
-          parablock.gsub!(/&lt;(text:p text:style-name="Footnote")&gt;/,'<\1>')
-          parablock.gsub!(/&lt;(\/?text:(?:note-citation|note-body|note|p))&gt;/,'<\1>')
+          parablock=parablock.gsub(/&lt;text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="(.+?)"&gt;/m,'<text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="\1">').
+            gsub(/&lt;(\/text:a)&gt;/,'<\1>').
+            gsub(/&lt;(text:note text:id=.+?)&gt;/,'<\1>').
+            gsub(/&lt;(text:p text:style-name="Footnote")&gt;/,'<\1>').
+            gsub(/&lt;(\/?text:(?:note-citation|note-body|note|p))&gt;/,'<\1>')
           parablock=footnote(parablock)
           parray << %{<text:p text:style-name="P_group">#{parablock}</text:p>} if parablock =~/\S+/
         end
@@ -434,13 +433,13 @@ module SiSU_ODF
       end
       def code(dob,p_num)                                                             #P5
         if dob.is=='code'
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/\s\s/,'&#160;&#160;')
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/\s\s/,'&#160;&#160;')
           parray=[]
           dob.obj.split(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/).each do |parablock|
             parablock=group_clean(parablock)
-            parablock.gsub!(/^\s*$/,'<br />')
-            parablock.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
-              '<text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="\1">\1</text:a>') #http ftp matches escaped, no decoration
+            parablock=parablock.gsub(/^\s*$/,'<br />').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+                '<text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="\1">\1</text:a>') #http ftp matches escaped, no decoration
             parray << %{<text:p text:style-name="P_code">#{parablock}</text:p>} if parablock =~/\S+/
           end
           dob.obj=parray.join \
@@ -528,18 +527,18 @@ module SiSU_ODF
           #p dob.obj if dob.obj =~safe_characters and @md.opt.cmd =~/V/ #KEEP
           dob.obj='' if dob.obj =~/#{Mx[:lv_o]}\d+:.*?#{Mx[:lv_c]}.+?#{Mx[:pa_non_object_dummy_heading]}/ #fix Mx[:lv_o]
           para_array=[]
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/</,'&lt;'); dob.obj.gsub!(/>/,'&gt;')
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/</,'&lt;').gsub(/>/,'&gt;')
           word=dob.obj.scan(/\S+|\n/)
           if word
             word.each do |w| # _ - / # | : ! ^ ~
               unless dob =~/^(?:#{Rx[:meta]}|%+ )/m
-                w.gsub!(/&#(?:126|152);/,'~') #126 usual
-                w.gsub!(/&nbsp;/,'&#160;')
+                w=w.gsub(/&#(?:126|152);/,'~'). #126 usual
+                  gsub(/&nbsp;/,'&#160;')
                 if w !~/(?:&\S{2,7}?;)+/
-                  w.gsub!(/&/,'&amp;')
+                  w=w.gsub(/&/,'&amp;')
                 end
                 if w !~/&\S{1,7}?;(?:&\S{1,7}?;)+/    #imperfect
-                  w.gsub!(/(&\S{1,7};)+&/,'\1&amp;')
+                  w=w.gsub(/(&\S{1,7};)+&/,'\1&amp;')
                 end
               end
               para_array << w
@@ -548,50 +547,50 @@ module SiSU_ODF
             dob.obj=dob.obj.strip
           end
           if dob.is=='code' #{Mx[:gr_o]}code#{Mx[:gr_c]}/ #fix #code-block: angle brackets special characters #fix
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|[^}])_(?:<|&lt;)/m,'\1&lt;'); dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|[^}])_(?:>|&gt;)/m,'\1&gt;')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|[^}])_(?:<|&lt;)/m,'\1&lt;'); dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|[^}])_(?:>|&gt;)/m,'\1&gt;')
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(^|[^}])_(?:<|&lt;)/m,'\1&lt;').gsub(/(^|[^}])_(?:>|&gt;)/m,'\1&gt;').
+              gsub(/(^|[^}])_(?:<|&lt;)/m,'\1&lt;').gsub(/(^|[^}])_(?:>|&gt;)/m,'\1&gt;')
           end
           if dob.of=='block'
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_bullet]}/,'● ')
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_bullet]}/,'● ')
           end
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,'<del>\1</del>')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'<ins>\1</ins>')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,'<cite>\1</cite>')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tag_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:tag_c]}/,'') #check
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}#([a-zA-Z]+)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'&\1;')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}(#[0-9]+)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'&\1;')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}[~-]##{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'')
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,'<del>\1</del>').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'<ins>\1</ins>').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,'<cite>\1</cite>').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:tag_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:tag_c]}/,''). #check
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}#([a-zA-Z]+)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'&\1;').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}(#[0-9]+)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'&\1;').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}[~-]##{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'')
           if dob.is=='para' \
           and dob.bullet_
             dob.obj='<draw:frame draw:style-name="gr1" text:anchor-type="as-char" svg:width="0.22cm" svg:height="0.22cm" draw:z-index="2"><draw:image xlink:href="Pictures/bullet_09.png" xlink:type="simple" xlink:show="embed" xlink:actuate="onLoad"/></draw:frame> ' +
               dob.obj
           end
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_line]}/,'<br />')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/&#169;/,'©') #too arbitrary
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/.+?<-#>/,'')                                           # remove dummy headings (used by html) #check
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,
-            '<text:span text:style-name="Span_bold">\1</text:span>')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,
-            '<text:span text:style-name="Span_italic">\1</text:span>')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,
-            '<text:span text:style-name="Span_underscore">\1</text:span>')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,
-            '<text:span text:style-name="Span_superscript">\1</text:span>')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,
-            '<text:span text:style-name="Span_subscript">\1</text:span>')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_monospace_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_monospace_c]}/,
-            '<text:span text:style-name="Span_monospace">\1</text:span>')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/­/u,'-')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ /u, ' ')       # space identify
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ /u, ' ')       # space identify
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/·/u,'*')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/[­–—]/u,'-')   #— – chk
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ < /i,'&#060;')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/\\copy(?:right)?\b/,'&#169;')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/\\trademark\b|\\tm\b/,'&#174;')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/\44/,'&#36;') #$ watch
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/<a href=".+?">(.+?)<\/a>/,'\1')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}name#\S+?#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'')                                       # remove name links
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:br_line]}/,'<br />').
+            gsub(/&#169;/,'©'). #too arbitrary
+            gsub(/.+?<-#>/,'').                                           # remove dummy headings (used by html) #check
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,
+              '<text:span text:style-name="Span_bold">\1</text:span>').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,
+              '<text:span text:style-name="Span_italic">\1</text:span>').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,
+              '<text:span text:style-name="Span_underscore">\1</text:span>').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,
+              '<text:span text:style-name="Span_superscript">\1</text:span>').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,
+              '<text:span text:style-name="Span_subscript">\1</text:span>').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_monospace_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_monospace_c]}/,
+              '<text:span text:style-name="Span_monospace">\1</text:span>').
+            gsub(/­/u,'-').
+            gsub(/ /u, ' ').       # space identify
+            gsub(/ /u, ' ').       # space identify
+            gsub(/·/u,'*').
+            gsub(/[­–—]/u,'-').   #— – chk
+            gsub(/ < /i,'&#060;').
+            gsub(/\\copy(?:right)?\b/,'&#169;').
+            gsub(/\\trademark\b|\\tm\b/,'&#174;').
+            gsub(/\44/,'&#36;'). #$ watch
+            gsub(/<a href=".+?">(.+?)<\/a>/,'\1').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}name#\S+?#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'')                                       # remove name links
           wordlist=dob.obj.scan(/\S+/)
           dob.obj=tidywords(wordlist).join(' ').strip
           @rcdc=true if @rcdc==false \
@@ -603,9 +602,11 @@ module SiSU_ODF
             if dob.is=~/heading|para|group|verse|code|table|break/ # extend, include other types
               odf_structure(@md,dob)
             end
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/<!.+!>/,' ') if dob.obj ## Clean Prepared Text
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_o]}.+?#{Mx[:tc_c]}/,' ') if dob.obj ## CHECK Clean Prepared Text
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/<:\S+>/,' ') if dob.obj ## Clean Prepared Text
+            if dob.obj ## Clean Prepared Text
+              dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/<!.+!>/,' ').
+                gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_o]}.+?#{Mx[:tc_c]}/,' ').
+                gsub(/<:\S+>/,' ')
+            end
           end
         end
       end
@@ -637,8 +638,8 @@ module SiSU_ODF
   <style:style style:name="Table2.M" style:family="table-column"><style:table-column-properties style:column-width="1.307" style:rel-column-width="5041*"/></style:style>
   <style:style style:name="Table2.N" style:family="table-column"><style:table-column-properties style:column-width="1.214cm" style:rel-column-width="4681*"/></style:style>
 WOK
-          x.strip!
-          x.gsub!(/\n+/m,'') unless @md.opt.cmd=~/M/
+          x=x.strip
+          x=x.gsub(/\n+/m,'') unless @md.opt.cmd=~/M/
           x
         else ''
         end
@@ -660,8 +661,8 @@ WOK
     <office:forms form:automatic-focus="false" form:apply-design-mode="false"/>
     <text:sequence-decls><text:sequence-decl text:display-outline-level="0" text:name="Illustration"/><text:sequence-decl text:display-outline-level="0" text:name="Table"/><text:sequence-decl text:display-outline-level="0" text:name="Text"/><text:sequence-decl text:display-outline-level="0" text:name="Drawing"/></text:sequence-decls>
 WOK
-        x.strip!
-        x.gsub!(/\n+/m,'') unless @md.opt.cmd=~/M/
+        x=x.strip
+        x=x.gsub(/\n+/m,'') unless @md.opt.cmd=~/M/
         @@odf[:head] << x
       end
       def post
@@ -675,7 +676,7 @@ WOK
         content << @@odf[:body]
         content << @@odf[:metadata]
         content << @@odf[:tail]
-        Output.new(content,@md,@env).odf
+        SiSU_ODF::Source::Output.new(content,@md,@env).odf
         @@odf[:head],@@odf[:body],@@odf[:tail],@@odf[:metadata]=[],[],[],[]
       end
     end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/odf_format.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/odf_format.rb
index 9167fc5e..c6d4b504 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/odf_format.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/odf_format.rb
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ module SiSU_ODF_Format
         p caller
       end
       rgx=/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}\d+\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/
-      @txt.gsub!(rgx,'\1') if @txt =~rgx
+      @txt=@txt.gsub(rgx,'\1') if @txt =~rgx
       @vz=SiSU_Env::GetInit.instance.skin
     end
     def scr_endnote_body
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ module SiSU_ODF_Format
         'Table_Heading'
       else 'P_table_cell'
       end
-      str.gsub!(/^~$/,'') # tilde / empty cell
+      str=str.gsub(/^~$/,'') # tilde / empty cell
       %{<table:table-cell office:value-type="string">#{@br}} +
       %{<text:p text:style-name="#{txt_name_cell}">#{@br}} +
       %{#{str}} +
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ module SiSU_ODF_Format
       row='' if row =~/^<!$/
       m=row[/<!f(.+?)!>/,1]
       @@tablefoot << m if m
-      row.gsub!(/<!f.+?!>/,'')
+      row=row.gsub(/<!f.+?!>/,'')
       @cells=[]
       row.split(/\s*#{Mx[:tc_p]}/).each do |cell|
         @cells << table_tag_cell(cell,i)
@@ -226,8 +226,8 @@ module SiSU_ODF_Format
   </rdf:Description>
 </rdf:RDF>
 WOK
-      x.strip!
-      x.gsub!(/\n+/m,'') unless @md.opt.cmd=~/M/
+      x=x.strip
+      x=x.gsub(/\n+/m,'') unless @md.opt.cmd=~/M/
       x
     end
     def meta_inf_manifest_xml(md)
@@ -256,8 +256,8 @@ WOK
   <manifest:file-entry manifest:media-type="application/vnd.sun.xml.ui.configuration" manifest:full-path="Configurations2/"/>
 </manifest:manifest>
 WOK
-      x.strip!
-      x.gsub!(/\n+/m,'') unless @md.opt.cmd=~/M/
+      x=x.strip
+      x=x.gsub(/\n+/m,'') unless @md.opt.cmd=~/M/
       x
     end
     def meta_xml
@@ -272,8 +272,8 @@ WOK
   </office:meta>
 </office:document-meta>
 WOK
-      x.strip!
-      x.gsub!(/\n+/m,'') unless @md.opt.cmd=~/M/
+      x=x.strip
+      x=x.gsub(/\n+/m,'') unless @md.opt.cmd=~/M/
       x
     end
     def settings_xml
@@ -375,8 +375,8 @@ WOK
   </office:settings>
 </office:document-settings>
 WOK
-      x.strip!
-      x.gsub!(/\n+/m,'') unless @md.opt.cmd=~/M/
+      x=x.strip
+      x=x.gsub(/\n+/m,'') unless @md.opt.cmd=~/M/
       x
     end
     def styles_xml
@@ -576,15 +576,15 @@ WOK
   </office:master-styles>
 </office:document-styles>
 WOK
-      x.strip!
-      x.gsub!(/\n+/m,'') unless @md.opt.cmd=~/M/
+      x=x.strip
+      x=x.gsub(/\n+/m,'') unless @md.opt.cmd=~/M/
       x
     end
     def mimetype
       x=<<WOK
 application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text
 WOK
-      x.strip!
+      x=x.strip
     end
   end
   class FormatObjBreak
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/options.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/options.rb
index 23f45136..4cd071ac 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/options.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/options.rb
@@ -87,7 +87,8 @@ module SiSU_Commandline
             x << Dir.glob("#{d}/*.ss[tm]")
           end
         end
-        opt + x.flatten!
+        x=x.flatten
+        opt + x
       end
     end
     def find_select(find_flag,opt)
@@ -112,8 +113,8 @@ module SiSU_Commandline
             end
           end
         end
-        x.flatten!
-     end
+        x.flatten
+      end
     end
     def sisu_glob_rules(a)
       a=if a.inspect =~/"-[A-Za-z0-9]*[fG]/ \
@@ -140,7 +141,7 @@ module SiSU_Commandline
           end
         end
         r=Px[:lng_lst].join('|')
-        r.gsub!(/\|#{@lng_base}\|/,'|')
+        r=r.gsub(/\|#{@lng_base}\|/,'|')
         @lang_regx=%r{(?:#{r})}
         z=if find_flag
           (f.length > 0) \
@@ -188,7 +189,7 @@ module SiSU_Commandline
         end
         SiSU_Screen::Ansi.new(@cmd,"\tsisu " + @cmd +  ' ' + @mod.join(' ') + ' ' + @files.join(' ') + "\n").print_brown if @cmd =~/[vVM]/
       end
-#     @files.uniq!
+#     @files=@files.uniq
       @act=opt_act
       @files
       self
@@ -229,7 +230,7 @@ module SiSU_Commandline
             fn = (y[r_f,1]) \
               ? y[r_f,1]
               : y
-            fn.gsub!(/\.((?:ssm\.)?sst)/,'.-\1')
+            fn=fn.gsub(/\.((?:ssm\.)?sst)/,'.-\1')
             fullname=Dir.pwd + '/' + fn
             pt=Pathname.new(fullname)
             pth << Dir.pwd
@@ -388,7 +389,7 @@ module SiSU_Commandline
       end
       ca=[]
       unless c.empty?
-        c.gsub!(/-/,'')
+        c=c.gsub(/-/,'')
         c.scan(/CC|\S/) {|x| ca << x}
         cmd= '-' + ca.uniq.join
       end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/param.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/param.rb
index d8c65e8c..fc2ac877 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/param.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/param.rb
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ module SiSU_Param
         opt.fns
       else opt.fns.gsub(/\.ssm$/,'.ssm.sst')
       end
-      Instantiate.new.param_instantiate
+      SiSU_Param::Instantiate.new.param_instantiate
       @env=SiSU_Env::InfoEnv.new(@fns)
       @pstorefile="#{@env.processing_path.dal}/#{@fns}.pstore"
     end
@@ -113,8 +113,8 @@ module SiSU_Param
         else
           param_msg='Parameters extracted'
           fns_array=@env.read_source_file(@opt.fns)
-          md=Instructions.new(fns_array,@opt)
-          @md=Instructions.new(fns_array,@opt).extract
+          md=SiSU_Param::Parameters::Instructions.new(fns_array,@opt)
+          @md=SiSU_Param::Parameters::Instructions.new(fns_array,@opt).extract
           @md
         end
         if defined? @md.title.main # on removal check problems with -U
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ module SiSU_Param
       end
       def name_format(name)
         if name
-          name.strip!
+          name=name.strip
           @name_a_h=[]
           authors=name.scan(/[^;]+/)
           authors.each_with_index do |a,i|
@@ -776,8 +776,8 @@ module SiSU_Param
           m=@h['bold']
           i=(m=~/\/i$/)? 'i' : ''
           z=if m
-            x=m.gsub(/^\/(.+?)\/i?/,'\1')
-            x.gsub!(/\((?:\?:)?/,'(?:')                                         # avoid need to escape use of brackets within regex provided
+            x=m.gsub(/^\/(.+?)\/i?/,'\1').
+              gsub(/\((?:\?:)?/,'(?:')                                         # avoid need to escape use of brackets within regex provided
             rgx='\b(' + x + ')\b'
             y=((i =~/i/) ? (/#{rgx}/i) : (/#{rgx}/))
             { str: '\b(?:' + x + ')\b', regx: y, i: i }
@@ -789,8 +789,8 @@ module SiSU_Param
           m=@h['italics']
           i=((m=~/\/i$/) ? 'i' : '')
           z=if m
-            x=m.gsub(/^\/(.+?)\/i?/,'\1')
-            x.gsub!(/\((?:\?:)?/,'(?:')                                         # avoid need to escape use of brackets within regex provided
+            x=m.gsub(/^\/(.+?)\/i?/,'\1').
+              gsub(/\((?:\?:)?/,'(?:')                                         # avoid need to escape use of brackets within regex provided
             rgx='\b(' + x + ')\b'
             y=((i =~/i/) ? (/#{rgx}/i) : (/#{rgx}/))
             { str: '\b(?:' + x + ')\b', regx: y, i: i }
@@ -863,16 +863,16 @@ module SiSU_Param
             end
           end
           if manpage['name']
-            manpage['name']=manpage['name'].join("\n.br\n")
-            manpage['name'].gsub!(/(-)/m,"\\\\\\1")
-            manpage['name'].gsub!(/\A/,"\n.br\n.SH NAME\n.br\n")
+            manpage['name']=manpage['name'].join("\n.br\n").
+              gsub(/(-)/m,"\\\\\\1").
+              gsub(/\A/,"\n.br\n.SH NAME\n.br\n")
           else
             manpage['name']='man page "name/whatis" information not provided, set in header @man: name=[whatis information]'
           end
           if manpage['synopsis']
-            manpage['synopsis']=manpage['synopsis'].join("\n\n.br\n")
-            manpage['synopsis'].gsub!(/(-)/m,"\\\\\\1")
-            manpage['synopsis'].gsub!(/\A/,"\n.br\n.SH SYNOPSIS\n.br\n")
+            manpage['synopsis']=manpage['synopsis'].join("\n\n.br\n").
+              gsub(/(-)/m,"\\\\\\1").
+              gsub(/\A/,"\n.br\n.SH SYNOPSIS\n.br\n")
           else
             manpage['synopsis']=''
           end
@@ -1096,27 +1096,27 @@ module SiSU_Param
           and not @code_flag #or para=~/^(?:1|:?A)~/
             case para
             when /^@title:(.+)/m                                               #% * header metadata - title
-              @title=Md.new($1.strip,@opt,@env).title
+              @title=SiSU_Param::Parameters::Md.new($1.strip,@opt,@env).title
             when /^@creator:(.+)/m                                             #% * header metadata - creator
-              @creator=Md.new($1.strip,@opt,@env).creator
+              @creator=SiSU_Param::Parameters::Md.new($1.strip,@opt,@env).creator
               @authorship=@author=@creator.author
               @authors=@creator.author_detail
             when /^@date:(.+)/m                                                #% * header metadata - date
-              @date=Md.new($1.strip,@opt,@env).date
+              @date=SiSU_Param::Parameters::Md.new($1.strip,@opt,@env).date
             when /^@publisher:\s+(.+)/m                                        #% * header metadata - publisher
-              @publisher=Md.new($1.strip,@opt,@env).current_publisher
+              @publisher=SiSU_Param::Parameters::Md.new($1.strip,@opt,@env).current_publisher
               @current_publisher=@publisher
             when /^@rights:(.+)/m;                                             #% * header metadata - rights
-              @rights=Md.new($1.strip,@opt,@env).rights
+              @rights=SiSU_Param::Parameters::Md.new($1.strip,@opt,@env).rights
             when /^@classify:(.+)/m; classify=$1                               #% * header metadata - classify
-              @classify=Md.new($1.strip,@opt,@env).classify
+              @classify=SiSU_Param::Parameters::Md.new($1.strip,@opt,@env).classify
             when /^@original:(.+)/m                                            #% * header metadata - original (document)
-              @original=Md.new($1.strip,@opt,@env).original
+              @original=SiSU_Param::Parameters::Md.new($1.strip,@opt,@env).original
               @source=@original.source
             when /^@notes?:\s(.+)\Z/m                                          #% * header metadata - notes
-              @notes=Md.new($1.strip,@opt,@env).notes
+              @notes=SiSU_Param::Parameters::Md.new($1.strip,@opt,@env).notes
             when /^@links:\s+(.+?)\Z/m                                         #% * header metadata - links
-              doc_links=Md.new($1.strip,@opt,@env).links
+              doc_links=SiSU_Param::Parameters::Md.new($1.strip,@opt,@env).links
               count=1
               @links=[]
               doc_links.each do |doc_link|
@@ -1128,7 +1128,7 @@ module SiSU_Param
               end
               @lnk=@links
             when /^@make:(.+)/m                                                #% * header processing - make
-              @make=Md.new($1.strip,@opt,@env).make
+              @make=SiSU_Param::Parameters::Md.new($1.strip,@opt,@env).make
               if defined? @make.breaks \
               and @make.breaks[:page_new]                  #clearpage
                 @pagenew=@make.breaks[:page_new]
@@ -1223,7 +1223,7 @@ module SiSU_Param
               if not defined? @title.full.nil?
                 tf=para[/^:A~\S*(.+)$/m,1]
                 tf="@title: #{tf}"
-                @title=Md.new(tf.strip,@opt,@env).title
+                @title=SiSU_Param::Parameters::Md.new(tf.strip,@opt,@env).title
               end
               @html_title=@title.full.gsub(/(<p>|<p \/>|<br>|<br \/>)/,'')
               SiSU_Screen::Ansi.new(@opt.cmd,'Parameters',@html_title).txt_grey if @opt.cmd =~/v/
@@ -1272,7 +1272,7 @@ module SiSU_Param
               end
             end
           end
-          para.gsub!(/<:=(\S+?)>/,'{ c_\1.png 14x14 }image')                                                           # embedded symbol (image)
+          para=para.gsub(/<:=(\S+?)>/,'{ c_\1.png 14x14 }image')                                                           # embedded symbol (image)
           if para !~/^%+\s/ \
           and para =~@rgx_image
             @ec[:image] << para.scan(@rgx_image).uniq
@@ -1284,22 +1284,21 @@ module SiSU_Param
           end
         end                                                                    #% here endeth the document loop
         if @ec[:image].length > 0
-          @ec[:image].flatten!
-          @ec[:image].uniq!
+          @ec[:image]=@ec[:image].flatten.uniq
           @ec[:image].delete_if {|x| x =~/https?:\/\// }
-          @ec[:image].sort!
+          @ec[:image]=@ec[:image].sort
         end
-        @ec[:audio].uniq!; @ec[:audio].flatten!; @ec[:audio].sort!
-        @ec[:multimedia].uniq!; @ec[:multimedia].flatten!; @ec[:multimedia].sort!
+        @ec[:audio]=@ec[:audio].uniq.flatten.sort
+        @ec[:multimedia]=@ec[:multimedia].uniq.flatten.sort
         unless @rights
           if defined? @creator.author \
           and @creator.author \
           and defined? @date.published \
           and @date.published
-            @rights=MdDefault.new.rights(@creator.author,@date.published)
+            @rights=SiSU_Param::Parameters::MdDefault.new.rights(@creator.author,@date.published)
           elsif defined? @creator.author \
           and @creator.author
-            @rights=MdDefault.new.rights("[#{@creator.author}]",'')
+            @rights=SiSU_Param::Parameters::MdDefault.new.rights("[#{@creator.author}]",'')
           end
         end
         if defined? @classify.topic_register \
@@ -1315,10 +1314,10 @@ module SiSU_Param
              m[-1]=m[-1].scan(/[^|]+/) if m[-1] =~/[|]/
              @topic_register_array << m
            end
-           @topic_register_array.sort!
+           @topic_register_array=@topic_register_array.sort
         end
         if @i18n
-          @i18n.uniq!
+          @i18n=@i18n.uniq
           @i18n << 'en' unless @i18n.find_index("en")
         else
           @i18n=[ 'en' ]
@@ -1335,6 +1334,13 @@ module SiSU_Param
               translate.gsub!(/:?C/,'3')
               translate.gsub!(/:?B/,'2')
               translate.gsub!(/:?A/,'1')
+              # looks like an ok substituion for the above but is not, causes problems, check why
+              #translate=translate.gsub(/3/,'6').
+              #  gsub(/2/,'5').
+              #  gsub(/1/,'4').
+              #  gsub(/:?C/,'3').
+              #  gsub(/:?B/,'2').
+              #  gsub(/:?A/,'1')
               translate=if translate =~/^\d+$/; translate.to_i
               else translate
               end
@@ -1342,10 +1348,10 @@ module SiSU_Param
             end
           end
           @pagenew,@pagebreak,@num_top,@toc_lev_limit=translated
-          @markup.gsub!(/page_new\s*=\s*([\dA-C])/,"page_new=#{@pagenew}")
-          @markup.gsub!(/page_break\s*=\s*([\dA-C])/,"page_break=#{@pagebreak}")
-          @markup.gsub!(/num_top\s*=\s*([\dA-C])/,"num_top=#{@num_top}")
-          @markup.gsub!(/toc_lev_limit\s*=\s*([\dA-C])/,"toc_lev_limit=#{@toc_lev_limit}")
+          @markup=@markup.gsub(/page_new\s*=\s*([\dA-C])/,"page_new=#{@pagenew}").
+            gsub(/page_break\s*=\s*([\dA-C])/,"page_break=#{@pagebreak}").
+            gsub(/num_top\s*=\s*([\dA-C])/,"num_top=#{@num_top}").
+            gsub(/toc_lev_limit\s*=\s*([\dA-C])/,"toc_lev_limit=#{@toc_lev_limit}")
         end
         if @opt.mod.inspect =~/--papersize[=-]\S+|--pdf[=-]\S+/ \
         or  @opt.mod.inspect =~/--(?:a4|letter|legal|book|a5|b5)\b/i #command line config/header override
@@ -1394,7 +1400,7 @@ module SiSU_Param
 #         end
 #         @lang << [lang[:n],"#{c[:a]}sisu_manifest#{c[:b]}.html#{c[:c]}"]
 #       end if @flv
-        @lang.uniq!
+        @lang=@lang.uniq
         @fn=SiSU_Env::EnvCall.new(@fns).lang(fn_set_lang[:c])
         @identifier="#{@env.url.root}/#{@fnb}/#{@fn[:toc]}" #DC note constructed dc identifier
         if @en[:note] > 0 \
@@ -1423,7 +1429,7 @@ module SiSU_Param
         if @author !~/[\S]/
           if @fns =~/\.ssm$/ \
           and  @opt.inspect =~/P/
-            #@creator=Md.new('Text Insert',@opt,@env).creator
+            #@creator=SiSU_Param::Md.new('Text Insert',@opt,@env).creator
           else
             SiSU_Screen::Ansi.new(@opt.cmd,'Warning Document Author missing','please provide @creator: :author:').warn unless @opt.cmd =~/q/
           end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/plaintext.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/plaintext.rb
index 9bef2c09..ba1cc48a 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/plaintext.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/plaintext.rb
@@ -155,13 +155,13 @@ module SiSU_Plaintext
           ? (SiSU_TextUtils::Wrap.new(e.to_s,@wrap_width,4,1))
           : (SiSU_TextUtils::Wrap.new(e.to_s,@wrap_width,1,1))
           wrap=util.line_wrap
-          if wrap =~ /^\s*[\d*+]+\s+.+?\s*\Z/m
-            wrap.gsub!(/^(\s*)([\d*+]+)\s+(.+?)\s*\Z/m, <<GSUB
+          wrap=if wrap =~ /^\s*[\d*+]+\s+.+?\s*\Z/m
+            wrap.gsub(/^(\s*)([\d*+]+)\s+(.+?)\s*\Z/m, <<GSUB
 \\1[\\2]: \\3
 GSUB
                       )
           else
-            wrap.gsub!(/^(.+)\Z/m, <<GSUB
+            wrap.gsub(/^(.+)\Z/m, <<GSUB
 \\1
 GSUB
                       )
@@ -279,66 +279,66 @@ WOK
         table_message='[table omitted, see other document formats]'
         fix=[]
         data.each do |dob|
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gr_o]}Th?#{Mx[:tc_p]}.+/um,"#{@br}#{table_message}") #fix
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/.+?#{Mx[:gl_o]}-##{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'')                              # remove dummy headings (used by html) #check also [~-]#
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,
-            "#{Px[:bold_o]}\\1#{Px[:bold_c]}")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,
-            "#{Px[:italics_o]}\\1#{Px[:italics_c]}")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,
-            "#{Px[:underscore_o]}\\1#{Px[:underscore_c]}")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,
-            "#{Px[:subscript_o]}\\1#{Px[:subscript_c]}")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,
-            "#{Px[:superscript_o]}\\1#{Px[:superscript_c]}")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,
-            "#{Px[:insert_o]}\\1#{Px[:insert_c]}")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,
-            "#{Px[:cite_o]}\\1#{Px[:cite_c]}")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,
-            "#{Px[:strike_o]}\\1#{Px[:strike_c]}")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_monospace_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_monospace_c]}/,
-            "#{Px[:monospace_o]}\\1#{Px[:monospace_c]}")
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:gr_o]}Th?#{Mx[:tc_p]}.+/um,"#{@br}#{table_message}"). #fix
+            gsub(/.+?#{Mx[:gl_o]}-##{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'').                              # remove dummy headings (used by html) #check also [~-]#
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,
+              "#{Px[:bold_o]}\\1#{Px[:bold_c]}").
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,
+              "#{Px[:italics_o]}\\1#{Px[:italics_c]}").
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,
+              "#{Px[:underscore_o]}\\1#{Px[:underscore_c]}").
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,
+              "#{Px[:subscript_o]}\\1#{Px[:subscript_c]}").
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,
+              "#{Px[:superscript_o]}\\1#{Px[:superscript_c]}").
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,
+              "#{Px[:insert_o]}\\1#{Px[:insert_c]}").
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,
+              "#{Px[:cite_o]}\\1#{Px[:cite_c]}").
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,
+              "#{Px[:strike_o]}\\1#{Px[:strike_c]}").
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_monospace_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_monospace_c]}/,
+              "#{Px[:monospace_o]}\\1#{Px[:monospace_c]}")
           unless dob.is=='code'
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:rel_c]}/,'\1')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1 [link: <\2>]')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}image/,'\1 [link: local image]')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,"#{@brace_url.txt_open}\\1#{@brace_url.txt_close}")
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:rel_c]}/,'\1').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1 [link: <\2>]').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}image/,'\1 [link: local image]').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,"#{@brace_url.txt_open}\\1#{@brace_url.txt_close}")
             extract_endnotes(dob)
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'[^\1]') # endnote marker marked up
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'[^\1]') # endnote marker marked up
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(?:#lt|#060)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'<')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(?:#gt|#062)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'>')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:038|amp)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'&')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#033#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'!')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#035#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'#')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#042#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'*')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#045#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'-')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#047#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'/')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#095#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'_')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#123#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'{')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#125#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'}')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#126#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'~')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#169#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'©')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#092#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\\')
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'[^\1]'). # endnote marker marked up
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'[^\1]'). # endnote marker marked up
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(?:#lt|#060)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'<').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(?:#gt|#062)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'>').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:038|amp)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'&').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#033#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'!').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#035#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'#').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#042#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'*').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#045#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'-').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#047#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'/').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#095#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'_').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#123#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'{').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#125#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'}').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#126#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'~').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#169#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'©').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#092#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\\')
           end
-          if dob.of=='block'                                   # watch
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}●#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,"* ")
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,"\n")
-          else dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,"\n\n")
+          dob.obj=if dob.of=='block'                                   # watch
+            dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}●#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,"* ").
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,"\n")
+          else dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,"\n\n")
           end
           if dob.is=='code'
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|[^}])_([<>])/m,'\1\2') # _> _<
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|[^}])_([<>])/m,'\1\2') # _<_<
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(^|[^}])_([<>])/m,'\1\2'). # _> _<
+              gsub(/(^|[^}])_([<>])/m,'\1\2') # _<_<
           end
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/<a href=".+?">(.+?)<\/a>/m,'\1')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}:name#(\S+?)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'')                       # remove name links
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/&nbsp;|#{Mx[:nbsp]}/,' ')                                       # decide on
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(\S+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif)) .+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'    [ \1 ]') #"[ #{dir.url.images_local}\/\\1 ]")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(\S+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif)) .+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}image/,'    [ \1 ]')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:^|[^_\\])\{\s*\S+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif)\s+.+?"(.*?)"\s*\}\S+/,'[image: "\1"]')
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1').
+            gsub(/<a href=".+?">(.+?)<\/a>/m,'\1').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}:name#(\S+?)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'').                       # remove name links
+            gsub(/&nbsp;|#{Mx[:nbsp]}/,' ').                                       # decide on
+            gsub(/(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(\S+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif)) .+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'    [ \1 ]'). #"[ #{dir.url.images_local}\/\\1 ]")
+            gsub(/(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(\S+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif)) .+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}image/,'    [ \1 ]').
+            gsub(/(?:^|[^_\\])\{\s*\S+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif)\s+.+?"(.*?)"\s*\}\S+/,'[image: "\1"]')
           wordlist=dob.obj.scan(/\S+/)
           if dob.obj !~/(^#{Rx[:meta]}|#{Mx[:br_eof]}|#{Mx[:br_endnotes]})/
             #if defined? dob.ocn and dob.ocn.to_s =~/\d+/
@@ -372,9 +372,11 @@ WOK
               end # following empty line (@br) missing, fix
             end
             dob='' if (dob.obj =~/<a name="n\d+">/ \
-            and dob.obj =~/^(-\{{2}~\d+|<!e[:_]\d+!>)/) # -endnote
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/<!.+!>/,' ') if dob ## Clean Prepared Text
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/<:\S+>/,' ') if dob ## Clean Prepared Text
+              and dob.obj =~/^(-\{{2}~\d+|<!e[:_]\d+!>)/) # -endnote
+            if dob ## Clean Prepared Text
+              dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/<!.+!>/,' ').
+                gsub(/<:\S+>/,' ')
+            end
           end
         end
         @plaintext
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/plaintext_format.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/plaintext_format.rb
index 7aec6da6..f7956070 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/plaintext_format.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/plaintext_format.rb
@@ -86,9 +86,9 @@ module SiSU_PlaintextFormat
         p caller
       end
       rgx=/^#{Rx[:lv]}/
-      @txt.gsub!(rgx,'') if @txt =~rgx
+      @txt=@txt.gsub(rgx,'') if @txt =~rgx
       rgx=/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}[\d*+]+\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/
-      @txt.gsub!(rgx,'\1') if @txt =~rgx
+      @txt=@txt.gsub(rgx,'\1') if @txt =~rgx
       @vz=SiSU_Env::GetInit.instance.skin
     end
     def scr_endnote_body
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/po4a.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/po4a.rb
index a622aac9..945b07b8 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/po4a.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/po4a.rb
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ module SiSU_Po4a
       #  puts "#{@opt.fns} not a processed file type"
       #end
       r=Px[:lng_lst].join('|')
-      r.gsub!(/\|en\|/,'|')
+      r=r.gsub(/\|en\|/,'|')
       @lang_regx=%r{(?:#{r})}
       if opt.fns =~/\S+?~#{@lang_regx}\.ss[mti]/ \
       and opt.f_pth[:lng]!=opt.lng_base
@@ -187,9 +187,9 @@ module SiSU_Po4a
         @n=[]
         notes_a.flatten.each do |n| #high cost to deal with <br> appropriately within plaintext, consider
           n=n.dup.to_s
-          n.gsub!(/^([\d]+)\s+/,'^~\1 ')
-          #n.gsub!(/^([\d*+]+)\s+/,'^~\1 ')
-          n.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,'<br>')
+          n=n.gsub(/^([\d]+)\s+/,'^~\1 ').
+           #gsub(/^([\d*+]+)\s+/,'^~\1 ').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,'<br>')
           @n << n
         end
         notes_a=@n.flatten
@@ -219,13 +219,13 @@ module SiSU_Po4a
           end
           util=pot_structure(desc,orig,trans)
           wrap=util.line_wrap
-          if wrap =~ /^\s*\^~[\d*+]+\s+.+?\s*\Z/m
-            wrap.gsub!(/^\s*(\^~[\d*+]+)\s+(.+?)\s*\Z/m, <<GSUB
+          wrap=if wrap =~ /^\s*\^~[\d*+]+\s+.+?\s*\Z/m
+            wrap.gsub(/^\s*(\^~[\d*+]+)\s+(.+?)\s*\Z/m, <<GSUB
 \\1 \\2
 GSUB
                       )
           else
-            wrap.gsub!(/^(.+)\Z/m, <<GSUB
+            wrap.gsub(/^(.+)\Z/m, <<GSUB
 \\1
 GSUB
                       )
@@ -681,9 +681,9 @@ GSUB
         end
         desc="#{d}#{s_mark}#{instruct}"
         orig=dob_src.obj
-        orig.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_c]}/,"\n")
+        orig=orig.gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_c]}/,"\n")
         trans=(dob_trn=='') ? '' : dob_trn.obj
-        trans.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_c]}/,"\n")
+        trans=trans.gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_c]}/,"\n")
         util=pot_structure(desc,orig,trans)
         unwrapped=util.no_line_wrap_block
         @pot[:body] << unwrapped << @br
@@ -829,79 +829,81 @@ GSUB
           end
           dob_src='' if (dob_src.obj =~/<a name="n\d+">/ \
           and dob_src.obj =~/^(-\{{2}~\d+|<!e[:_]\d+!>)/) # -endnote
-          dob_src.obj.gsub!(/<!.+!>/,' ') if dob_src ## Clean Prepared Text
-          dob_src.obj.gsub!(/<:\S+>/,' ') if dob_src ## Clean Prepared Text
+          if dob_src ## Clean Prepared Text
+            dob_src.obj=dob_src.obj.gsub(/<!.+!>/,' ').
+              gsub(/<:\S+>/,' ') if dob_src ## Clean Prepared Text
+          end
         end
         #[dob_src,dob_trn]
       end
       def markup(dob)                                     # Used for major markup instructions
         dir=SiSU_Env::InfoEnv.new(@md.fns)
         fix=[]
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,
-            "#{Px[:po_bold_o]}\\1#{Px[:po_bold_c]}")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,
-            "#{Px[:po_italics_o]}\\1#{Px[:po_italics_c]}")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,
-            "#{Px[:po_underscore_o]}\\1#{Px[:po_underscore_c]}")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,
-            "#{Px[:po_subscript_o]}\\1#{Px[:po_subscript_c]}")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,
-            "#{Px[:po_superscript_o]}\\1#{Px[:po_superscript_c]}")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,
-            "#{Px[:po_insert_o]}\\1#{Px[:po_insert_c]}")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,
-            "#{Px[:po_cite_o]}\\1#{Px[:po_cite_c]}")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,
-            "#{Px[:po_strike_o]}\\1#{Px[:po_strike_c]}")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_monospace_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_monospace_c]}/,
-            "#{Px[:po_monospace_o]}\\1#{Px[:po_monospace_c]}")
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,
+              "#{Px[:po_bold_o]}\\1#{Px[:po_bold_c]}").
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,
+              "#{Px[:po_italics_o]}\\1#{Px[:po_italics_c]}").
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,
+              "#{Px[:po_underscore_o]}\\1#{Px[:po_underscore_c]}").
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,
+              "#{Px[:po_subscript_o]}\\1#{Px[:po_subscript_c]}").
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,
+              "#{Px[:po_superscript_o]}\\1#{Px[:po_superscript_c]}").
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,
+              "#{Px[:po_insert_o]}\\1#{Px[:po_insert_c]}").
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,
+              "#{Px[:po_cite_o]}\\1#{Px[:po_cite_c]}").
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,
+              "#{Px[:po_strike_o]}\\1#{Px[:po_strike_c]}").
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_monospace_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_monospace_c]}/,
+              "#{Px[:po_monospace_o]}\\1#{Px[:po_monospace_c]}")
           notes=''
           unless dob.is=='code'
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:rel_c]}/,'\1')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1 [link: <\2>]')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}image/,'\1 [link: local image]')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1')
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:rel_c]}/,'\1').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1 [link: <\2>]').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}image/,'\1 [link: local image]').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1')
             #dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,"#{@brace_url.txt_open}\\1#{@brace_url.txt_close}")
             notes=extract_endnotes(dob)
             #% ### footnotes current state - extracted
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([\d]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'~^')   # endnote marker marked up
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([\d]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'~^').   # endnote marker marked up
             #% ### footnotes current state - keep inline
             #dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}[\d]+\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'~{ \1 }~')     # inline endnote with marker marked up
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}[\d]+\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'~[ \1 ]~')     # inline endnote with marker marked up
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([*+]+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'~{\1 \2 }~') # inline endnote with marker marked up
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([*+]+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'~[\1 \2 ]~') # inline endnote with marker marked up
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(?:#lt|#060)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'<')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(?:#gt|#062)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'>')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:038|amp)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'&')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#033#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'!')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#035#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'#')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#042#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'*')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#045#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'-')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#047#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'/')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#095#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'_')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#123#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'{')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#125#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'}')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#126#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'~')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#169#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'©')
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}[\d]+\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'~[ \1 ]~').     # inline endnote with marker marked up
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([*+]+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'~{\1 \2 }~'). # inline endnote with marker marked up
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([*+]+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'~[\1 \2 ]~'). # inline endnote with marker marked up
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(?:#lt|#060)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'<').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(?:#gt|#062)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'>').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:038|amp)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'&').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#033#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'!').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#035#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'#').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#042#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'*').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#045#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'-').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#047#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'/').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#095#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'_').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#123#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'{').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#125#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'}').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#126#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'~').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#169#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'©')
           end
-          if dob.of=='block'                                   # watch
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}●#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,"* ")
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,"\n")
-          else dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,"\n\n")
+          dob.obj=if dob.of=='block'                                   # watch
+            dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}●#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,"* ").
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,"\n")
+          else dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,"\n\n")
           end
           if dob.is=='code'
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|[^}])_([<>])/m,'\1\2') # _> _<
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|[^}])_([<>])/m,'\1\2') # _<_<
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/(^|[^}])_([<>])/m,'\1\2'). # _> _<
+              gsub(/(^|[^}])_([<>])/m,'\1\2') # _<_<
           end
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_page]}\s*|#{Mx[:br_page_new]}/,'')                     # remove page breaks
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/<a href=".+?">(.+?)<\/a>/m,'\1')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}:name#(\S+?)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'')                       # remove name links
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/&nbsp;|#{Mx[:nbsp]}/,' ')                                       # decide on
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(\S+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif)) .+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'    [ \1 ]') #"[ #{dir.url.images_local}\/\\1 ]")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(\S+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif)) .+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}image/,'    [ \1 ]') #"[ #{dir.url.images_local}\/\\1 ]")
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:^|[^_\\])\{\s*\S+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif)\s+.+?"(.*?)"\s*\}\S+/,'[image: "\1"]')
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:br_page]}\s*|#{Mx[:br_page_new]}/,'').                     # remove page breaks
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1').
+            gsub(/<a href=".+?">(.+?)<\/a>/m,'\1').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}:name#(\S+?)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'').                       # remove name links
+            gsub(/&nbsp;|#{Mx[:nbsp]}/,' ').                                       # decide on
+            gsub(/(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(\S+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif)) .+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'    [ \1 ]'). #"[ #{dir.url.images_local}\/\\1 ]")
+            gsub(/(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(\S+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif)) .+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}image/,'    [ \1 ]'). #"[ #{dir.url.images_local}\/\\1 ]")
+            gsub(/(?:^|[^_\\])\{\s*\S+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif)\s+.+?"(.*?)"\s*\}\S+/,'[image: "\1"]')
         [dob,notes]
       end
       def publish(fn,pot)
@@ -934,8 +936,8 @@ GSUB
           and para.length > 0
             para.each do |line|
               if line
-                line.gsub!(/\s+$/m,'')
-                line.gsub!(/^\A[ ]*\Z/m,'')
+                line=line.gsub(/\s+$/m,'').
+                  gsub(/^\A[ ]*\Z/m,'')
                 if line=~/^\A[ ]*\Z/m
                   emptyline+=1
                 else emptyline=0
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/po4a_set.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/po4a_set.rb
index e536a464..6335fb8c 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/po4a_set.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/po4a_set.rb
@@ -76,8 +76,8 @@ module SiSU_Po4aUtils
         out=[]
         out[line]=''
         @oldword='' #REMOVE @oldword
-        pa.gsub!(/<br>/,' <br> ')
-        pa.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,"\n\n")
+        pa=pa.gsub(/<br>/,' <br> ').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,"\n\n")
         words=pa.scan(/\n\n|<br>|\S+/m)
         while words != ''
           word=words.shift
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ module SiSU_Po4aUtils
         x=out.join(spaces_indent).gsub(/\A\n+/m,'').insert(0,spaces_hang)
         z=[]
         x.split(/\n/).each do |y|
-          y.gsub!(/"/,'\"')
+          y=y.gsub(/"/,'\"')
           y=%{"#{y}"}
           z << y
         end
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ WOK
       pot_array.each do |pa|
         z=[]
         pa.split(/\n\n/).each do |y|
-          y.gsub!(/"/,'\"')
+          y=y.gsub(/"/,'\"')
           y=%{"#{y}"}
           z << y if not y.empty?
         end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/qrcode.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/qrcode.rb
index b25504b0..49ef8ee3 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/qrcode.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/qrcode.rb
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ WOK
         #  "#{url}/sisu_manifest.#{lc}.html"
         #end
         manifests
-        @m.uniq!
+        @m=@m.uniq
         @m
       end
       def languages(id,file)
@@ -232,11 +232,11 @@ WOK
         end
       end
       def metadata(id,info)
-        info.to_s.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_line]}/,"\n")
+        info=info.to_s.gsub(/#{Mx[:br_line]}/,"\n")
         @manifest[:txt] << %{#{id}: #{info}\n}
       end
       def md_title_info(id,info)
-        info.to_s.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_line]}/,"\n")
+        info=info.to_s.gsub(/#{Mx[:br_line]}/,"\n")
         @manifest[:txt_title] << %{#{info}\n}
       end
       def links(url,lnk,target)
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/remote.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/remote.rb
index 39e929cc..4004e5f8 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/remote.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/remote.rb
@@ -143,10 +143,9 @@ module SiSU_Remote
             end
             if images \
             and images.length > 1
-              images.flatten!
-              images.uniq!
+              images=images.flatten.uniq
               images.delete_if {|x| x =~/https?:\/\// }
-              images.sort!
+              images=images.sort
               @msg,@msgs='downloading images:', [ images.join(',') ]
               @tell.call.warn unless @opt.cmd =~/q/
               image_info=image_download_url + images
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/shared_html_lite.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/shared_html_lite.rb
index 5fd0a408..94413c69 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/shared_html_lite.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/shared_html_lite.rb
@@ -109,16 +109,16 @@ module SiSU_FormatShared
               %{<a href="#{u}">[#{png}]</a>#{caption}}
             else %{[#{png}] #{caption}}
             end
-            word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|image)/,ins)
+            word=word.gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|image)/,ins)
           else
             u=case u
             when /^https?:\/\//
               u
             when /^:/
-              u.gsub!(/^:/,'')
+              u=u.gsub(/^:/,'')
               "#{@env.url.root}/#{u}"
             when /^\.\.\// # can remove
-              u.gsub!(/^\.\.\//,'')
+              u=u.gsub(/^\.\.\//,'')
               "#{@env.url.root}/#{u}"
             else
               "#{@env.url.root}/#{@md.fnb}/#{map_nametags[u][:segname]}#{Sfx[:html]}##{u}"
@@ -127,8 +127,8 @@ module SiSU_FormatShared
             png=m.scan(/\S+/)[0].strip
             link=link.strip
             ins=%{<a href="#{u}">#{link}</a>}
-            word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}/,ins)
-            word.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:rel_c]}/,ins)
+            word=word.gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}/,ins).
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:rel_c]}/,ins)
             word
           end
           word
@@ -140,32 +140,32 @@ module SiSU_FormatShared
     end
     def markup_generic(s)
       s=s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'<b>\1</b>')
-      s=s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'<i>\1</i>')
-      s=s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'<u>\1</u>')
-      s=s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,'"\1"')
-      s=s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'+{\1}+')
-      s=s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strke_c]}/,'-{\1}-')
-      s=s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'<sup>\1</sup>')
-      s=s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,'<sub>\1</sub>')
-      s=s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_monospace_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_monospace_c]}/,'<tt>\1</tt>') # tt, kbd
-      s=s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:126|152)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/i,'~')
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'<i>\1</i>').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'<u>\1</u>').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,'"\1"').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'+{\1}+').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strke_c]}/,'-{\1}-').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'<sup>\1</sup>').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,'<sub>\1</sub>').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_monospace_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_monospace_c]}/,'<tt>\1</tt>'). # tt, kbd
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:126|152)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/i,'~')
     end
     def markup_object(t_o)
       s=t_o.obj
-      if t_o.is !='code'
+      s=if t_o.is !='code'
         s=markup_generic(s)
         if s =~/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|#{Mx[:rel_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:rel_c]}|image)/
           wm=s.scan(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|#{Mx[:rel_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:rel_c]}|image)|\S+/)
           words=urls(wm)
-          s.gsub!(/.+/m,words)
+          s=s.gsub(/.+/m,words)
         end
-        s.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(#[0-9]{3})#{Mx[:gl_c]}/u,'&\1;')
-        s.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#([a-z]{2,4})#{Mx[:gl_c]}/u,'&\1;')
-        s.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}[_\\](\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'<a href="\1" target="_top">\1</a>') #http ftp matches escaped, no decoration
-        s.gsub!(/(#{Mx[:lnk_c]})#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1<a href="\2" target="_top">\2</a>') #special case \{ e.g. \}http://url
-        s.gsub!(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s)#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,%{\\1#{@brace_url.xml_open}<a href="\\2" target="_top">\\2</a>#{@brace_url.xml_close}\\3}) #http ftp matches with decoration
+        s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(#[0-9]{3})#{Mx[:gl_c]}/u,'&\1;').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#([a-z]{2,4})#{Mx[:gl_c]}/u,'&\1;').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}[_\\](\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'<a href="\1" target="_top">\1</a>'). #http ftp matches escaped, no decoration
+          gsub(/(#{Mx[:lnk_c]})#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1<a href="\2" target="_top">\2</a>'). #special case \{ e.g. \}http://url
+          gsub(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s)#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,%{\\1#{@brace_url.xml_open}<a href="\\2" target="_top">\\2</a>#{@brace_url.xml_close}\\3}) #http ftp matches with decoration
       else
-        s.gsub!(/</m,'&lt;'); s.gsub!(/>/m,'&gt;')
+        s.gsub(/</m,'&lt;'); s.gsub!(/>/m,'&gt;')
       end
       s
     end
@@ -176,11 +176,11 @@ module SiSU_FormatShared
         words=urls(wm)
         s=s.gsub(/.+/m,words)
       end
-      s=s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(#[0-9]{3})#{Mx[:gl_c]}/u,'&\1;')
-      s=s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#([a-z]{2,4})#{Mx[:gl_c]}/u,'&\1;')
-      s=s.gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'<a href="\1" target="_top">\1</a>\2') #http ftp matches escaped, no decoration
-      s=s.gsub(/(#{Mx[:lnk_c]})#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1<a href="\2" target="_top">\2</a>') #special case \{ e.g. \}http://url
-      s=s.gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,%{#{@brace_url.xml_open}<a href="\\1" target="_top">\\1</a>#{@brace_url.xml_close}}) #http ftp matches with decoration
+      s=s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(#[0-9]{3})#{Mx[:gl_c]}/u,'&\1;').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#([a-z]{2,4})#{Mx[:gl_c]}/u,'&\1;').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'<a href="\1" target="_top">\1</a>\2'). #http ftp matches escaped, no decoration
+        gsub(/(#{Mx[:lnk_c]})#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1<a href="\2" target="_top">\2</a>'). #special case \{ e.g. \}http://url
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,%{#{@brace_url.xml_open}<a href="\\1" target="_top">\\1</a>#{@brace_url.xml_close}}) #http ftp matches with decoration
     end
     def paragraph
       %{<p class="h#{@lv}" type="substantive" header="#{@hname}">#{@txt}</p>\n} # << "\n"
@@ -252,39 +252,39 @@ GSUB
       @txt.split(/\n/).each do |parablock|
         m=parablock[/<!f(.+?)!>/,1]
         @@tablefoot << m if m
-        parablock.gsub!(/<!f.+?!>/,'')
+        parablock=parablock.gsub(/<!f.+?!>/,'')
         @@tablehead=1 if parablock =~/#{Mx[:gr_o]}Th#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u
-        parablock.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gr_o]}Th?#{Mx[:tc_p]}.+?#{Mx[:tc_p]}~(\d+)#{Mx[:gr_c]}/,
-           %{<table summary="normal text css" width="100%" border="0" bgcolor="white" cellpadding="2" align="center">})
+        parablock=parablock.gsub(/#{Mx[:gr_o]}Th?#{Mx[:tc_p]}.+?#{Mx[:tc_p]}~(\d+)#{Mx[:gr_c]}/,
+          %{<table summary="normal text css" width="100%" border="0" bgcolor="white" cellpadding="2" align="center">})
         if parablock =~/#{Mx[:gr_o]}TZ#{Mx[:gr_c]}/
           tablefoot=[]
           @@tablefoot.each {|x| tablefoot << %{<p align="center"><font size=2><i>#{x}</i></font></p>\n}}
           @@tablefoot=[]
-          parablock.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gr_o]}TZ#{Mx[:gr_c]}/,
+          parablock=parablock.gsub(/#{Mx[:gr_o]}TZ#{Mx[:gr_c]}/,
             %{#{@vz.table_close}\n}) # +
         end
         if @@tablehead==1
           if parablock =~/#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u
-            parablock.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_o]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,
-              %{\n<tr>} +
-              %{\n<td width="\\1%" valign="top">} +
-              %{#{para_table}<b>})
-            parablock.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,
-              %{</b></td><td width="\\1%" valign="top">} +
-              %{#{para_table}<b>})
-            parablock.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_c]}/, '</b></td></tr>')
+            parablock=parablock.gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_o]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,
+                %{\n<tr>} +
+                %{\n<td width="\\1%" valign="top">} +
+                %{#{para_table}<b>}).
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,
+                %{</b></td><td width="\\1%" valign="top">} +
+                %{#{para_table}<b>}).
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_c]}/, '</b></td></tr>')
             @@tablehead=0
           end
           parablock
         else
-          parablock.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_o]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,
-            %{\n<tr>} +
-            %{\n<td width="\\1%" valign="top">} +
-            %{#{para_table}})
-          parablock.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,
-            %{</td><td width="\\1%" valign="top">} +
-            %{#{para_table}})
-          parablock.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_c]}/, '</td></tr>')
+          parablock=parablock.gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_o]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,
+              %{\n<tr>} +
+              %{\n<td width="\\1%" valign="top">} +
+              %{#{para_table}}).
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,
+              %{</td><td width="\\1%" valign="top">} +
+              %{#{para_table}}).
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_c]}/, '</td></tr>')
           parablock
         end
         @new_content << parablock
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/shared_markup_alt.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/shared_markup_alt.rb
index 27092050..9719dd3e 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/shared_markup_alt.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/shared_markup_alt.rb
@@ -68,61 +68,61 @@ module SiSU_TextRepresentation
     def strip_clean_of_extra_spaces                                              # dal output tuned
       @s=@s.dup
       @s=@s.gsub(/[ ]+([,.;:?](?:$|\s))/,'\1') unless @s =~/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}/
-      @s=@s.gsub(/ [ ]+/,' ')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/^ [ ]+/,'')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/ [ ]+$/,'')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/((?:#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]})')[ ]+(s )/,'\1\2')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/((?:#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]})')[ ]+(s )/,'\1\2')
+      @s=@s.gsub(/ [ ]+/,' ').
+        gsub(/^ [ ]+/,'').
+        gsub(/ [ ]+$/,'').
+        gsub(/((?:#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]})')[ ]+(s )/,'\1\2').
+        gsub(/((?:#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}|#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]})')[ ]+(s )/,'\1\2')
     end
     def strip_clean_of_markup                                                  # text form used in sql db search, used for digest, define rules, make same as in db clean
       @s=@s.dup                                                                  #% same as db clean -->
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'\1')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'\1')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'\1')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,'\1')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'\1')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strke_c]}/,'\1')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(\d+)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'[\1]')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'\1')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,'\1')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_hilite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_hilite_c]}/,'\1')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:126|152)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/i,'~')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'') # endnote removed
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'') # endnote removed
-      @s=@s.gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:nbsp]})+/,' ')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:br_nl]})+/,"\n")
-      @s=@s.gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:br_paragraph]})+/,"\n")
-      @s=@s.gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:br_line]})+/,"\n")
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(?:#lt|#060)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'<')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(?:#gt|#062)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'>')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:038|amp)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'&')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#033#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'!')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#035#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'#')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#042#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'*')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#045#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'-')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#047#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'/')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#095#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'_')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#123#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'{')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#125#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'}')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#126#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'~')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#169#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'©')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/\s\s+/,' ')
-      @s=@s.gsub(/\s\s+/,' ')
-      @s=@s.strip
+      @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'\1').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'\1').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'\1').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,'\1').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'\1').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strke_c]}/,'\1').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(\d+)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'[\1]').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'\1').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,'\1').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_hilite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_hilite_c]}/,'\1').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:126|152)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/i,'~').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,''). # endnote removed
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,''). # endnote removed
+        gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:nbsp]})+/,' ').
+        gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:br_nl]})+/,"\n").
+        gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:br_paragraph]})+/,"\n").
+        gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:br_line]})+/,"\n").
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(?:#lt|#060)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'<').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(?:#gt|#062)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'>').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:038|amp)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'&').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#033#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'!').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#035#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'#').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#042#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'*').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#045#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'-').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#047#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'/').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#095#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'_').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#123#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'{').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#125#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'}').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#126#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'~').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#169#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'©').
+        gsub(/\s\s+/,' ').
+        gsub(/\s\s+/,' ').
+        strip
     end
     def semi_revert_markup                                             # used for digest, define rules, make same as in db clean
       if @t_o
-        @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'*{\1}*')
-        @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'/{\1}/')
-        @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'_{\1}_')
-        @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,'"{\1}"')
-        @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'+{\1}+')
-        @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strke_c]}/,'-{\1}-')
-        @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'^{\1}^')
-        @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,',{\1},')
-        @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:126|152)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/i,'~')
-        @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([\d*+]+\s+.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'~{\1}~') # endnote marker marked up
-        @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([\d*+]+\s+.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'~[\1]~') # endnote marker marked up
+        @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'*{\1}*').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'/{\1}/').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'_{\1}_').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,'"{\1}"').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'+{\1}+').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strke_c]}/,'-{\1}-').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'^{\1}^').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,',{\1},').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:126|152)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/i,'~').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([\d*+]+\s+.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'~{\1}~'). # endnote marker marked up
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([\d*+]+\s+.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'~[\1]~') # endnote marker marked up
         if @t_o.is=='heading' or @t_o.is=='para'
           @s=@s.gsub(/ [ ]+/,' ')
           @s=@s.gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:nbsp]})+/,' ')
@@ -153,28 +153,28 @@ module SiSU_TextRepresentation
     end
     def html_lite #test whether eventually can be used in db_import replacing shared_html_lite (search for SiSU_FormatShared)
       if @t_o
-        @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'<b>\1</b>')
-        @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'<i>\1</i>')
-        @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'<u>\1</u>')
-        @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,'"\1"')
-        @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'+{\1}+')
-        @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strke_c]}/,'-{\1}-')
-        @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'<sup>\1</sup>')
-        @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,'<sub>\1</sub>')
-        @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:126|152)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/i,'~')
+        @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'<b>\1</b>').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'<i>\1</i>').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'<u>\1</u>').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,'"\1"').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'+{\1}+').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strke_c]}/,'-{\1}-').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'<sup>\1</sup>').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,'<sub>\1</sub>').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:126|152)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/i,'~')
         if @t_o.is !='code'
           if @s =~/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|image)/
             wm=@s.scan(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|image)|\S+/)
             words=urls(wm)
             @s=@s.gsub(/.+/m,words)
           end
-          @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(#[0-9]{3})#{Mx[:gl_c]}/u,'&\1;')
-          @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#([a-z]{2,4})#{Mx[:gl_c]}/u,'&\1;')
-          @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'<a href="\1" target="_top">\1</a>') #http ftp matches escaped, no decoration
-          @s=@s.gsub(/(#{Mx[:lnk_c]})#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1<a href="\2" target="_top">\2</a>\3') #special case \{ e.g. \}http://url
-          @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,%{#{@url_brace.xml_open}<a href="\\1" target="_top">\\1</a>#{@url_brace.xml_close}}) #http ftp matches with decoration
+          @s=@s.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(#[0-9]{3})#{Mx[:gl_c]}/u,'&\1;').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#([a-z]{2,4})#{Mx[:gl_c]}/u,'&\1;').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'<a href="\1" target="_top">\1</a>'). #http ftp matches escaped, no decoration
+            gsub(/(#{Mx[:lnk_c]})#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1<a href="\2" target="_top">\2</a>\3'). #special case \{ e.g. \}http://url
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,%{#{@url_brace.xml_open}<a href="\\1" target="_top">\\1</a>#{@url_brace.xml_close}}) #http ftp matches with decoration
         else
-          @s=@s.gsub(/</m,'&lt;'); @s.gsub(/>/m,'&gt;')
+          @s=@s.gsub(/</m,'&lt;').gsub(/>/m,'&gt;')
         end
         if @t_o.is=='paragraph'
           if @t_o.bullet_
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/shared_metadata.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/shared_metadata.rb
index f3834059..56856116 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/shared_metadata.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/shared_metadata.rb
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ module SiSU_Metadata
             @md.creator.author_detail.each do |n|
               x += "#{n[:the]}, #{n[:others]}; "
             end
-            x.gsub!(/;\s*$/,'')
+            x=x.gsub(/;\s*$/,'')
             ' :author: ' + x
           else nil
           end
@@ -446,7 +446,7 @@ module SiSU_Metadata
             @md.creator.contributor_detail.each do |n|
               x += "#{n[:the]}, #{n[:others]}; "
             end
-            x.gsub!(/;\s*$/,'')
+            x=x.gsub(/;\s*$/,'')
             ' :contributor: ' + x
           else nil
           end
@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@ module SiSU_Metadata
             @md.creator.illustrator_detail.each do |n|
               x += "#{n[:the]}, #{n[:others]}; "
             end
-            x.gsub!(/;\s*$/,'')
+            x=x.gsub(/;\s*$/,'')
             ' :illustrator: ' + x
           else nil
           end
@@ -470,7 +470,7 @@ module SiSU_Metadata
             @md.creator.photographer_detail.each do |n|
               x += "#{n[:the]}, #{n[:others]}; "
             end
-            x.gsub!(/;\s*$/,'')
+            x=x.gsub(/;\s*$/,'')
             ' :photographer: ' + x
           else nil
           end
@@ -482,7 +482,7 @@ module SiSU_Metadata
             @md.creator.translator_detail.each do |n|
               x += "#{n[:the]}, #{n[:others]}; "
             end
-            x.gsub!(/;\s*$/,'')
+            x=x.gsub(/;\s*$/,'')
             ' :translator: ' + x
           else nil
           end
@@ -494,7 +494,7 @@ module SiSU_Metadata
             @md.creator.audio_detail.each do |n|
               x += "#{n[:the]}, #{n[:others]}; "
             end
-            x.gsub!(/;\s*$/,'')
+            x=x.gsub(/;\s*$/,'')
             ' :audio: ' + x
           else nil
           end
@@ -506,7 +506,7 @@ module SiSU_Metadata
             @md.creator.digitized_by_detail.each do |n|
               x += "#{n[:the]}, #{n[:others]}; "
             end
-            x.gsub!(/;\s*$/,'')
+            x=x.gsub(/;\s*$/,'')
             ' :digitized_by: ' + x
           else nil
           end
@@ -518,7 +518,7 @@ module SiSU_Metadata
             @md.creator.prepared_by_detail.each do |n|
               x += "#{n[:the]}, #{n[:others]}; "
             end
-            x.gsub!(/;\s*$/,'')
+            x=x.gsub(/;\s*$/,'')
             ' :prepared_by: ' + x
           else nil
           end
@@ -736,107 +736,107 @@ module SiSU_Metadata
       def utf8
         if @s \
         and @s.class==String
-          @s.gsub!(/<br(?: \/)?>/u,Mx[:br_paragraph])
-          @s.gsub!(/</um,'&#60;') # '&lt;'   # &#060;
-          @s.gsub!(/</um,'&#60;') # '&lt;'   # &#060;
-          @s.gsub!(/>/um,'&#62;') # '&gt;'   # &#062;
-          @s.gsub!(/¢/um,'&#162;') # '&cent;'   # &#162;
-          @s.gsub!(/£/um,'&#163;') # '&pound;'  # &#163;
-          @s.gsub!(/¥/um,'&#165;') # '&yen;'    # &#165;
-          @s.gsub!(/§/um,'&#167;') # '&sect;'   # &#167;
-          @s.gsub!(/©/um,'&#169;') # '&copy;'   # &#169;
-          @s.gsub!(/ª/um,'&#170;') # '&ordf;'   # &#170;
-          @s.gsub!(/«/um,'&#171;') # '&laquo;'  # &#171;
-          @s.gsub!(/®/um,'&#174;') # '&reg;'    # &#174;
-          @s.gsub!(/°/um,'&#176;') # '&deg;'    # &#176;
-          @s.gsub!(/±/um,'&#177;') # '&plusmn;' # &#177;
-          @s.gsub!(/²/um,'&#178;') # '&sup2;'   # &#178;
-          @s.gsub!(/³/um,'&#179;') # '&sup3;'   # &#179;
-          @s.gsub!(/µ/um,'&#181;') # '&micro;'  # &#181;
-          @s.gsub!(/¶/um,'&#182;') # '&para;'   # &#182;
-          @s.gsub!(/¹/um,'&#185;') # '&sup1;'   # &#185;
-          @s.gsub!(/º/um,'&#186;') # '&ordm;'   # &#186;
-          @s.gsub!(/»/um,'&#187;') # '&raquo;'  # &#187;
-          @s.gsub!(/¼/um,'&#188;') # '&frac14;' # &#188;
-          @s.gsub!(/½/um,'&#189;') # '&frac12;' # &#189;
-          @s.gsub!(/¾/um,'&#190;') # '&frac34;' # &#190;
-          @s.gsub!(/×/um,'&#215;') # '&times;'  # &#215;
-          @s.gsub!(/÷/um,'&#247;') # '&divide;' # &#247;
-          @s.gsub!(/¿/um,'&#191;') # '&iquest;' # &#191;
-          @s.gsub!(/À/um,'&#192;') # '&Agrave;' # &#192;
-          @s.gsub!(/Á/um,'&#193;') # '&Aacute;' # &#193;
-          @s.gsub!(/Â/um,'&#194;') # '&Acirc;'  # &#194;
-          @s.gsub!(/Ã/um,'&#195;') # '&Atilde;' # &#195;
-          @s.gsub!(/Ä/um,'&#196;') # '&Auml;'   # &#196;
-          @s.gsub!(/Å/um,'&#197;') # '&Aring;'  # &#197;
-          @s.gsub!(/Æ/um,'&#198;') # '&AElig;'  # &#198;
-          @s.gsub!(/Ç/um,'&#199;') # '&Ccedil;' # &#199;
-          @s.gsub!(/È/um,'&#200;') # '&Egrave;' # &#200;
-          @s.gsub!(/É/um,'&#201;') # '&Eacute;' # &#201;
-          @s.gsub!(/Ê/um,'&#202;') # '&Ecirc;'  # &#202;
-          @s.gsub!(/Ë/um,'&#203;') # '&Euml;'   # &#203;
-          @s.gsub!(/Ì/um,'&#204;') # '&Igrave;' # &#204;
-          @s.gsub!(/Í/um,'&#205;') # '&Iacute;' # &#205;
-          @s.gsub!(/Î/um,'&#206;') # '&Icirc;'  # &#206;
-          @s.gsub!(/Ï/um,'&#207;') # '&Iuml;'   # &#207;
-          @s.gsub!(/Ð/um,'&#208;') # '&ETH;'    # &#208;
-          @s.gsub!(/Ñ/um,'&#209;') # '&Ntilde;' # &#209;
-          @s.gsub!(/Ò/um,'&#210;') # '&Ograve;' # &#210;
-          @s.gsub!(/Ó/um,'&#211;') # '&Oacute;' # &#211;
-          @s.gsub!(/Ô/um,'&#212;') # '&Ocirc;'  # &#212;
-          @s.gsub!(/Õ/um,'&#213;') # '&Otilde;' # &#213;
-          @s.gsub!(/Ö/um,'&#214;') # '&Ouml;'   # &#214;
-          @s.gsub!(/Ø/um,'&#216;') # '&Oslash;' # &#216;
-          @s.gsub!(/Ù/um,'&#217;') # '&Ugrave;' # &#217;
-          @s.gsub!(/Ú/um,'&#218;') # '&Uacute;' # &#218;
-          @s.gsub!(/Û/um,'&#219;') # '&Ucirc;'  # &#219;
-          @s.gsub!(/Ü/um,'&#220;') # '&Uuml;'   # &#220;
-          @s.gsub!(/Ý/um,'&#221;') # '&Yacute;' # &#221;
-          @s.gsub!(/Þ/um,'&#222;') # '&THORN;'  # &#222;
-          @s.gsub!(/ß/um,'&#223;') # '&szlig;'  # &#223;
-          @s.gsub!(/à/um,'&#224;') # '&agrave;' # &#224;
-          @s.gsub!(/á/um,'&#225;') # '&aacute;' # &#225;
-          @s.gsub!(/â/um,'&#226;') # '&acirc;'  # &#226;
-          @s.gsub!(/ã/um,'&#227;') # '&atilde;' # &#227;
-          @s.gsub!(/ä/um,'&#228;') # '&auml;'   # &#228;
-          @s.gsub!(/å/um,'&#229;') # '&aring;'  # &#229;
-          @s.gsub!(/æ/um,'&#230;') # '&aelig;'  # &#230;
-          @s.gsub!(/ç/um,'&#231;') # '&ccedil;' # &#231;
-          @s.gsub!(/è/um,'&#232;') # '&egrave;' # &#232;
-          @s.gsub!(/é/um,'&#233;') # '&acute;'  # &#233;
-          @s.gsub!(/ê/um,'&#234;') # '&circ;'   # &#234;
-          @s.gsub!(/ë/um,'&#235;') # '&euml;'   # &#235;
-          @s.gsub!(/ì/um,'&#236;') # '&igrave;' # &#236;
-          @s.gsub!(/í/um,'&#237;') # '&acute;'  # &#237;
-          @s.gsub!(/î/um,'&#238;') # '&icirc;'  # &#238;
-          @s.gsub!(/ï/um,'&#239;') # '&iuml;'   # &#239;
-          @s.gsub!(/ð/um,'&#240;') # '&eth;'    # &#240;
-          @s.gsub!(/ñ/um,'&#241;') # '&ntilde;' # &#241;
-          @s.gsub!(/ò/um,'&#242;') # '&ograve;' # &#242;
-          @s.gsub!(/ó/um,'&#243;') # '&oacute;' # &#243;
-          @s.gsub!(/ô/um,'&#244;') # '&ocirc;'  # &#244;
-          @s.gsub!(/õ/um,'&#245;') # '&otilde;' # &#245;
-          @s.gsub!(/ö/um,'&#246;') # '&ouml;'   # &#246;
-          @s.gsub!(/ø/um,'&#248;') # '&oslash;' # &#248;
-          @s.gsub!(/ù/um,'&#250;') # '&ugrave;' # &#250;
-          @s.gsub!(/ú/um,'&#251;') # '&uacute;' # &#251;
-          @s.gsub!(/û/um,'&#252;') # '&ucirc;'  # &#252;
-          @s.gsub!(/ü/um,'&#253;') # '&uuml;'   # &#253;
-          @s.gsub!(/þ/um,'&#254;') # '&thorn;'  # &#254;
-          @s.gsub!(/ÿ/um,'&#255;') # '&yuml;'   # &#255;
-          @s.gsub!(/‘/um,'&#8216;') # '&lsquo;' # &#8216;
-          @s.gsub!(/’/um,'&#8217;') # '&rsquo;' # &#8217;
-          @s.gsub!(/“/um,'&#8220;') # &ldquo;   # &#8220;
-          @s.gsub!(/”/um,'&#8221;') # &rdquo;   # &#8221;
-          @s.gsub!(/–/um,'&#8211;') # &ndash;   # &#8211;
-          @s.gsub!(/—/um,'&#8212;') # &mdash;   # &#8212;
-          @s.gsub!(/∝/um,'&#8733;') # &prop;    # &#8733;
-          @s.gsub!(/∞/um,'&#8734;') # &infin;   # &#8734;
-          @s.gsub!(/™/um,'&#8482;') # &trade;   # &#8482;
-          @s.gsub!(/✠/um,'&#10016;') # &cross;  # &#10016;
-          @s.gsub!(/ /um,' ')       # space identify
-          @s.gsub!(/ /um,' ')       # space identify
-          @s.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}/u,'<br />')
+          @s=@s.gsub(/<br(?: \/)?>/u,Mx[:br_paragraph]).
+            gsub(/</um,'&#60;'). # '&lt;'   # &#060;
+            gsub(/</um,'&#60;'). # '&lt;'   # &#060;
+            gsub(/>/um,'&#62;'). # '&gt;'   # &#062;
+            gsub(/¢/um,'&#162;'). # '&cent;'   # &#162;
+            gsub(/£/um,'&#163;'). # '&pound;'  # &#163;
+            gsub(/¥/um,'&#165;'). # '&yen;'    # &#165;
+            gsub(/§/um,'&#167;'). # '&sect;'   # &#167;
+            gsub(/©/um,'&#169;'). # '&copy;'   # &#169;
+            gsub(/ª/um,'&#170;'). # '&ordf;'   # &#170;
+            gsub(/«/um,'&#171;'). # '&laquo;'  # &#171;
+            gsub(/®/um,'&#174;'). # '&reg;'    # &#174;
+            gsub(/°/um,'&#176;'). # '&deg;'    # &#176;
+            gsub(/±/um,'&#177;'). # '&plusmn;' # &#177;
+            gsub(/²/um,'&#178;'). # '&sup2;'   # &#178;
+            gsub(/³/um,'&#179;'). # '&sup3;'   # &#179;
+            gsub(/µ/um,'&#181;'). # '&micro;'  # &#181;
+            gsub(/¶/um,'&#182;'). # '&para;'   # &#182;
+            gsub(/¹/um,'&#185;'). # '&sup1;'   # &#185;
+            gsub(/º/um,'&#186;'). # '&ordm;'   # &#186;
+            gsub(/»/um,'&#187;'). # '&raquo;'  # &#187;
+            gsub(/¼/um,'&#188;'). # '&frac14;' # &#188;
+            gsub(/½/um,'&#189;'). # '&frac12;' # &#189;
+            gsub(/¾/um,'&#190;'). # '&frac34;' # &#190;
+            gsub(/×/um,'&#215;'). # '&times;'  # &#215;
+            gsub(/÷/um,'&#247;'). # '&divide;' # &#247;
+            gsub(/¿/um,'&#191;'). # '&iquest;' # &#191;
+            gsub(/À/um,'&#192;'). # '&Agrave;' # &#192;
+            gsub(/Á/um,'&#193;'). # '&Aacute;' # &#193;
+            gsub(/Â/um,'&#194;'). # '&Acirc;'  # &#194;
+            gsub(/Ã/um,'&#195;'). # '&Atilde;' # &#195;
+            gsub(/Ä/um,'&#196;'). # '&Auml;'   # &#196;
+            gsub(/Å/um,'&#197;'). # '&Aring;'  # &#197;
+            gsub(/Æ/um,'&#198;'). # '&AElig;'  # &#198;
+            gsub(/Ç/um,'&#199;'). # '&Ccedil;' # &#199;
+            gsub(/È/um,'&#200;'). # '&Egrave;' # &#200;
+            gsub(/É/um,'&#201;'). # '&Eacute;' # &#201;
+            gsub(/Ê/um,'&#202;'). # '&Ecirc;'  # &#202;
+            gsub(/Ë/um,'&#203;'). # '&Euml;'   # &#203;
+            gsub(/Ì/um,'&#204;'). # '&Igrave;' # &#204;
+            gsub(/Í/um,'&#205;'). # '&Iacute;' # &#205;
+            gsub(/Î/um,'&#206;'). # '&Icirc;'  # &#206;
+            gsub(/Ï/um,'&#207;'). # '&Iuml;'   # &#207;
+            gsub(/Ð/um,'&#208;'). # '&ETH;'    # &#208;
+            gsub(/Ñ/um,'&#209;'). # '&Ntilde;' # &#209;
+            gsub(/Ò/um,'&#210;'). # '&Ograve;' # &#210;
+            gsub(/Ó/um,'&#211;'). # '&Oacute;' # &#211;
+            gsub(/Ô/um,'&#212;'). # '&Ocirc;'  # &#212;
+            gsub(/Õ/um,'&#213;'). # '&Otilde;' # &#213;
+            gsub(/Ö/um,'&#214;'). # '&Ouml;'   # &#214;
+            gsub(/Ø/um,'&#216;'). # '&Oslash;' # &#216;
+            gsub(/Ù/um,'&#217;'). # '&Ugrave;' # &#217;
+            gsub(/Ú/um,'&#218;'). # '&Uacute;' # &#218;
+            gsub(/Û/um,'&#219;'). # '&Ucirc;'  # &#219;
+            gsub(/Ü/um,'&#220;'). # '&Uuml;'   # &#220;
+            gsub(/Ý/um,'&#221;'). # '&Yacute;' # &#221;
+            gsub(/Þ/um,'&#222;'). # '&THORN;'  # &#222;
+            gsub(/ß/um,'&#223;'). # '&szlig;'  # &#223;
+            gsub(/à/um,'&#224;'). # '&agrave;' # &#224;
+            gsub(/á/um,'&#225;'). # '&aacute;' # &#225;
+            gsub(/â/um,'&#226;'). # '&acirc;'  # &#226;
+            gsub(/ã/um,'&#227;'). # '&atilde;' # &#227;
+            gsub(/ä/um,'&#228;'). # '&auml;'   # &#228;
+            gsub(/å/um,'&#229;'). # '&aring;'  # &#229;
+            gsub(/æ/um,'&#230;'). # '&aelig;'  # &#230;
+            gsub(/ç/um,'&#231;'). # '&ccedil;' # &#231;
+            gsub(/è/um,'&#232;'). # '&egrave;' # &#232;
+            gsub(/é/um,'&#233;'). # '&acute;'  # &#233;
+            gsub(/ê/um,'&#234;'). # '&circ;'   # &#234;
+            gsub(/ë/um,'&#235;'). # '&euml;'   # &#235;
+            gsub(/ì/um,'&#236;'). # '&igrave;' # &#236;
+            gsub(/í/um,'&#237;'). # '&acute;'  # &#237;
+            gsub(/î/um,'&#238;'). # '&icirc;'  # &#238;
+            gsub(/ï/um,'&#239;'). # '&iuml;'   # &#239;
+            gsub(/ð/um,'&#240;'). # '&eth;'    # &#240;
+            gsub(/ñ/um,'&#241;'). # '&ntilde;' # &#241;
+            gsub(/ò/um,'&#242;'). # '&ograve;' # &#242;
+            gsub(/ó/um,'&#243;'). # '&oacute;' # &#243;
+            gsub(/ô/um,'&#244;'). # '&ocirc;'  # &#244;
+            gsub(/õ/um,'&#245;'). # '&otilde;' # &#245;
+            gsub(/ö/um,'&#246;'). # '&ouml;'   # &#246;
+            gsub(/ø/um,'&#248;'). # '&oslash;' # &#248;
+            gsub(/ù/um,'&#250;'). # '&ugrave;' # &#250;
+            gsub(/ú/um,'&#251;'). # '&uacute;' # &#251;
+            gsub(/û/um,'&#252;'). # '&ucirc;'  # &#252;
+            gsub(/ü/um,'&#253;'). # '&uuml;'   # &#253;
+            gsub(/þ/um,'&#254;'). # '&thorn;'  # &#254;
+            gsub(/ÿ/um,'&#255;'). # '&yuml;'   # &#255;
+            gsub(/‘/um,'&#8216;'). # '&lsquo;' # &#8216;
+            gsub(/’/um,'&#8217;'). # '&rsquo;' # &#8217;
+            gsub(/“/um,'&#8220;'). # &ldquo;   # &#8220;
+            gsub(/”/um,'&#8221;'). # &rdquo;   # &#8221;
+            gsub(/–/um,'&#8211;'). # &ndash;   # &#8211;
+            gsub(/—/um,'&#8212;'). # &mdash;   # &#8212;
+            gsub(/∝/um,'&#8733;'). # &prop;    # &#8733;
+            gsub(/∞/um,'&#8734;'). # &infin;   # &#8734;
+            gsub(/™/um,'&#8482;'). # &trade;   # &#8482;
+            gsub(/✠/um,'&#10016;'). # &cross;  # &#10016;
+            gsub(/ /um,' ').       # space identify
+            gsub(/ /um,' ').       # space identify
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}/u,'<br />')
         end
         @s
       end
@@ -910,32 +910,32 @@ WOK
       def meta_para
         url_brace=SiSU_Viz::Skin.new.url_decoration
         if @inf.class==String
-          @inf.gsub!(/</,'&lt;'); @inf.gsub!(/>/,'&gt;')
-          @inf.gsub!(/&lt;br(?: \/)?&gt;/,'<br />')
+          @inf=@inf.gsub(/</,'&lt;').gsub(/>/,'&gt;').
+            gsub(/&lt;br(?: \/)?&gt;/,'<br />')
           if @inf =~/&/
             inf_array=[]
             word=@inf.scan(/\S+|\n/)
             word.each do |w| # _ - / # | : ! ^ ~
-              w.gsub!(/&nbsp;/,'&#160;')
+              w=w.gsub(/&nbsp;/,'&#160;')
               if w !~/&\S{2,7}?;/
-                w.gsub!(/&/,'&amp;')
+                w=w.gsub(/&/,'&amp;')
               end
               inf_array << w
             end
             @inf=inf_array.join(' ')
           end
-          @inf.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
-            '<text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="\1">\1</text:a>') #http ftp matches escaped, no decoration
-          @inf.gsub!(/(#{Mx[:lnk_c]})#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
-            '\1<text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="\2">\2</text:a>') #special case \{ e.g. \}http://url
-          if @inf =~/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/
-            @inf.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+          @inf=@inf.gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+              '<text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="\1">\1</text:a>'). #http ftp matches escaped, no decoration
+            gsub(/(#{Mx[:lnk_c]})#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+              '\1<text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="\2">\2</text:a>') #special case \{ e.g. \}http://url
+          @inf=if @inf =~/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/
+            @inf.gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
               %{#{url_brace.xml_open}<text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="\\1">\\1</text:a>#{url_brace.xml_close}}) #http ftp matches with decoration
           else
-            @inf.gsub!(/(https?:\/\/[^<>()'"\s]+)/,
+            @inf.gsub(/(https?:\/\/[^<>()'"\s]+)/,
               %{#{url_brace.xml_open}<text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="\\1">\\1</text:a>#{url_brace.xml_close}}) #http ftp matches with decoration
           end
-          @inf.gsub!(/([a-zA-Z0-9._-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+)/,
+          @inf=@inf.gsub(/([a-zA-Z0-9._-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+)/,
             %{#{url_brace.xml_open}<text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="mailto:\\1">\\1</text:a>#{url_brace.xml_close}}) if @inf !~/http:\/\// # improve upon, document crash where url contains '@' symbol
         end
         <<WOK
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/shared_txt.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/shared_txt.rb
index c59e1866..4afddc05 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/shared_txt.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/shared_txt.rb
@@ -70,8 +70,8 @@ module SiSU_TextUtils
       line=0
       out=[]
       out[line]=''
-      @para.gsub!(/<br>/,' <br> ')
-      @para.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,"\n\n")
+      @para=@para.gsub(/<br>/,' <br> ').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,"\n\n")
       words=@para.scan(/\n\n|<br>|\S+/m)
       while words != ''
         word=words.shift
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/shared_xml.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/shared_xml.rb
index 78611ccc..dbaed6d8 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/shared_xml.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/shared_xml.rb
@@ -116,399 +116,404 @@ module SiSU_XML_Munge
           if str
             #¿ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖØÙÚÛÜÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõöøùúûü
             #¢£¥§©ª«®°±²³µ¶¹º»¼½¾×÷
-            str.gsub!(/</um,'&#60;')    # '&lt;'     # &#060;
-            str.gsub!(/>/um,'&#62;')    # '&gt;'     # &#062;
-            str.gsub!(/¢/um,'&#162;')   # '&cent;'   # &#162;
-            str.gsub!(/£/um,'&#163;')   # '&pound;'  # &#163;
-            str.gsub!(/¥/um,'&#165;')   # '&yen;'    # &#165;
-            str.gsub!(/§/um,'&#167;')   # '&sect;'   # &#167;
-            str.gsub!(/©/um,'&#169;')   # '&copy;'   # &#169;
-            str.gsub!(/ª/um,'&#170;')   # '&ordf;'   # &#170;
-            str.gsub!(/«/um,'&#171;')   # '&laquo;'  # &#171;
-            str.gsub!(/®/um,'&#174;')   # '&reg;'    # &#174;
-            str.gsub!(/°/um,'&#176;')   # '&deg;'    # &#176;
-            str.gsub!(/±/um,'&#177;')   # '&plusmn;' # &#177;
-            str.gsub!(/²/um,'&#178;')   # '&sup2;'   # &#178;
-            str.gsub!(/³/um,'&#179;')   # '&sup3;'   # &#179;
-            str.gsub!(/µ/um,'&#181;')   # '&micro;'  # &#181;
-            str.gsub!(/¶/um,'&#182;')   # '&para;'   # &#182;
-            str.gsub!(/¹/um,'&#185;')   # '&sup1;'   # &#185;
-            str.gsub!(/º/um,'&#186;')   # '&ordm;'   # &#186;
-            str.gsub!(/»/um,'&#187;')   # '&raquo;'  # &#187;
-            str.gsub!(/¼/um,'&#188;')   # '&frac14;' # &#188;
-            str.gsub!(/½/um,'&#189;')   # '&frac12;' # &#189;
-            str.gsub!(/¾/um,'&#190;')   # '&frac34;' # &#190;
-            str.gsub!(/×/um,'&#215;')   # '&times;'  # &#215;
-            str.gsub!(/÷/um,'&#247;')   # '&divide;' # &#247;
-            str.gsub!(/¿/um,'&#191;')   # '&iquest;' # &#191;
-            str.gsub!(/À/um,'&#192;')   # '&Agrave;' # &#192;
-            str.gsub!(/Á/um,'&#193;')   # '&Aacute;' # &#193;
-            str.gsub!(/Â/um,'&#194;')   # '&Acirc;'  # &#194;
-            str.gsub!(/Ã/um,'&#195;')   # '&Atilde;' # &#195;
-            str.gsub!(/Ä/um,'&#196;')   # '&Auml;'   # &#196;
-            str.gsub!(/Å/um,'&#197;')   # '&Aring;'  # &#197;
-            str.gsub!(/Æ/um,'&#198;')   # '&AElig;'  # &#198;
-            str.gsub!(/Ç/um,'&#199;')   # '&Ccedil;' # &#199;
-            str.gsub!(/È/um,'&#200;')   # '&Egrave;' # &#200;
-            str.gsub!(/É/um,'&#201;')   # '&Eacute;' # &#201;
-            str.gsub!(/Ê/um,'&#202;')   # '&Ecirc;'  # &#202;
-            str.gsub!(/Ë/um,'&#203;')   # '&Euml;'   # &#203;
-            str.gsub!(/Ì/um,'&#204;')   # '&Igrave;' # &#204;
-            str.gsub!(/Í/um,'&#205;')   # '&Iacute;' # &#205;
-            str.gsub!(/Î/um,'&#206;')   # '&Icirc;'  # &#206;
-            str.gsub!(/Ï/um,'&#207;')   # '&Iuml;'   # &#207;
-            str.gsub!(/Ð/um,'&#208;')   # '&ETH;'    # &#208;
-            str.gsub!(/Ñ/um,'&#209;')   # '&Ntilde;' # &#209;
-            str.gsub!(/Ò/um,'&#210;')   # '&Ograve;' # &#210;
-            str.gsub!(/Ó/um,'&#211;')   # '&Oacute;' # &#211;
-            str.gsub!(/Ô/um,'&#212;')   # '&Ocirc;'  # &#212;
-            str.gsub!(/Õ/um,'&#213;')   # '&Otilde;' # &#213;
-            str.gsub!(/Ö/um,'&#214;')   # '&Ouml;'   # &#214;
-            str.gsub!(/Ø/um,'&#216;')   # '&Oslash;' # &#216;
-            str.gsub!(/Ù/um,'&#217;')   # '&Ugrave;' # &#217;
-            str.gsub!(/Ú/um,'&#218;')   # '&Uacute;' # &#218;
-            str.gsub!(/Û/um,'&#219;')   # '&Ucirc;'  # &#219;
-            str.gsub!(/Ü/um,'&#220;')   # '&Uuml;'   # &#220;
-            str.gsub!(/Ý/um,'&#221;')   # '&Yacute;' # &#221;
-            str.gsub!(/Þ/um,'&#222;')   # '&THORN;'  # &#222;
-            str.gsub!(/ß/um,'&#223;')   # '&szlig;'  # &#223;
-            str.gsub!(/à/um,'&#224;')   # '&agrave;' # &#224;
-            str.gsub!(/á/um,'&#225;')   # '&aacute;' # &#225;
-            str.gsub!(/â/um,'&#226;')   # '&acirc;'  # &#226;
-            str.gsub!(/ã/um,'&#227;')   # '&atilde;' # &#227;
-            str.gsub!(/ä/um,'&#228;')   # '&auml;'   # &#228;
-            str.gsub!(/å/um,'&#229;')   # '&aring;'  # &#229;
-            str.gsub!(/æ/um,'&#230;')   # '&aelig;'  # &#230;
-            str.gsub!(/ç/um,'&#231;')   # '&ccedil;' # &#231;
-            str.gsub!(/è/um,'&#232;')   # '&egrave;' # &#232;
-            str.gsub!(/é/um,'&#233;')   # '&acute;'  # &#233;
-            str.gsub!(/ê/um,'&#234;')   # '&circ;'   # &#234;
-            str.gsub!(/ë/um,'&#235;')   # '&euml;'   # &#235;
-            str.gsub!(/ì/um,'&#236;')   # '&igrave;' # &#236;
-            str.gsub!(/í/um,'&#237;')   # '&acute;'  # &#237;
-            str.gsub!(/î/um,'&#238;')   # '&icirc;'  # &#238;
-            str.gsub!(/ï/um,'&#239;')   # '&iuml;'   # &#239;
-            str.gsub!(/ð/um,'&#240;')   # '&eth;'    # &#240;
-            str.gsub!(/ñ/um,'&#241;')   # '&ntilde;' # &#241;
-            str.gsub!(/ò/um,'&#242;')   # '&ograve;' # &#242;
-            str.gsub!(/ó/um,'&#243;')   # '&oacute;' # &#243;
-            str.gsub!(/ô/um,'&#244;')   # '&ocirc;'  # &#244;
-            str.gsub!(/õ/um,'&#245;')   # '&otilde;' # &#245;
-            str.gsub!(/ö/um,'&#246;')   # '&ouml;'   # &#246;
-            str.gsub!(/ø/um,'&#248;')   # '&oslash;' # &#248;
-            str.gsub!(/ù/um,'&#250;')   # '&ugrave;' # &#250;
-            str.gsub!(/ú/um,'&#251;')   # '&uacute;' # &#251;
-            str.gsub!(/û/um,'&#252;')   # '&ucirc;'  # &#252;
-            str.gsub!(/ü/um,'&#253;')   # '&uuml;'   # &#253;
-            str.gsub!(/þ/um,'&#254;')   # '&thorn;'  # &#254;
-            str.gsub!(/ÿ/um,'&#255;')   # '&yuml;'   # &#255;
-            str.gsub!(/‘/um,'&#8216;')  # '&lsquo;'  # &#8216;
-            str.gsub!(/’/um,'&#8217;')  # '&rsquo;'  # &#8217;
-            str.gsub!(/“/um,'&#8220;')  # &ldquo;    # &#8220;
-            str.gsub!(/”/um,'&#8221;')  # &rdquo;    # &#8221;
-            str.gsub!(/–/um,'&#8211;')  # &ndash;    # &#8211;
-            str.gsub!(/—/um,'&#8212;')  # &mdash;    # &#8212;
-            str.gsub!(/∝/um,'&#8733;')  # &prop;     # &#8733;
-            str.gsub!(/∞/um,'&#8734;')  # &infin;    # &#8734;
-            str.gsub!(/™/um,'&#8482;')  # &trade;    # &#8482;
-            str.gsub!(/✠/um,'&#10016;') # &cross;    # &#10016;
-            str.gsub!(/ /um,' ')       # space identify
-            str.gsub!(/ /um,' ')       # space identify
+            str=str.gsub(/</um,'&#60;').    # '&lt;'     # &#060;
+              gsub(/>/um,'&#62;').    # '&gt;'     # &#062;
+              gsub(/¢/um,'&#162;').   # '&cent;'   # &#162;
+              gsub(/£/um,'&#163;').   # '&pound;'  # &#163;
+              gsub(/¥/um,'&#165;').   # '&yen;'    # &#165;
+              gsub(/§/um,'&#167;').   # '&sect;'   # &#167;
+              gsub(/©/um,'&#169;').   # '&copy;'   # &#169;
+              gsub(/ª/um,'&#170;').   # '&ordf;'   # &#170;
+              gsub(/«/um,'&#171;').   # '&laquo;'  # &#171;
+              gsub(/®/um,'&#174;').   # '&reg;'    # &#174;
+              gsub(/°/um,'&#176;').   # '&deg;'    # &#176;
+              gsub(/±/um,'&#177;').   # '&plusmn;' # &#177;
+              gsub(/²/um,'&#178;').   # '&sup2;'   # &#178;
+              gsub(/³/um,'&#179;').   # '&sup3;'   # &#179;
+              gsub(/µ/um,'&#181;').   # '&micro;'  # &#181;
+              gsub(/¶/um,'&#182;').   # '&para;'   # &#182;
+              gsub(/¹/um,'&#185;').   # '&sup1;'   # &#185;
+              gsub(/º/um,'&#186;').   # '&ordm;'   # &#186;
+              gsub(/»/um,'&#187;').   # '&raquo;'  # &#187;
+              gsub(/¼/um,'&#188;').   # '&frac14;' # &#188;
+              gsub(/½/um,'&#189;').   # '&frac12;' # &#189;
+              gsub(/¾/um,'&#190;').   # '&frac34;' # &#190;
+              gsub(/×/um,'&#215;').   # '&times;'  # &#215;
+              gsub(/÷/um,'&#247;').   # '&divide;' # &#247;
+              gsub(/¿/um,'&#191;').   # '&iquest;' # &#191;
+              gsub(/À/um,'&#192;').   # '&Agrave;' # &#192;
+              gsub(/Á/um,'&#193;').   # '&Aacute;' # &#193;
+              gsub(/Â/um,'&#194;').   # '&Acirc;'  # &#194;
+              gsub(/Ã/um,'&#195;').   # '&Atilde;' # &#195;
+              gsub(/Ä/um,'&#196;').   # '&Auml;'   # &#196;
+              gsub(/Å/um,'&#197;').   # '&Aring;'  # &#197;
+              gsub(/Æ/um,'&#198;').   # '&AElig;'  # &#198;
+              gsub(/Ç/um,'&#199;').   # '&Ccedil;' # &#199;
+              gsub(/È/um,'&#200;').   # '&Egrave;' # &#200;
+              gsub(/É/um,'&#201;').   # '&Eacute;' # &#201;
+              gsub(/Ê/um,'&#202;').   # '&Ecirc;'  # &#202;
+              gsub(/Ë/um,'&#203;').   # '&Euml;'   # &#203;
+              gsub(/Ì/um,'&#204;').   # '&Igrave;' # &#204;
+              gsub(/Í/um,'&#205;').   # '&Iacute;' # &#205;
+              gsub(/Î/um,'&#206;').   # '&Icirc;'  # &#206;
+              gsub(/Ï/um,'&#207;').   # '&Iuml;'   # &#207;
+              gsub(/Ð/um,'&#208;').   # '&ETH;'    # &#208;
+              gsub(/Ñ/um,'&#209;').   # '&Ntilde;' # &#209;
+              gsub(/Ò/um,'&#210;').   # '&Ograve;' # &#210;
+              gsub(/Ó/um,'&#211;').   # '&Oacute;' # &#211;
+              gsub(/Ô/um,'&#212;').   # '&Ocirc;'  # &#212;
+              gsub(/Õ/um,'&#213;').   # '&Otilde;' # &#213;
+              gsub(/Ö/um,'&#214;').   # '&Ouml;'   # &#214;
+              gsub(/Ø/um,'&#216;').   # '&Oslash;' # &#216;
+              gsub(/Ù/um,'&#217;').   # '&Ugrave;' # &#217;
+              gsub(/Ú/um,'&#218;').   # '&Uacute;' # &#218;
+              gsub(/Û/um,'&#219;').   # '&Ucirc;'  # &#219;
+              gsub(/Ü/um,'&#220;').   # '&Uuml;'   # &#220;
+              gsub(/Ý/um,'&#221;').   # '&Yacute;' # &#221;
+              gsub(/Þ/um,'&#222;').   # '&THORN;'  # &#222;
+              gsub(/ß/um,'&#223;').   # '&szlig;'  # &#223;
+              gsub(/à/um,'&#224;').   # '&agrave;' # &#224;
+              gsub(/á/um,'&#225;').   # '&aacute;' # &#225;
+              gsub(/â/um,'&#226;').   # '&acirc;'  # &#226;
+              gsub(/ã/um,'&#227;').   # '&atilde;' # &#227;
+              gsub(/ä/um,'&#228;').   # '&auml;'   # &#228;
+              gsub(/å/um,'&#229;').   # '&aring;'  # &#229;
+              gsub(/æ/um,'&#230;').   # '&aelig;'  # &#230;
+              gsub(/ç/um,'&#231;').   # '&ccedil;' # &#231;
+              gsub(/è/um,'&#232;').   # '&egrave;' # &#232;
+              gsub(/é/um,'&#233;').   # '&acute;'  # &#233;
+              gsub(/ê/um,'&#234;').   # '&circ;'   # &#234;
+              gsub(/ë/um,'&#235;').   # '&euml;'   # &#235;
+              gsub(/ì/um,'&#236;').   # '&igrave;' # &#236;
+              gsub(/í/um,'&#237;').   # '&acute;'  # &#237;
+              gsub(/î/um,'&#238;').   # '&icirc;'  # &#238;
+              gsub(/ï/um,'&#239;').   # '&iuml;'   # &#239;
+              gsub(/ð/um,'&#240;').   # '&eth;'    # &#240;
+              gsub(/ñ/um,'&#241;').   # '&ntilde;' # &#241;
+              gsub(/ò/um,'&#242;').   # '&ograve;' # &#242;
+              gsub(/ó/um,'&#243;').   # '&oacute;' # &#243;
+              gsub(/ô/um,'&#244;').   # '&ocirc;'  # &#244;
+              gsub(/õ/um,'&#245;').   # '&otilde;' # &#245;
+              gsub(/ö/um,'&#246;').   # '&ouml;'   # &#246;
+              gsub(/ø/um,'&#248;').   # '&oslash;' # &#248;
+              gsub(/ù/um,'&#250;').   # '&ugrave;' # &#250;
+              gsub(/ú/um,'&#251;').   # '&uacute;' # &#251;
+              gsub(/û/um,'&#252;').   # '&ucirc;'  # &#252;
+              gsub(/ü/um,'&#253;').   # '&uuml;'   # &#253;
+              gsub(/þ/um,'&#254;').   # '&thorn;'  # &#254;
+              gsub(/ÿ/um,'&#255;').   # '&yuml;'   # &#255;
+              gsub(/‘/um,'&#8216;').  # '&lsquo;'  # &#8216;
+              gsub(/’/um,'&#8217;').  # '&rsquo;'  # &#8217;
+              gsub(/“/um,'&#8220;').  # &ldquo;    # &#8220;
+              gsub(/”/um,'&#8221;').  # &rdquo;    # &#8221;
+              gsub(/–/um,'&#8211;').  # &ndash;    # &#8211;
+              gsub(/—/um,'&#8212;').  # &mdash;    # &#8212;
+              gsub(/∝/um,'&#8733;').  # &prop;     # &#8733;
+              gsub(/∞/um,'&#8734;').  # &infin;    # &#8734;
+              gsub(/™/um,'&#8482;').  # &trade;    # &#8482;
+              gsub(/✠/um,'&#10016;'). # &cross;    # &#10016;
+              gsub(/ /um,' ').       # space identify
+              gsub(/ /um,' ')       # space identify
           end
           dob=if defined? dob.obj
             dob.obj=str
             dob
-          elsif dob.class==String; dob
+          elsif dob.class==String
+            str
           end
           dob
         end
       end
       def html(dob='')
         if @sys.locale =~/utf-?8/i # instead ucs for utf8 # String#encode Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ /u,' ')           # space identify
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ /u,' ')           # space identify
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/ /u,' ').           # space identify
+            gsub(/ /u,' ')           # space identify
         else
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/¢/u,'&cent;')      # &#162;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/£/u,'&pound;')     # &#163;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/¥/u,'&yen;')       # &#165;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/§/u,'&sect;')      # &#167;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/©/u,'&copy;')      # &#169;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ª/u,'&ordf;')      # &#170;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/«/u,'&laquo;')     # &#171;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/®/u,'&reg;')       # &#174;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/°/u,'&deg;')       # &#176;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/±/u,'&plusmn;')    # &#177;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/²/u,'&sup2;')      # &#178;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/³/u,'&sup3;')      # &#179;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/µ/u,'&micro;')     # &#181;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/¶/u,'&para;')      # &#182;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/¹/u,'&sup1;')      # &#185;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/º/u,'&ordm;')      # &#186;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/»/u,'&raquo;')     # &#187;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/¼/u,'&frac14;')    # &#188;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/½/u,'&frac12;')    # &#189;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/¾/u,'&frac34;')    # &#190;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/×/u,'&times;')     # &#215;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/÷/u,'&divide;')    # &#247;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/¿/u,'&iquest;')    # &#191;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/À/u,'&Agrave;')    # &#192;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Á/u,'&Aacute;')    # &#193;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Â/u,'&Acirc;')     # &#194;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Ã/u,'&Atilde;')    # &#195;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Ä/u,'&Auml;')      # &#196;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Å/u,'&Aring;')     # &#197;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Æ/u,'&AElig;')     # &#198;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Ç/u,'&Ccedil;')    # &#199;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/È/u,'&Egrave;')    # &#200;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/É/u,'&Eacute;')    # &#201;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Ê/u,'&Ecirc;')     # &#202;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Ë/u,'&Euml;')      # &#203;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Ì/u,'&Igrave;')    # &#204;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Í/u,'&Iacute;')    # &#205;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Î/u,'&Icirc;')     # &#206;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Ï/u,'&Iuml;')      # &#207;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Ð/u,'&ETH;')       # &#208;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Ñ/u,'&Ntilde;')    # &#209;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Ò/u,'&Ograve;')    # &#210;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Ó/u,'&Oacute;')    # &#211;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Ô/u,'&Ocirc;')     # &#212;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Õ/u,'&Otilde;')    # &#213;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Ö/u,'&Ouml;')      # &#214;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Ø/u,'&Oslash;')    # &#216;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Ù/u,'&Ugrave;')    # &#217;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Ú/u,'&Uacute;')    # &#218;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Û/u,'&Ucirc;')     # &#219;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Ü/u,'&Uuml;')      # &#220;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Ý/u,'&Yacute;')    # &#221;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/Þ/u,'&THORN;')     # &#222;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ß/u,'&szlig;')     # &#223;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/à/u,'&agrave;')    # &#224;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/á/u,'&aacute;')    # &#225;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/â/u,'&acirc;')     # &#226;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ã/u,'&atilde;')    # &#227;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ä/u,'&auml;')      # &#228;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/å/u,'&aring;')     # &#229;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/æ/u,'&aelig;')     # &#230;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ç/u,'&ccedil;')    # &#231;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/è/u,'&egrave;')    # &#232;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/é/u,'&acute;')     # &#233;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ê/u,'&circ;')      # &#234;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ë/u,'&euml;')      # &#235;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ì/u,'&igrave;')    # &#236;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/í/u,'&acute;')     # &#237;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/î/u,'&icirc;')     # &#238;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ï/u,'&iuml;')      # &#239;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ð/u,'&eth;')       # &#240;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ñ/u,'&ntilde;')    # &#241;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ò/u,'&ograve;')    # &#242;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ó/u,'&oacute;')    # &#243;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ô/u,'&ocirc;')     # &#244;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/õ/u,'&otilde;')    # &#245;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ö/u,'&ouml;')      # &#246;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ø/u,'&oslash;')    # &#248;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ù/u,'&ugrave;')    # &#250;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ú/u,'&uacute;')    # &#251;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/û/u,'&ucirc;')     # &#252;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ü/u,'&uuml;')      # &#253;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/þ/u,'&thorn;')     # &#254;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ÿ/u,'&yuml;')      # &#255;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/‘/u,'&#lsquo;')    # &lsquo;  # &#8216;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/’/u,'&#rsquo;')    # &rsquo;  # &#8217;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/“/u,'&ldquo;')     # &ldquo;  # &#8220;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/”/u,'&rdquo;')     # &rdquo;  # &#8221;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/–/u,'&ndash;')     # &ndash;  # &#8211;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/—/u,'&mdash;')     # &mdash;  # &#8212;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/∝/u,'&prop;')      # &prop;   # &#8733;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/∞/u,'&infin;')     # &infin;  # &#8734;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/™/u,'&trade;')     # &trade;  # &#8482;
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/✠/u,'&#10016;')    # &#10016;
-          #par.obja.gsub!(/✠/u '&dagger;')    # &dagger; # &#8224; incorrect replacement †
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ /u,' ')           # space identify
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/ /u,' ')           # space identify
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/¢/u,'&cent;').      # &#162;
+            gsub(/£/u,'&pound;').     # &#163;
+            gsub(/¥/u,'&yen;').       # &#165;
+            gsub(/§/u,'&sect;').      # &#167;
+            gsub(/©/u,'&copy;').      # &#169;
+            gsub(/ª/u,'&ordf;').      # &#170;
+            gsub(/«/u,'&laquo;').     # &#171;
+            gsub(/®/u,'&reg;').       # &#174;
+            gsub(/°/u,'&deg;').       # &#176;
+            gsub(/±/u,'&plusmn;').    # &#177;
+            gsub(/²/u,'&sup2;').      # &#178;
+            gsub(/³/u,'&sup3;').      # &#179;
+            gsub(/µ/u,'&micro;').     # &#181;
+            gsub(/¶/u,'&para;').      # &#182;
+            gsub(/¹/u,'&sup1;').      # &#185;
+            gsub(/º/u,'&ordm;').      # &#186;
+            gsub(/»/u,'&raquo;').     # &#187;
+            gsub(/¼/u,'&frac14;').    # &#188;
+            gsub(/½/u,'&frac12;').    # &#189;
+            gsub(/¾/u,'&frac34;').    # &#190;
+            gsub(/×/u,'&times;').     # &#215;
+            gsub(/÷/u,'&divide;').    # &#247;
+            gsub(/¿/u,'&iquest;').    # &#191;
+            gsub(/À/u,'&Agrave;').    # &#192;
+            gsub(/Á/u,'&Aacute;').    # &#193;
+            gsub(/Â/u,'&Acirc;').     # &#194;
+            gsub(/Ã/u,'&Atilde;').    # &#195;
+            gsub(/Ä/u,'&Auml;').      # &#196;
+            gsub(/Å/u,'&Aring;').     # &#197;
+            gsub(/Æ/u,'&AElig;').     # &#198;
+            gsub(/Ç/u,'&Ccedil;').    # &#199;
+            gsub(/È/u,'&Egrave;').    # &#200;
+            gsub(/É/u,'&Eacute;').    # &#201;
+            gsub(/Ê/u,'&Ecirc;').     # &#202;
+            gsub(/Ë/u,'&Euml;').      # &#203;
+            gsub(/Ì/u,'&Igrave;').    # &#204;
+            gsub(/Í/u,'&Iacute;').    # &#205;
+            gsub(/Î/u,'&Icirc;').     # &#206;
+            gsub(/Ï/u,'&Iuml;').      # &#207;
+            gsub(/Ð/u,'&ETH;').       # &#208;
+            gsub(/Ñ/u,'&Ntilde;').    # &#209;
+            gsub(/Ò/u,'&Ograve;').    # &#210;
+            gsub(/Ó/u,'&Oacute;').    # &#211;
+            gsub(/Ô/u,'&Ocirc;').     # &#212;
+            gsub(/Õ/u,'&Otilde;').    # &#213;
+            gsub(/Ö/u,'&Ouml;').      # &#214;
+            gsub(/Ø/u,'&Oslash;').    # &#216;
+            gsub(/Ù/u,'&Ugrave;').    # &#217;
+            gsub(/Ú/u,'&Uacute;').    # &#218;
+            gsub(/Û/u,'&Ucirc;').     # &#219;
+            gsub(/Ü/u,'&Uuml;').      # &#220;
+            gsub(/Ý/u,'&Yacute;').    # &#221;
+            gsub(/Þ/u,'&THORN;').     # &#222;
+            gsub(/ß/u,'&szlig;').     # &#223;
+            gsub(/à/u,'&agrave;').    # &#224;
+            gsub(/á/u,'&aacute;').    # &#225;
+            gsub(/â/u,'&acirc;').     # &#226;
+            gsub(/ã/u,'&atilde;').    # &#227;
+            gsub(/ä/u,'&auml;').      # &#228;
+            gsub(/å/u,'&aring;').     # &#229;
+            gsub(/æ/u,'&aelig;').     # &#230;
+            gsub(/ç/u,'&ccedil;').    # &#231;
+            gsub(/è/u,'&egrave;').    # &#232;
+            gsub(/é/u,'&acute;').     # &#233;
+            gsub(/ê/u,'&circ;').      # &#234;
+            gsub(/ë/u,'&euml;').      # &#235;
+            gsub(/ì/u,'&igrave;').    # &#236;
+            gsub(/í/u,'&acute;').     # &#237;
+            gsub(/î/u,'&icirc;').     # &#238;
+            gsub(/ï/u,'&iuml;').      # &#239;
+            gsub(/ð/u,'&eth;').       # &#240;
+            gsub(/ñ/u,'&ntilde;').    # &#241;
+            gsub(/ò/u,'&ograve;').    # &#242;
+            gsub(/ó/u,'&oacute;').    # &#243;
+            gsub(/ô/u,'&ocirc;').     # &#244;
+            gsub(/õ/u,'&otilde;').    # &#245;
+            gsub(/ö/u,'&ouml;').      # &#246;
+            gsub(/ø/u,'&oslash;').    # &#248;
+            gsub(/ù/u,'&ugrave;').    # &#250;
+            gsub(/ú/u,'&uacute;').    # &#251;
+            gsub(/û/u,'&ucirc;').     # &#252;
+            gsub(/ü/u,'&uuml;').      # &#253;
+            gsub(/þ/u,'&thorn;').     # &#254;
+            gsub(/ÿ/u,'&yuml;').      # &#255;
+            gsub(/‘/u,'&#lsquo;').    # &lsquo;  # &#8216;
+            gsub(/’/u,'&#rsquo;').    # &rsquo;  # &#8217;
+            gsub(/“/u,'&ldquo;').     # &ldquo;  # &#8220;
+            gsub(/”/u,'&rdquo;').     # &rdquo;  # &#8221;
+            gsub(/–/u,'&ndash;').     # &ndash;  # &#8211;
+            gsub(/—/u,'&mdash;').     # &mdash;  # &#8212;
+            gsub(/∝/u,'&prop;').      # &prop;   # &#8733;
+            gsub(/∞/u,'&infin;').     # &infin;  # &#8734;
+            gsub(/™/u,'&trade;').     # &trade;  # &#8482;
+            gsub(/✠/u,'&#10016;').    # &#10016;
+            #gsub(/✠/u '&dagger;').    # &dagger; # &#8224; incorrect replacement †
+            gsub(/ /u,' ').           # space identify
+            gsub(/ /u,' ')           # space identify
         end
       end
       self
     end
     def tidywords(wordlist)
+      wordlist_new=[]
       wordlist.each do |x|
         #imperfect solution will not catch all possible cases
-        x.gsub!(/&/,'&amp;') unless x =~/&\S+;/
-        x.gsub!(/&([A-Z])/,'&amp;\1')
+        x=x.gsub(/&/,'&amp;') unless x =~/&\S+;/
+        x=x.gsub(/&([A-Z])/,'&amp;\1')
+        wordlist_new << x
       end
+      wordlist_new
     end
     def markup(dob='')
       wordlist=dob.obj.scan(/&[#0-9a-z]+;|\S+|\n/) #\n needed for tables, check though added 2005w17
       dob.obj=tidywords(wordlist).join(' ').strip
       unless dob.is=='table'
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_line]}/u,'<br />')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}/u,'<br />')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,'<br />')
-      end
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}:name#\S+?#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}#([a-zA-Z]+)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'&\1;')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}(#[0-9]+)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'&\1;')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s+)<\s+/,'\1&lt; '); dob.obj.gsub!(/\s+>(\s+|$)/,' &gt;\1')
-      #dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_emphasis_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_emphasis_c]}/,'<em>\1</em>') #reinstate
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/m,'<b>\1</b>')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/m,'<i>\1</i>')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'<u>\1</u>')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'<sup>\1</sup>')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,'<sub>\1</sub>')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'<ins>\1</ins>')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,'<cite>\1</cite>')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,'<del>\1</del>')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_monospace_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_monospace_c]}/,'<tt>\1</tt>')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/<:pb>\s*/,'') #Fix
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/<+[-~]#>+/,'')
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:br_line]}/u,'<br />').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}/u,'<br />').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,'<br />')
+      end
+      dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}:name#\S+?#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}#([a-zA-Z]+)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'&\1;').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}(#[0-9]+)#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'&\1;').
+        gsub(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s+)<\s+/,'\1&lt; ').gsub(/\s+>(\s+|$)/,' &gt;\1').
+        #gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_emphasis_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_emphasis_c]}/,'<em>\1</em>'). #reinstate
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/m,'<b>\1</b>').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/m,'<i>\1</i>').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'<u>\1</u>').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'<sup>\1</sup>').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,'<sub>\1</sub>').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'<ins>\1</ins>').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,'<cite>\1</cite>').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,'<del>\1</del>').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_monospace_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_monospace_c]}/,'<tt>\1</tt>').
+        gsub(/<:pb>\s*/,''). #Fix
+        gsub(/<+[-~]#>+/,'')
       if dob.is !~/^code/
         #embeds a red-bullet image -->
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'<b>\1</b>')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'<i>\1</i>')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'<u>\1</u>')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,'<del>\1</del>')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,'<br />') unless dob.is=='table'
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_page]}\s*/,'')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_page_new]}\s*/,'')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:pa_non_object_no_heading]}|#{Mx[:pa_non_object_dummy_heading]}/,''); dob.obj.gsub!(/<[-~]#>/,'')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/href="#{Xx[:segment]}/m,'href="')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}([^#{Mx[:lnk_o]}#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}#{Mx[:rel_c]}]+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}(\.\.\/\S+?)#{Mx[:rel_c]}/,
-          '<link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="\2">\1</link>')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}([^#{Mx[:lnk_o]}#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}#{Mx[:rel_c]}]+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}:(\S+?)#{Mx[:rel_c]}/,
-          '<link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="../\2">\1</link>')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:rel_c]}/,
-          '<link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="#\2">\1</link>')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}[ ]*(\S+?\.(?:jpg|png|gif))[ ]+(\d+)x(\d+)(\s+[^}]+)?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
-          %{<image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:type="simple" xlink:actuate="onLoad" xlink:show="embed" xlink:href="#{@md.file.output_path.xml.rel_image}/\\1" width="\\2" height="\\3" />[\\1] \\4})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}[ ]*(\S+?\.(?:jpg|png|gif))([ ]+[^}]+)?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
-          %{<image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:type="simple" xlink:actuate="onLoad" xlink:show="embed" xlink:href="#{@md.file.output_path.xml.rel_image}/\\1"/>\\1})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}[ ]*(\S+?\.(?:jpg|png|gif))[ ]+(\d+)x(\d+)(\s+[^}]+)?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}image/,
-          %{<image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:type="simple" xlink:actuate="onLoad" xlink:show="embed" xlink:href="#{@md.file.output_path.xml.rel_image}/\\1" width="\\2" height="\\3" />[\\1] \\4})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}[ ]*(\S+?\.(?:jpg|png|gif))([ ]+[^}]+)?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}image/,
-          %{<image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:type="simple" xlink:actuate="onLoad" xlink:show="embed" xlink:href="#{@md.file.output_path.xml.rel_image}/\\1"/>\\1})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
-          '<link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="\2">\1</link>') #watch, compare html_tune
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
-          %{#{@brace_url.xml_open}<link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="\\1">\\1</link>#{@brace_url.xml_close}})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
-          '<link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="\1">\1</link>') #escaped urls not linked, deal with later
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'<b>\1</b>').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'<i>\1</i>').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'<u>\1</u>').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,'<del>\1</del>')
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,'<br />') unless dob.is=='table'
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:br_page]}\s*/,'').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:br_page_new]}\s*/,'').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:pa_non_object_no_heading]}|#{Mx[:pa_non_object_dummy_heading]}/,'').
+          gsub(/<[-~]#>/,'').
+          gsub(/href="#{Xx[:segment]}/m,'href="').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}([^#{Mx[:lnk_o]}#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}#{Mx[:rel_c]}]+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}(\.\.\/\S+?)#{Mx[:rel_c]}/,
+            '<link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="\2">\1</link>').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}([^#{Mx[:lnk_o]}#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}#{Mx[:rel_c]}]+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}:(\S+?)#{Mx[:rel_c]}/,
+            '<link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="../\2">\1</link>').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:rel_c]}/,
+            '<link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="#\2">\1</link>').
+          gsub(/(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}[ ]*(\S+?\.(?:jpg|png|gif))[ ]+(\d+)x(\d+)(\s+[^}]+)?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+            %{<image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:type="simple" xlink:actuate="onLoad" xlink:show="embed" xlink:href="#{@md.file.output_path.xml.rel_image}/\\1" width="\\2" height="\\3" />[\\1] \\4}).
+          gsub(/(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}[ ]*(\S+?\.(?:jpg|png|gif))([ ]+[^}]+)?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+            %{<image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:type="simple" xlink:actuate="onLoad" xlink:show="embed" xlink:href="#{@md.file.output_path.xml.rel_image}/\\1"/>\\1}).
+          gsub(/(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}[ ]*(\S+?\.(?:jpg|png|gif))[ ]+(\d+)x(\d+)(\s+[^}]+)?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}image/,
+            %{<image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:type="simple" xlink:actuate="onLoad" xlink:show="embed" xlink:href="#{@md.file.output_path.xml.rel_image}/\\1" width="\\2" height="\\3" />[\\1] \\4}).
+          gsub(/(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}[ ]*(\S+?\.(?:jpg|png|gif))([ ]+[^}]+)?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}image/,
+            %{<image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:type="simple" xlink:actuate="onLoad" xlink:show="embed" xlink:href="#{@md.file.output_path.xml.rel_image}/\\1"/>\\1}).
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+            '<link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="\2">\1</link>'). #watch, compare html_tune
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+            %{#{@brace_url.xml_open}<link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="\\1">\\1</link>#{@brace_url.xml_close}}).
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+            '<link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="\1">\1</link>') #escaped urls not linked, deal with later
       else
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/</m,'&lt;'); dob.obj.gsub!(/>/m,'&gt;')
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/</m,'&lt;').gsub(/>/m,'&gt;')
       end
       if dob.of=='block'
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_bullet]}/,'● ')
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_bullet]}/,'● ')
       end
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}([a-zA-Z0-9._-]+\@\S+?\.[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
-        %{#{@brace_url.xml_open}\\1#{@brace_url.xml_close}})
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Dx[:url_o]}/,"#{Dx[:url_o_xml]}")
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Dx[:url_c]}/,"#{Dx[:url_c_xml]}")
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/&nbsp;|#{Mx[:nbsp]}/m,'&#160;')
+      dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}([a-zA-Z0-9._-]+\@\S+?\.[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+          %{#{@brace_url.xml_open}\\1#{@brace_url.xml_close}}).
+        gsub(/#{Dx[:url_o]}/,"#{Dx[:url_o_xml]}").
+        gsub(/#{Dx[:url_c]}/,"#{Dx[:url_c_xml]}").
+        gsub(/&nbsp;|#{Mx[:nbsp]}/m,'&#160;')
       dob
     end
     def markup_light(dob='')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/\/\{(.+?)\}\//,'<i>\1</i>')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/[*!]\{(.+?)\}[*!]/,'<b>\1</b>')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/_\{(.+?)\}_/,'<u>\1</u>')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/-\{(.+?)\}-/,'<del>\1</del>')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/<br(\s*\/)?>/,'<br />')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/<:pb>\s*/,'')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/<[-~]#>/,'')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s)&\s+/,'\1&amp; ') #sort
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/&([^;]{1,5})/,'&amp;\1') #sort, rough estimate, revisit #WATCH found in node not sax
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(\S+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif))[ ]+.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|image)/,
-        "<image.path>#{@md.file.output_path.xml.rel_image}\/\\1</image.path>")
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/&nbsp;|#{Mx[:nbsp]}/,'&#160;')
+      dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/\/\{(.+?)\}\//,'<i>\1</i>').
+        gsub(/[*!]\{(.+?)\}[*!]/,'<b>\1</b>').
+        gsub(/_\{(.+?)\}_/,'<u>\1</u>').
+        gsub(/-\{(.+?)\}-/,'<del>\1</del>').
+        gsub(/<br(\s*\/)?>/,'<br />').
+        gsub(/<:pb>\s*/,'').
+        gsub(/<[-~]#>/,'').
+        gsub(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s)&\s+/,'\1&amp; '). #sort
+        gsub(/&([^;]{1,5})/,'&amp;\1'). #sort, rough estimate, revisit #WATCH found in node not sax
+        gsub(/(?:^|[^_\\])#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(\S+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif))[ ]+.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|image)/,
+          "<image.path>#{@md.file.output_path.xml.rel_image}\/\\1</image.path>").
+        gsub(/&nbsp;|#{Mx[:nbsp]}/,'&#160;')
       wordlist=dob.obj.scan(/&[#0-9a-z]+;|\S+|\n/) #\n needed for tables, check though added 2005w17
       dob.obj=tidywords(wordlist).join(' ').strip
       dob
     end
     def markup_fictionbook(dob='')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/~\{([\d*+]+).+?\}~/,'[\1]')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/\/\{(.+?)\}\//,'<i>\1</i>')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/[*!]\{(.+?)\}[*!]/,'<b>\1</b>')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/_\{(.+?)\}_/,'<u>\1</u>')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/-\{(.+?)\}-/,'<del>\1</del>')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/<br(?:\s*\/)?>/,'<br />')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/<:pb>\s*/,'')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/<[-~]#>/,'')
-      #temporary -->
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/<:\S+?>/,'')
-      #<-- temporary
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/<[-~]#>/,'')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s)&\s+/,'\1&amp; ') #sort
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/&([^;]{1,5})/,'&amp;\1') #sort, rough estimate, revisit #WATCH found in node not sax
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/(#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(\S+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif))[ ]+.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|image)/,
-        "<image.path>#{@md.file.output_path.xml.rel_image}\/\\1</image.path>")
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/&nbsp;|#{Mx[:nbsp]}/,'&#160;')
+      dob.obj.gsub(/~\{([\d*+]+).+?\}~/,'[\1]').
+        gsub(/\/\{(.+?)\}\//,'<i>\1</i>').
+        gsub(/[*!]\{(.+?)\}[*!]/,'<b>\1</b>').
+        gsub(/_\{(.+?)\}_/,'<u>\1</u>').
+        gsub(/-\{(.+?)\}-/,'<del>\1</del>').
+        gsub(/<br(?:\s*\/)?>/,'<br />').
+        gsub(/<:pb>\s*/,'').
+        gsub(/<[-~]#>/,'').
+        #temporary -->
+        gsub(/<:\S+?>/,'').
+        #<-- temporary
+        gsub(/<[-~]#>/,'').
+        gsub(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s)&\s+/,'\1&amp; '). #sort
+        gsub(/&([^;]{1,5})/,'&amp;\1') #sort, rough estimate, revisit #WATCH found in node not sax
+        gsub(/(#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(\S+?\.(?:png|jpg|gif))[ ]+.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}(?:#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}|image)/,
+          "<image.path>#{@md.file.output_path.xml.rel_image}\/\\1</image.path>").
+        gsub(/&nbsp;|#{Mx[:nbsp]}/,'&#160;')
       wordlist=dob.obj.scan(/&[#0-9a-z]+;|\S+|\n/) #\n needed for tables, check though added 2005w17
       dob.obj=tidywords(wordlist).join(' ').strip
       dob
     end
     def markup_group(dob='')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/</,'&lt;'); dob.obj.gsub!(/>/,'&gt;')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/&lt;:?br(?:\s+\/)?&gt;/,'<br />')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/&lt;(link xmlns:xlink=".+?")&gt;/,'<\1>')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/&lt;(\/link)&gt;/,'<\1>')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/&lt;(\/?en)&gt;/,'<\1>')
+      dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/</,'&lt;').gsub(/>/,'&gt;').
+        gsub(/&lt;:?br(?:\s+\/)?&gt;/,'<br />').
+        gsub(/&lt;(link xmlns:xlink=".+?")&gt;/,'<\1>').
+        gsub(/&lt;(\/link)&gt;/,'<\1>').
+        gsub(/&lt;(\/?en)&gt;/,'<\1>')
       dob
     end
     def markup_block(dob='')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/</,'&lt;'); dob.obj.gsub!(/>/,'&gt;')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/&lt;:?br(?:\s+\/)?&gt;/,'<br />')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/&lt;(link xmlns:xlink=".+?")&gt;/,'<\1>')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/&lt;(\/link)&gt;/,'<\1>')
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/&lt;(\/?en)&gt;/,'<\1>')
+      dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/</,'&lt;').gsub(/>/,'&gt;').
+        gsub(/&lt;:?br(?:\s+\/)?&gt;/,'<br />').
+        gsub(/&lt;(link xmlns:xlink=".+?")&gt;/,'<\1>').
+        gsub(/&lt;(\/link)&gt;/,'<\1>').
+        gsub(/&lt;(\/?en)&gt;/,'<\1>')
       dob
     end
     def xml_sem_block_paired(matched) # colon depth: many, recurs
-      matched.gsub!(/\b(au):\{(.+?)\}:\1\b/m,  %{<sem:#{@ab[:au]} depth="many">\\2</sem:#{@ab[:au]}>})
-      matched.gsub!(/\b(vol):\{(.+?)\}:\1\b/m, %{<sem:#{@ab[:vol]} depth="many">\\2</sem:#{@ab[:vol]}>})
-      matched.gsub!(/\b(pub):\{(.+?)\}:\1\b/m, %{<sem:#{@ab[:pub]} depth="many">\\2</sem:#{@ab[:pub]}>})
-      matched.gsub!(/\b(ref):\{(.+?)\}:\1\b/m, %{<sem:#{@ab[:ref]} depth="many">\\2</sem:#{@ab[:ref]}>})
-      matched.gsub!(/\b(desc):\{(.+?)\}:\1\b/m,%{<sem:#{@ab[:desc]} depth="many">\\2</sem:#{@ab[:desc]}>})
-      matched.gsub!(/\b(conv):\{(.+?)\}:\1\b/m,%{<sem:#{@ab[:conv]} depth="many">\\2</sem:#{@ab[:conv]}>})
-      matched.gsub!(/\b(ct):\{(.+?)\}:\1\b/m,  %{<sem:#{@ab[:ct]} depth="many">\\2</sem:#{@ab[:ct]}>})
-      matched.gsub!(/\b(cty):\{(.+?)\}:\1\b/m, %{<sem:#{@ab[:cty]} depth="many">\\2</sem:#{@ab[:cty]}>})
-      matched.gsub!(/\b(org):\{(.+?)\}:\1\b/m, %{<sem:#{@ab[:org]} depth="many">\\2</sem:#{@ab[:org]}>})
-      matched.gsub!(/\b(dt):\{(.+?)\}:\1\b/m,  %{<sem:#{@ab[:dt]} depth="many">\\2</sem:#{@ab[:dt]}>})
-      matched.gsub!(/\b(n):\{(.+?)\}:\1\b/m,   %{<sem:#{@ab[:n]} depth="many">\\2</sem:#{@ab[:n]}>})
-      matched.gsub!(/([a-z]+(?:[_:.][a-z]+)*)(?::\{(.+?)\}:\1)/m,'<sem:\1 depth="many">\2</sem:\1>')
+      matched=matched.gsub(/\b(au):\{(.+?)\}:\1\b/m,  %{<sem:#{@ab[:au]} depth="many">\\2</sem:#{@ab[:au]}>}).
+        gsub(/\b(vol):\{(.+?)\}:\1\b/m, %{<sem:#{@ab[:vol]} depth="many">\\2</sem:#{@ab[:vol]}>}).
+        gsub(/\b(pub):\{(.+?)\}:\1\b/m, %{<sem:#{@ab[:pub]} depth="many">\\2</sem:#{@ab[:pub]}>}).
+        gsub(/\b(ref):\{(.+?)\}:\1\b/m, %{<sem:#{@ab[:ref]} depth="many">\\2</sem:#{@ab[:ref]}>}).
+        gsub(/\b(desc):\{(.+?)\}:\1\b/m,%{<sem:#{@ab[:desc]} depth="many">\\2</sem:#{@ab[:desc]}>}).
+        gsub(/\b(conv):\{(.+?)\}:\1\b/m,%{<sem:#{@ab[:conv]} depth="many">\\2</sem:#{@ab[:conv]}>}).
+        gsub(/\b(ct):\{(.+?)\}:\1\b/m,  %{<sem:#{@ab[:ct]} depth="many">\\2</sem:#{@ab[:ct]}>}).
+        gsub(/\b(cty):\{(.+?)\}:\1\b/m, %{<sem:#{@ab[:cty]} depth="many">\\2</sem:#{@ab[:cty]}>}).
+        gsub(/\b(org):\{(.+?)\}:\1\b/m, %{<sem:#{@ab[:org]} depth="many">\\2</sem:#{@ab[:org]}>}).
+        gsub(/\b(dt):\{(.+?)\}:\1\b/m,  %{<sem:#{@ab[:dt]} depth="many">\\2</sem:#{@ab[:dt]}>}).
+        gsub(/\b(n):\{(.+?)\}:\1\b/m,   %{<sem:#{@ab[:n]} depth="many">\\2</sem:#{@ab[:n]}>}).
+        gsub(/([a-z]+(?:[_:.][a-z]+)*)(?::\{(.+?)\}:\1)/m,'<sem:\1 depth="many">\2</sem:\1>')
     end
     def xml_semantic_tags(dob)
       if @md.sem_tag
         dob.obj.gsub!(/([a-z]+(?:[_:.][a-z]+)*)(?::\{(.+?)\}:\1)/m) {|c| xml_sem_block_paired(c) }
         dob.obj.gsub!(/([a-z]+(?:[_:.][a-z]+)*)(?::\{(.+?)\}:\1)/m) {|c| xml_sem_block_paired(c) }
         dob.obj.gsub!(/([a-z]+(?:[_:.][a-z]+)*)(?::\{(.+?)\}:\1)/m) {|c| xml_sem_block_paired(c) }
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/:\{(.+?)\}:au\b/m,             %{<sem:#{@ab[:au]} depth="one">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:au]}>})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/:\{(.+?)\}:n\b/m,              %{<sem:#{@ab[:n]} depth="one">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:n]}>})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/:\{(.+?)\}:ti\b/m,             %{<sem:#{@ab[:ti]} depth="one">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:ti]}>})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/:\{(.+?)\}:ref\b/m,            %{<sem:#{@ab[:ref]} depth="one">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:ref]}>})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/:\{(.+?)\}:desc\b/m,           %{<sem:#{@ab[:desc]} depth="one">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:desc]}>})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/:\{(.+?)\}:cty\b/m,            %{<sem:#{@ab[:cty]} depth="one">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:cty]}>})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/:\{(.+?)\}:org\b/m,            %{<sem:#{@ab[:org]} depth="one">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:org]}>})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/:\{(.+?)\}:([a-z]+(?:[_:.][a-z]+)*)/m,'<sem:\2 depth="one">\1</sem:\2>')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};ti\b/m,    %{<sem:#{@ab[:ti]} depth="zero">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:ti]}>})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};qt\b/m,    %{<sem:#{@ab[:qt]} depth="zero">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:qt]}>})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};ref\b/m,   %{<sem:#{@ab[:ref]} depth="zero">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:ref]}>})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};ed\b/m,    %{<sem:#{@ab[:ed]} depth="zero">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:ed]}>})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};v\b/m,     %{<sem:#{@ab[:v]} depth="zero">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:v]}>})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};desc\b/m,  %{<sem:#{@ab[:desc]} depth="zero">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:desc]}>})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};def\b/m,   %{<sem:#{@ab[:def]} depth="zero">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:def]}>})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};trans\b/m, %{<sem:#{@ab[:trans]} depth="zero">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:trans]}>})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};y\b/m,     %{<sem:#{@ab[:y]} depth="zero">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:y]}>})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};ab\b/m,    %{<sem:#{@ab[:ab]} depth="zero">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:ab]}>})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};pg\b/m,    %{<sem:#{@ab[:pg]} depth="zero">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:pg]}>})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};fn?\b/m,   %{<sem:#{@ab[:fn]} depth="zero">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:fn]}>})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};mn?\b/m,   %{<sem:#{@ab[:mn]} depth="zero">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:mn]}>})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};ln?\b/m,   %{<sem:#{@ab[:ln]} depth="zero">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:ln]}>})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};in\b/m,    %{<sem:#{@ab[:in]} depth="zero">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:in]}>})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};uni\b/m,   %{<sem:#{@ab[:uni]} depth="zero">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:uni]}>})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};fac\b/m,   %{<sem:#{@ab[:fac]} depth="zero">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:fac]}>})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};inst\b/m,  %{<sem:#{@ab[:inst]} depth="zero">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:inst]}>})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};dept\b/m,  %{<sem:#{@ab[:dpt]} depth="zero">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:dept]}>})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};org\b/m,   %{<sem:#{@ab[:org]} depth="zero">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:org]}>})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};com?\b/m,  %{<sem:#{@ab[:com]} depth="zero">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:com]}>})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};cty\b/m,   %{<sem:#{@ab[:cty]} depth="zero">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:cty]}>})
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};([a-z]+(?:[_:.][a-z]+)*)/m,'<sem:\2 depth="zero">\1</sem:\2>')
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/:\{(.+?)\}:au\b/m,             %{<sem:#{@ab[:au]} depth="one">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:au]}>}).
+          gsub(/:\{(.+?)\}:n\b/m,              %{<sem:#{@ab[:n]} depth="one">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:n]}>}).
+          gsub(/:\{(.+?)\}:ti\b/m,             %{<sem:#{@ab[:ti]} depth="one">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:ti]}>}).
+          gsub(/:\{(.+?)\}:ref\b/m,            %{<sem:#{@ab[:ref]} depth="one">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:ref]}>}).
+          gsub(/:\{(.+?)\}:desc\b/m,           %{<sem:#{@ab[:desc]} depth="one">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:desc]}>}).
+          gsub(/:\{(.+?)\}:cty\b/m,            %{<sem:#{@ab[:cty]} depth="one">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:cty]}>}).
+          gsub(/:\{(.+?)\}:org\b/m,            %{<sem:#{@ab[:org]} depth="one">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:org]}>}).
+          gsub(/:\{(.+?)\}:([a-z]+(?:[_:.][a-z]+)*)/m,'<sem:\2 depth="one">\1</sem:\2>').
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};ti\b/m,    %{<sem:#{@ab[:ti]} depth="zero">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:ti]}>}).
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};qt\b/m,    %{<sem:#{@ab[:qt]} depth="zero">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:qt]}>}).
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};ref\b/m,   %{<sem:#{@ab[:ref]} depth="zero">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:ref]}>}).
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};ed\b/m,    %{<sem:#{@ab[:ed]} depth="zero">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:ed]}>}).
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};v\b/m,     %{<sem:#{@ab[:v]} depth="zero">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:v]}>}).
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};desc\b/m,  %{<sem:#{@ab[:desc]} depth="zero">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:desc]}>}).
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};def\b/m,   %{<sem:#{@ab[:def]} depth="zero">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:def]}>}).
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};trans\b/m, %{<sem:#{@ab[:trans]} depth="zero">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:trans]}>}).
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};y\b/m,     %{<sem:#{@ab[:y]} depth="zero">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:y]}>}).
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};ab\b/m,    %{<sem:#{@ab[:ab]} depth="zero">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:ab]}>}).
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};pg\b/m,    %{<sem:#{@ab[:pg]} depth="zero">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:pg]}>}).
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};fn?\b/m,   %{<sem:#{@ab[:fn]} depth="zero">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:fn]}>}).
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};mn?\b/m,   %{<sem:#{@ab[:mn]} depth="zero">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:mn]}>}).
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};ln?\b/m,   %{<sem:#{@ab[:ln]} depth="zero">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:ln]}>}).
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};in\b/m,    %{<sem:#{@ab[:in]} depth="zero">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:in]}>}).
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};uni\b/m,   %{<sem:#{@ab[:uni]} depth="zero">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:uni]}>}).
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};fac\b/m,   %{<sem:#{@ab[:fac]} depth="zero">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:fac]}>}).
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};inst\b/m,  %{<sem:#{@ab[:inst]} depth="zero">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:inst]}>}).
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};dept\b/m,  %{<sem:#{@ab[:dpt]} depth="zero">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:dept]}>}).
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};org\b/m,   %{<sem:#{@ab[:org]} depth="zero">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:org]}>}).
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};com?\b/m,  %{<sem:#{@ab[:com]} depth="zero">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:com]}>}).
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};cty\b/m,   %{<sem:#{@ab[:cty]} depth="zero">\\1</sem:#{@ab[:cty]}>}).
+          gsub(/;\{([^}]+(?![;]))\};([a-z]+(?:[_:.][a-z]+)*)/m,'<sem:\2 depth="zero">\1</sem:\2>')
       end
       dob
     end
@@ -647,7 +652,7 @@ module SiSU_XML_Tags #Format
     def meta_content_clean(content='')
       content
       unless content.nil?
-        content.tr!('"',"'")
+        content=content.tr('"',"'")
         content=SiSU_XML_Munge::Trans.new(@md).char_enc.utf8(content)
       end
       content
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/sisupod_make.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/sisupod_make.rb
index 5fe93429..4b1a5ef9 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/sisupod_make.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/sisupod_make.rb
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ module SiSU_Doc
       file_array.each do |f|                                                   #% work area
         if f !~/^%+\s/
           skin << f.scan(@rgx_skin).uniq.flatten if f =~@rgx_skin
-          f.gsub!(/<:=(\S+?)>/,'{ c_\1.png 14x14 }image')                                                           # embedded symbol (image)
+          f=f.gsub(/<:=(\S+?)>/,'{ c_\1.png 14x14 }image')                                                           # embedded symbol (image)
           if f !~/^%+\s/ \
           and f =~@rgx_image
             images=images_extract(f,images)
@@ -238,10 +238,9 @@ module SiSU_Doc
       #2. need images used by skin, scan skin??
       if images \
       and images.length > 1
-        images.flatten!
-        images.uniq!
+        images=images.flatten.uniq
         images.delete_if {|x| x =~/https?:\/\// }
-        #images.sort!
+        #images=images.sort
         path_pod="#{@env.processing_path.processing}/sisupod"
         path_pod_conf="#{@env.processing_path.processing}/sisupod/_sisu"
         images_path_pod="#{path_pod}/image"
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/spell.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/spell.rb
index 1a8dc35b..58b86af3 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/spell.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/spell.rb
@@ -70,23 +70,23 @@ module SiSU_SpellUtility
     end
     def check
       @input.each do |data|
-        data.gsub!(/(https?|www|ftp|gopher|png|jpg|gif|html|htm)\S+/i,' ')
-        data.gsub!(/(&nbsp;|#{Mx[:nbsp]})/i,' ')
-        data.gsub!(/<\/?(table|tr|td|b|p|href).*?>/i,' ')
-        data.gsub!(/(<==.+|<:\S+>|<!.+?!>|^@\S+?:.+|\{\{\{|~)/,' ')
-        data.gsub!(/(["|<>)(\n'`'.;&_-]|\=)/,' ')
-        data.gsub!(/\b(altExternal|
-          target|externalimg|
-          srcimagebext|
-          img|src|toc|pdf|
-          cd|org|
-          helvetica|roman
-          )\b/i,' ')
-        data.gsub!(/EOF/,'')
+        data=data.gsub(/(https?|www|ftp|gopher|png|jpg|gif|html|htm)\S+/i,' ').
+          gsub(/(&nbsp;|#{Mx[:nbsp]})/i,' ').
+          gsub(/<\/?(table|tr|td|b|p|href).*?>/i,' ').
+          gsub(/(<==.+|<:\S+>|<!.+?!>|^@\S+?:.+|\{\{\{|~)/,' ').
+          gsub(/(["|<>)(\n'`'.;&_-]|\=)/,' ').
+          gsub(/\b(altExternal|
+            target|externalimg|
+            srcimagebext|
+            img|src|toc|pdf|
+            cd|org|
+            helvetica|roman
+            )\b/i,' ').
+          gsub(/EOF/,'')
         @words=data.scan(/\S+/)
         @words.each { |y| @allwords << y }
       end
-      @allwords.uniq!
+      @allwords=@allwords.uniq
       if @flg =~ /S/
         File.open('/home/ralph/spell_error','a+') do |file| #fix
           file.puts %{\n\n<<#{@filename}>>}
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/sysenv.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/sysenv.rb
index a5658ee1..1b1a5857 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/sysenv.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/sysenv.rb
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ module SiSU_Env
           @fn[:t]=filename[m,2]
         end
       end
-      lng_base=InfoEnv.new.language_default_set
+      lng_base=SiSU_Env::InfoEnv.new.language_default_set
       lang=SiSU_Env::StandardiseLanguage.new
       langs=lang.codes
       x=[]
@@ -544,8 +544,7 @@ module SiSU_Env
           @m << { m: fn[:manifest], l: lng }
         end
       end
-      @m.uniq!
-      @m
+      @m=@m.uniq
     end
     def filename(code,name,suffix)
       #d=SiSU_Env::InfoEnv.new(@fns)
@@ -612,7 +611,7 @@ module SiSU_Env
       @sys=InfoSystem.instance
     end
     def program_found?(program)
-      found=`whereis #{program}`
+      found=`which #{program}` #`whereis #{program}`
       (found =~/bin\/#{program}\b/) ? true : false
     end
     def locale                                                                 #locales utf8 or other
@@ -623,10 +622,10 @@ module SiSU_Env
     end
     def file_encoding(filename,cmd='')                                         #file encoding
       program='file'
-      fnsp=InfoEnv.new(filename).source_file_with_path
+      fnsp=SiSU_Env::InfoEnv.new(filename).source_file_with_path
       if program_found?(program)
         encoding=%x{file -L #{fnsp}}.strip
-        encoding.gsub!(/#{fnsp}:(\s+|$)/,'')
+        encoding=encoding.gsub(/#{fnsp}:(\s+|$)/,'')
         encoding=if encoding \
         and not encoding.empty?
           encoding
@@ -850,7 +849,7 @@ module SiSU_Env
     require_relative 'i18n'                  # i18n.rb
     def initialize(l='')
       @language=(l.nil? || l.empty?) \
-      ? InfoEnv.new.language_default_set
+      ? SiSU_Env::InfoEnv.new.language_default_set
       : l
       @r=%{(?:#{Px[:lng_lst].join('|')})}
       @lang_info=SiSU_i18n::Languages.new
@@ -972,7 +971,7 @@ module SiSU_Env
     def initialize(fns='',md=nil)
       super() #you may not want to re-execute this static info so frequently!
       @fns,@md=fns,md
-      @env=EnvCall.new(fns) if fns
+      @env=SiSU_Env::EnvCall.new(fns) if fns
       fnb=if @md \
       and defined? @md.fnb
         @md.fnb
@@ -1116,10 +1115,9 @@ module SiSU_Env
         FileUtils::rm_rf(spp)
       end
       paths=[]
-      flv=EnvCall.new(opt.fns).document_language_versions_found
+      flv=SiSU_Env::EnvCall.new(opt.fns).document_language_versions_found
       flv[:f].each {|l| lng_dirs << l[:l] }
-      lng_dirs.uniq!
-      lng_dirs.each do |lng|
+      lng_dirs.uniq.each do |lng|
         paths << "#{spp}/doc/#{lng}"
       end
       paths \
@@ -2740,11 +2738,13 @@ WOK
       include FileUtils::Verbose
     def initialize(opt)
       @opt=opt
-      z=FileMap.new(@opt)
+      z=SiSU_Env::FileMap.new(@opt)
       @zap=z.local_sisu_source
       if @opt.cmd =~ /[hH]/
         @zap=Dir.glob(@zap).join(' ')
-        if @opt.cmd !~ /w/; @zap.gsub!(/#{@source_path}\/concordance.html/,'')
+        @zap=if @opt.cmd !~ /w/
+          @zap.gsub(/#{@source_path}\/concordance.html/,'')
+        else @zap
         end
       end
       @env=SiSU_Env::InfoEnv.new
@@ -2901,15 +2901,15 @@ WOK
           and remote_gen !~/\/\//) \
           and @@flag_remote==true \
           and @opt.cmd !~/U/
-            SystemCall.new(local_gen,remote_gen).scp
+            SiSU_Env::SystemCall.new(local_gen,remote_gen).scp
             if FileTest.file?("#{local_src}/#{src_txt}")
-              SystemCall.new("#{local_src}/#{src_txt}",remote_src).scp
+              SiSU_Env::SystemCall.new("#{local_src}/#{src_txt}",remote_src).scp
             end
             if FileTest.file?("#{local_pod}/#{src_pod}")
-              SystemCall.new("#{local_src}/#{src_pod}",remote_pod).scp
+              SiSU_Env::SystemCall.new("#{local_src}/#{src_pod}",remote_pod).scp
             end
             if FileTest.file?("#{local_epub}/#{@opt.fnb}.epub")
-              SystemCall.new("#{local_epub}/#{@opt.fnb}.epub",remote_epub,@opt.cmd).scp
+              SiSU_Env::SystemCall.new("#{local_epub}/#{@opt.fnb}.epub",remote_epub,@opt.cmd).scp
             end
           elsif  @opt.cmd =~/U/
             puts "#{__FILE__} #{__LINE__}" if @opt.cmd =~/M/
@@ -2936,7 +2936,7 @@ WOK
           and @@flag_remote==true \
           and @opt.cmd !~/U/
             puts "begin scp_base: #{local} -> #{remote}"
-            SystemCall.new("#{local}/#{@env.path.style}/",remote).scp
+            SiSU_Env::SystemCall.new("#{local}/#{@env.path.style}/",remote).scp
           elsif @opt.cmd =~/U/
             puts "#{__FILE__} #{__LINE__}" if @opt.cmd =~/M/
             puts "begin scp_base: #{local} -> #{remote}"
@@ -2954,9 +2954,9 @@ WOK
           and @@flag_remote==true \
           and @opt.cmd !~/U/
             puts "begin scp_base_all: #{local} -> #{remote}"
-            SystemCall.new("#{local}/_sisu/image_sys/",remote).scp
-            SystemCall.new("#{local}/_sisu/image/",remote).scp
-            SystemCall.new("#{local}/#{@env.path.style}/",remote).scp
+            SiSU_Env::SystemCall.new("#{local}/_sisu/image_sys/",remote).scp
+            SiSU_Env::SystemCall.new("#{local}/_sisu/image/",remote).scp
+            SiSU_Env::SystemCall.new("#{local}/#{@env.path.style}/",remote).scp
           elsif @opt.cmd =~/U/
             puts "#{__FILE__} #{__LINE__}" if @opt.cmd =~/M/
             puts "scp_base_all: #{local} -> #{remote}"
@@ -2970,7 +2970,7 @@ WOK
       self
     end
     def images_from_skin
-      skin=InfoSkin.new(@md).select
+      skin=SiSU_Env::InfoSkin.new(@md).select
       skin_array=nil
       skin_images_array=[]
       if skin
@@ -3001,7 +3001,7 @@ WOK
           and remote_gen !~/\/\//) \
           and @@flag_remote==true \
           and @opt.cmd !~/U/
-#           SystemCall.new("#{local_src}/#{src_txt}",remote_src,@opt.cmd).rsync
+#           SiSU_Env::SystemCall.new("#{local_src}/#{src_txt}",remote_src,@opt.cmd).rsync
             delete_extra_files='--delete' # '--delete-after'
             inp=[]
             if (@opt.cmd =~/h/ \
@@ -3108,13 +3108,13 @@ WOK
               ##create file structure without copying files?:
               ##rsync -av -f"+ */" -f"- *" @f.output_path.base.dir remote:./path/.
               #local_dirs=%{-f"+ */" -f"- *" #{@f.output_path.base.dir}/*}
-              #SystemCall.new(local_dirs,remote_gen,@opt.cmd).rsync
+              #SiSU_Env::SystemCall.new(local_dirs,remote_gen,@opt.cmd).rsync
               local=local_gen + ' ' + images + ' ' + images_skin + ' ' + images_system + ' ' + local_css
-              SystemCall.new(local,remote_rel,@opt.cmd).rsync('--relative',@f.output_path.base.dir)
+              SiSU_Env::SystemCall.new(local,remote_rel,@opt.cmd).rsync('--relative',@f.output_path.base.dir)
             rescue
               p __LINE__.to_s + ':' + __FILE__
               local_dirs=%{--include='*/' --exclude='*' #{@f.output_path.base.dir}}
-              SystemCall.new(local_dirs,remote_gen,@opt.cmd).rsync
+              SiSU_Env::SystemCall.new(local_dirs,remote_gen,@opt.cmd).rsync
             end
           elsif @opt.cmd =~/U/
             puts "#{__FILE__} #{__LINE__}" if @opt.cmd =~/M/
@@ -3141,9 +3141,9 @@ WOK
           and @rc['permission_set']['remote_base_site'] \
           and @@flag_remote==true \
           and @opt.cmd !~/U/
-            SystemCall.new("#{image_sys}","#{remote_conf}").rsync
-            SystemCall.new("#{images}","#{remote_conf}").rsync
-            SystemCall.new("#{ldest}","#{remote}").rsync
+            SiSU_Env::SystemCall.new("#{image_sys}","#{remote_conf}").rsync
+            SiSU_Env::SystemCall.new("#{images}","#{remote_conf}").rsync
+            SiSU_Env::SystemCall.new("#{ldest}","#{remote}").rsync
           elsif @opt.cmd =~/U/
             puts "#{__FILE__} #{__LINE__}" if @opt.cmd =~/M/
             puts "rsync_base: #{local} -> #{remote}"
@@ -3164,9 +3164,9 @@ WOK
           and @opt.cmd !~/U/
             delete_extra_files='--delete' # '--delete-after'
             puts "begin rsync_base_sync: #{local} -> #{remote}"
-            SystemCall.new("#{local}/_sisu/image_sys/",remote).rsync(delete_extra_files)
-            SystemCall.new("#{local}/_sisu/image/",remote).rsync(delete_extra_files)
-            SystemCall.new("#{local}/#{@env.path.style}/",remote).rsync(delete_extra_files)
+            SiSU_Env::SystemCall.new("#{local}/_sisu/image_sys/",remote).rsync(delete_extra_files)
+            SiSU_Env::SystemCall.new("#{local}/_sisu/image/",remote).rsync(delete_extra_files)
+            SiSU_Env::SystemCall.new("#{local}/#{@env.path.style}/",remote).rsync(delete_extra_files)
           elsif @opt.cmd =~/U/
             puts "#{__FILE__} #{__LINE__}" if @opt.cmd =~/M/
             puts "rsync_base_sync: #{local} -> #{remote}"
@@ -3185,7 +3185,7 @@ WOK
         remote="#{remote_conn[:name]}/#{@env.path.stub_pwd}/."
         if @@flag_remote
           delete_extra_files='--delete' # '--delete-after'
-          SystemCall.new(local,remote).rsync(delete_extra_files)
+          SiSU_Env::SystemCall.new(local,remote).rsync(delete_extra_files)
         elsif @opt.cmd =~/U/
           puts "#{__FILE__} #{__LINE__}" if @opt.cmd =~/M/
           puts "rsync_sitemaps: #{local} -> #{remote}"
@@ -3199,7 +3199,7 @@ WOK
         remote="#{remote_conn[:name]}/#{@env.path.stub_pwd}/."
         if @@flag_remote
           delete_extra_files='--delete' # '--delete-after'
-          SystemCall.new(local,remote).rsync(delete_extra_files)
+          SiSU_Env::SystemCall.new(local,remote).rsync(delete_extra_files)
         elsif @opt.cmd =~/U/
           puts "#{__FILE__} #{__LINE__}" if @opt.cmd =~/M/
           puts "rsync_sitemaps: #{local} -> #{remote}"
@@ -4838,7 +4838,7 @@ WOK
     end
     def param_instantiate
       @cX||=SiSU_Screen::Ansi.new(@cmd)
-      @@date=InfoDate.new
+      @@date=SiSU_Env::InfoDate.new
       @@proc=@@filename_txt=@@filename_texinfo=@@filename_lout_portrait=@@filename_lout_landscape=@@filename_html_scroll=@@filename_html_index=@@filename_html_segtoc=@@filename_semantic=@@filename_rss=@@newfile=@@drr=@@yaml=@@yamladdr=nil
       @@publisher='SiSU scribe'
     end
@@ -4856,7 +4856,7 @@ WOK
       u=/.+?\/([^\/]+)(?:\/(?:#{r})$|$)/
       @pwd_stub=pt.realpath.to_s[u,1]
       @rc=@@rc ||=GetInit.instance.sisu_yaml.rc
-      @defaults=InfoEnv.new.defaults
+      @defaults=SiSU_Env::InfoEnv.new.defaults
     end
     def share_source?
       ((defined? @rc['db']['share_source']) \
@@ -5053,7 +5053,7 @@ WOK
         "#{@md.doc_css}_html.css"
       elsif FileTest.file?("#{@env.path.output}/#{@env.path.style}/#{@env.path.stub_pwd}_html.css")
         "#{@env.path.stub_pwd}_html.css"
-      else CSS_Default.new.html
+      else SiSU_Env::CSS_Default.new.html
       end
     end
     def html_tables
@@ -5062,7 +5062,7 @@ WOK
         "#{@md.doc_css}_html_tables.css"
       elsif FileTest.file?("#{@env.path.output}/#{@env.path.style}/#{@env.path.stub_pwd}_html_tables.css")
         "#{@env.path.stub_pwd}_html_tables.css"
-      else CSS_Default.new.html_tables
+      else SiSU_Env::CSS_Default.new.html_tables
       end
     end
     def xhtml
@@ -5071,7 +5071,7 @@ WOK
         "#{@md.doc_css}_xhtml.css"
       elsif FileTest.file?("#{@env.path.output}/#{@env.path.style}/#{@env.path.stub_pwd}_xhtml.css")
         "#{@env.path.stub_pwd}_xhtml.css"
-      else CSS_Default.new.xhtml
+      else SiSU_Env::CSS_Default.new.xhtml
       end
     end
     def xml_sax
@@ -5080,7 +5080,7 @@ WOK
         "#{@md.doc_css}_xml_sax.css"
       elsif FileTest.file?("#{@env.path.output}/#{@env.path.style}/#{@env.path.stub_pwd}_xml_sax.css")
         "#{@env.path.stub_pwd}_xml_sax.css"
-      else CSS_Default.new.xml_sax
+      else SiSU_Env::CSS_Default.new.xml_sax
       end
     end
     def xml_dom
@@ -5089,7 +5089,7 @@ WOK
         "#{@md.doc_css}_xml_dom.css"
       elsif FileTest.file?("#{@env.path.output}/#{@env.path.style}/#{@env.path.stub_pwd}_xml_dom.css")
         "#{@env.path.stub_pwd}_xml_dom.css"
-      else CSS_Default.new.xml_dom
+      else SiSU_Env::CSS_Default.new.xml_dom
       end
     end
     def docbook_xml
@@ -5098,7 +5098,7 @@ WOK
         "#{@md.doc_css}_xml_dom.css"
       elsif FileTest.file?("#{@env.path.output}/#{@env.path.style}/#{@env.path.stub_pwd}_docbook.css")
         "#{@env.path.stub_pwd}_docbook.css"
-      else CSS_Default.new.docbook_xml
+      else SiSU_Env::CSS_Default.new.docbook_xml
       end
     end
     def homepage
@@ -5107,14 +5107,14 @@ WOK
         "#{@md.doc_css}_homepage.css"
       elsif FileTest.file?("#{@env.path.output}/#{@env.path.style}/#{@env.path.stub_pwd}_homepage.css")
         "#{@env.path.stub_pwd}_homepage.css"
-      else CSS_Default.new.homepage
+      else SiSU_Env::CSS_Default.new.homepage
       end
     end
   end
   class CSS_Stylesheet
     def initialize(md)
       @md=md
-      @css=CSS_Select.new(@md)
+      @css=SiSU_Env::CSS_Select.new(@md)
       @env=SiSU_Env::InfoEnv.new
       @file=SiSU_Env::FileOp.new(@md)
     end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/texinfo.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/texinfo.rb
index 45af0550..121cf1ae 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/texinfo.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/texinfo.rb
@@ -156,24 +156,24 @@ module SiSU_TexInfo
         if dob.is =='table'
           @@flag['tables']='y' # KLUDGE get from param
         end
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/<:p[bn]>/,'')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1(\2 [linked to:] \3)')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s)\{(.+?)\}((?:https?|file):\/\/\S+)/,'\1(\2 [linked to:] \3)')
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/<:p[bn]>/,'').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1(\2 [linked to:] \3)').
+          gsub(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s)\{(.+?)\}((?:https?|file):\/\/\S+)/,'\1(\2 [linked to:] \3)')
         do_mono=SiSU_TexInfoFormat::Texinfo.new(@md,dob)
         dob.obj=do_mono.spec_char(dob.obj)
       end
       data
     end
     def endnote
-      data=@data
+      data,data_new=@data,[]
       data.each do |dob|
         if dob.of=~/para|block/
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/\s*#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(?:\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/m,' @footnote{ \1} ')
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/\s*#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(\*+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/m,' @footnote{ \1} ')
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/\s*#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(?:\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/m,' @footnote{ \1} ').
+            gsub(/\s*#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(\*+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/m,' @footnote{ \1} ')
         end
-        dob
+        data_new << dob
       end
-      data
+      data_new
     end
     def poem
       data=@data
@@ -216,16 +216,17 @@ module SiSU_TexInfo
       end
     end
     def code_lines
-      data=@data
+      data,data_new=@data,[]
       data.each do |line|
         if line =~ /\S/ \
         and line !~ /#{Mx[:gr_o]}(code|verse).+/ #fix
-          if @@flag['code']
-            line.gsub!(/^\s*(.+)/m,"\\noindent \\marginpar\[left-text\]{\\begin{tiny}#{@@counting}\\end{tiny}}\\1\\")
+          line=if @@flag['code']
+            line.gsub(/^\s*(.+)/m,"\\noindent \\marginpar\[left-text\]{\\begin{tiny}#{@@counting}\\end{tiny}}\\1\\")
             @@counting+=1 if @@flag['code']
-          else line.gsub!(/(.+)/m,'\noindent\1')
+          else line.gsub(/(.+)/m,'\noindent\1')
           end
         end
+        data_new << line
       end
     end
     def tables
@@ -275,10 +276,10 @@ module SiSU_TexInfo
             @subsubmenu[n_submenu] << toc.menu
           end
         else
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/\s*(?:<:?br>|<br \/>)\s*/,"\n\n")
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/\s*(?:<:?br>|<br \/>)\s*/,"\n\n")
         end
       end
-      texinfo_menu.compact!
+      texinfo_menu=texinfo_menu.compact
       texinfo_menu << "* Dublin Core::"
       @tex_file << texinfo_menu
       @tex_file << "* Index::\n" +
@@ -326,7 +327,7 @@ module SiSU_TexInfo
           end
         end
         #%case with endnotes
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\s*[0-8]\\+(\S+)?\s+/,' ') if dob.obj
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/\s*[0-8]\\+(\S+)?\s+/,' ') if dob.obj
         @tex_file << dob.obj if dob.obj and dob.is !~/structure|comment/ #sort exceptions
       end
       data=@tex_file
@@ -343,13 +344,13 @@ module SiSU_TexInfo
         and dob.obj !~ /#{Rx[:meta]}/
           if dob.obj =~ /^[1-6]\\+(?:~\S+)?\s*<!h-.+?-!>/ \
           and dob.obj !~ /<:\d-endnotes>/
-            header=dob.obj[/<!h-(.+?)-!>/m, 1].gsub!(/-/m,'.')
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/^(?:[1-6]\\+(?:~\S+)|<:([12356]|4-.+?-)>)\s*<!h-.+?-!>/,
+            header=dob.obj[/<!h-(.+?)-!>/m, 1].gsub(/-/m,'.')
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/^(?:[1-6]\\+(?:~\S+)|<:([12356]|4-.+?-)>)\s*<!h-.+?-!>/,
               "\\1 #{header} ")
           end
         elsif dob.obj=~ /<!h!>|<!h\d!>|<!h.+?!>|<!!h.+?!>/
           if dob.obj=~ /<!h-.+?-!>/
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/<!h-(.+?)-!>/,'\1 ')
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/<!h-(.+?)-!>/,'\1 ')
           end
         end
         @tex_file << dob.obj
@@ -363,8 +364,7 @@ module SiSU_TexInfo
       data << tex.tail
     end
     def output
-      data=@data
-      data.compact!
+      data=@data.compact
       filename_texinfo=%{#{@env.processing_path.texi}/#{@md.fnb}.texinfo}
       file_texinfo=File.new(filename_texinfo,'w+')
       puts filename_texinfo if @md.opt.cmd =~/M/
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/texinfo_format.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/texinfo_format.rb
index fc7ffde2..30d40e20 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/texinfo_format.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/texinfo_format.rb
@@ -81,20 +81,20 @@ module SiSU_TexInfoFormat
       year=t.year
       filename=%{#{@md.fns}}[/(.+?)\.\w\w\d\d$/,1]
       title=spec_char(@md.title.full)
-      title=title.gsub(/<(br|p|i)>|<\/\s*(br|p|i)>|<(br|p)\s*\/>/," #{Tex[:backslash]*2} ")
-      title.gsub!(/\$/,"\\$")
-      title.gsub!(/[,]\s*/,' - ')
+      title=title.gsub(/<(br|p|i)>|<\/\s*(br|p|i)>|<(br|p)\s*\/>/," #{Tex[:backslash]*2} ").
+        gsub(/\$/,"\\$").
+        gsub(/[,]\s*/,' - ')
       if @md.title.sub
         subtitle=spec_char(@md.title.sub)
-        subtitle=subtitle.gsub(/<(br|p|i)>|<\/\s*(br|p|i)>|<(br|p)\s*\/>/," #{Tex[:backslash]*2} ")
-        subtitle.gsub!(/\$/,"\\$")
-        subtitle.gsub!(/[,]\s*/,' - ')
+        subtitle=subtitle.gsub(/<(br|p|i)>|<\/\s*(br|p|i)>|<(br|p)\s*\/>/," #{Tex[:backslash]*2} ").
+          gsub(/\$/,"\\$").
+          gsub(/[,]\s*/,' - ')
         subtitle="@subtitle @value{VERSION}, @value{UPDATED}\n" #bugwatch
       end
       subtitle ||=''
       author=@md.author if @md.author
       author ||=''
-      author.gsub!(/[\*]/,'') #if author
+      author=author.gsub(/[\*]/,'') #if author
       v=SiSU_Env::InfoVersion.instance.get_version
       head =<<WOK
 \\input texinfo   @c -*-texinfo-*-
@@ -151,9 +151,9 @@ WOK
     end
     def topnode(txt)
       txt=spec_char(txt)
-      txt=txt.gsub(/<(br|p|i)>|<\/\s*(br|p|i)>|<(br|p)\s*\/>/," #{Tex[:backslash]*2} ")
-      txt.gsub!(/\$/,"\\$")
-      txt.gsub!(/[,]\s*/,' - ')
+      txt=txt.gsub(/<(br|p|i)>|<\/\s*(br|p|i)>|<(br|p)\s*\/>/," #{Tex[:backslash]*2} ").
+        gsub(/\$/,"\\$").
+        gsub(/[,]\s*/,' - ')
       "@c %% 4\n" +
         "@ifnottex\n" +
         "@node Top\n" +
@@ -298,15 +298,14 @@ WOK
       and dob.obj !~/##{dob.ocn}/
         dob.obj="#{dob.obj} ##{dob.ocn}"
       end
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/<:#>/,'')
-      dob.obj.strip!
+      dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/<:#>/,'').strip
       dob
     end
     def menu
       dob=clean(@dob)
       m=dob.obj
-      m.gsub!(/[:,]\s*/,' - ')
-      m.gsub!(/@footnote\{.+?\}\s+/,'')
+      m=m.gsub(/[:,]\s*/,' - ').
+        gsub(/@footnote\{.+?\}\s+/,'')
       m="* #{m}::"
     end
     def level1
@@ -347,80 +346,79 @@ WOK
     end
     def submenu
       @dob.obj=@dob.obj.join("\n")
-      @dob.obj.gsub!(/[5]\\+~\S+/,'')
+      @dob.obj=@dob.obj.gsub(/[5]\\+~\S+/,'')
       dob=clean(@dob)
       dob.obj="@menu\n#{dob.obj}\n@end menu\n\n"
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/.+/m,"#{dob.obj}")
+      dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/.+/m,"#{dob.obj}")
     end
     def subsubmenu
       @dob.obj=@dob.obj.join("\n")
-      @dob.obj.gsub!(/[6]\\+~\S+/,'')
+      @dob.obj=@dob.obj.gsub(/[6]\\+~\S+/,'')
       dob=clean(@dob)
       dob.obj="@menu\n#{dob.obj}\n@end menu\n\n"
-      dob.obj.gsub!(/.+/m,"#{dob.obj}")
+      dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/.+/m,"#{dob.obj}")
     end
     def indent1
-      @dob.obj.gsub!(/<:i1>(.*)/,'\1')
+      @dob.obj=@dob.obj.gsub(/<:i1>(.*)/,'\1')
     end
     def indent2
-      @dob.obj.gsub!(/<:i2>(.*)/,'\1')
+      @dob.obj=@dob.obj.gsub(/<:i2>(.*)/,'\1')
     end
     def spec_char(txt) # special characters
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_eof]}/i,'')
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#169#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'(c)')
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:lt|060)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'<'); txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(gt|#062)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'>')
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#123#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'{'); txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#125#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'}')
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:126|152)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/i,'~')
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#033#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'!')
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#035#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'#')
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#042#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'*')
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#047#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'/')
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#095#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'_')
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#092#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\\')
-      txt.gsub!(/(?:#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]})\s*/,"\n\n")                                   # watch
-      txt.gsub!(/<sup><font face=symbol>&atild;<\/font><\/sup>/,' ')
-      #txt.gsub!(/\\/,'\\backslash ')
-      txt.gsub!(/<:pb>/,'\\newpage')
-      txt.gsub!(/\\backslash copyright/,'\\copyright ')
-      txt.gsub!(/\^/,'\\wedge ')
-      txt.gsub!(/(\$)/,"\\$")
-      txt.gsub!(/\~/,'\\~')
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(https?:\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'<\1>')
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(https?:\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1')
-      txt.gsub!(/§/i,'\S')
-      txt.gsub!(/£/i,'\pounds')
-      txt.gsub!(/å/,'\aa'); txt.gsub!(/Å/,'\AA')
-      txt.gsub!(/æ/,'\ae'); txt.gsub!(/Æ/,'\AE')
-      txt.gsub!(/ø/,'\o'); txt.gsub!(/Ø/,'\O')
-      txt.gsub!(/<a href=".+?">/i,' ')
-      txt.gsub!(/<\/a>/i,' ')
-      txt.gsub!(/<!>/i,' ')
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_paragrph]}/i,'') #watch
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'*\1*')
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'/\1/')
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'_\1_')
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,'[\1]')
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'^\1^')
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'+\1+')
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,'"\1"')
-      txt.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,'-\1-')
-      txt.gsub!(/@/i,'@@')
-      txt.gsub!(/\{/,'@{'); txt.gsub!(/\}/,'@}')
-      txt.gsub!(/(?:&nbsp;|#{Mx[:nbsp]})+/,' ')        # ~ character for hardspace
-      txt.gsub!(/&(\S+?);/,' ')
-      txt.gsub!(/&/,'<=and>')
-      txt.gsub!(/(\s+&\s+)/,' and ')
-      txt.gsub!(/(\&)/,"\\&")
-      txt.gsub!(/"(.+?)"/,"`\\1'")                                        # open & close "
-      txt.gsub!(/\s+"/," `")                                              # open "
-      txt.gsub!(/^([1-6-]\\+(?:~\S+)?|<.+?>)?\s*"/,'\1`')       # open "
-      txt.gsub!(/"(\s|\.|,|:|;)/,"'\\1")                                  # close "
-      txt.gsub!(/"([1-6-]\\+(?:~\S+)?|<.+?>)?\s*$/,"'\\1")       # close "
-      txt.gsub!(/"(\.|,)/,"'")                                            # close "
-      txt.gsub!(/\s+'/," `")                                              # open '
-      txt.gsub!(/^([1-6-]\\+(?:~\S+)?|<.+?>)?\s*'/,'\1`')       # open '
-      txt.gsub!(/(<font.*?>|<\/font>)/,'')
-      txt
+      txt=txt.gsub(/#{Mx[:br_eof]}/i,'').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#169#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'(c)').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:lt|060)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'<').gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}(gt|#062)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'>').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#123#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'{').gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#125#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'}').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:126|152)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/i,'~').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#033#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'!').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#035#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'#').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#042#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'*').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#047#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'/').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#095#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'_').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#092#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\\').
+        gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]})\s*/,"\n\n").                                   # watch
+        gsub(/<sup><font face=symbol>&atild;<\/font><\/sup>/,' ').
+        #gsub(/\\/,'\\backslash ').
+        gsub(/<:pb>/,'\\newpage').
+        gsub(/\\backslash copyright/,'\\copyright ').
+        gsub(/\^/,'\\wedge ').
+        gsub(/(\$)/,"\\$").
+        gsub(/\~/,'\\~').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}(https?:\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'<\1>').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(https?:\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,'\1').
+        gsub(/§/i,'\S').
+        gsub(/£/i,'\pounds').
+        gsub(/å/,'\aa').gsub(/Å/,'\AA').
+        gsub(/æ/,'\ae').gsub(/Æ/,'\AE').
+        gsub(/ø/,'\o').gsub(/Ø/,'\O').
+        gsub(/<a href=".+?">/i,' ').
+        gsub(/<\/a>/i,' ').
+        gsub(/<!>/i,' ').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:br_paragrph]}/i,''). #watch
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'*\1*').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'/\1/').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'_\1_').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,'[\1]').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'^\1^').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'+\1+').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,'"\1"').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,'-\1-').
+        gsub(/@/i,'@@').
+        gsub(/\{/,'@{').gsub(/\}/,'@}').
+        gsub(/(?:&nbsp;|#{Mx[:nbsp]})+/,' ').        # ~ character for hardspace
+        gsub(/&(\S+?);/,' ').
+        gsub(/&/,'<=and>').
+        gsub(/(\s+&\s+)/,' and ').
+        gsub(/(\&)/,"\\&").
+        gsub(/"(.+?)"/,"`\\1'").                                        # open & close "
+        gsub(/\s+"/," `").                                              # open "
+        gsub(/^([1-6-]\\+(?:~\S+)?|<.+?>)?\s*"/,'\1`').       # open "
+        gsub(/"(\s|\.|,|:|;)/,"'\\1").                                  # close "
+        gsub(/"([1-6-]\\+(?:~\S+)?|<.+?>)?\s*$/,"'\\1").       # close "
+        gsub(/"(\.|,)/,"'").                                            # close "
+        gsub(/\s+'/," `").                                              # open '
+        gsub(/^([1-6-]\\+(?:~\S+)?|<.+?>)?\s*'/,'\1`').       # open '
+        gsub(/(<font.*?>|<\/font>)/,'')
     end
     def longtable
       @end_table="\\end{longtable}"
@@ -440,28 +438,28 @@ WOK
         @colW=@colW.join
         @@start_table="\\setlength{\\LTleft}{0pt}\n\\setlength{\\LTright}{\\fill}\n" +
           "\\begin{longtable}[hb]#{@colW}\n"
-        @dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gr_o]}Th?#{Mx[:tc_p]}\s+c\d+?;.+#{Mx[:gr_c]}/u,"#{@@start_table}") #fix
+        @dob.obj=@dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:gr_o]}Th?#{Mx[:tc_p]}\s+c\d+?;.+#{Mx[:gr_c]}/u,"#{@@start_table}") #fix
       end
       if @dob =~/#{Mx[:gr_o]}TZ#{Mx[:gr_c]}/ #fix
-        @dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gr_o]}TZ#{Mx[:gr_c]}/," #{@end_table}") #fix
+        @dob.obj=@dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:gr_o]}TZ#{Mx[:gr_c]}/," #{@end_table}") #fix
       end
-      @dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_o]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,'')
+      @dob.obj=@dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_o]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,'')
       if @@tableheader==1
         if @dob =~/#{Mx[:tc_p]}\d+?#{Mx[:tc_p]}(.+?)(?:#{Mx[:tc_p]}|!)/u
           tablefoot=para[/\<!f(.+?)!\>/,1]
-          @dob.obj.gsub!(/\<!f(.+?)!\>/,'')
-          @dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}\d+?#{Mx[:tc_p]}(.+?)(?:#{Mx[:tc_p]}|!)/u,
-          "{\\begin{tiny} {\\bfseries \\1}\\end{tiny}}&")
-          @dob.obj.gsub!(/&>\s*$/,
-          " #{@row_break} \\hline\\endhead #{@row_break}")
+          @dob.obj=@dob.obj.gsub(/\<!f(.+?)!\>/,'').
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}\d+?#{Mx[:tc_p]}(.+?)(?:#{Mx[:tc_p]}|!)/u,
+              "{\\begin{tiny} {\\bfseries \\1}\\end{tiny}}&").
+            gsub(/&>\s*$/,
+              " #{@row_break} \\hline\\endhead #{@row_break}")
           @dob="#{@dob} \\multicolumn{#{@@number_of_cols}}{l}{\\tiny #{tablefoot}} \\\\ \\hline\n\\endfoot\n\\hline\n" if tablefoot
           @@tableheader=0
           @@number_of_cols=0
         end
       else
         if @dob =~/#{Mx[:tc_p]}\d+?#{Mx[:tc_p]}(.+?)(?:#{Mx[:tc_p]}|!)/u
-          @dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}\d+?#{Mx[:tc_p]}(.+?)(?:#{Mx[:tc_p]}|!)/u,"\\begin{tiny}\\1\\end{tiny}&")
-          @dob.obj.gsub!(/&>\s*$/," #{@row_break}")
+          @dob.obj=@dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}\d+?#{Mx[:tc_p]}(.+?)(?:#{Mx[:tc_p]}|!)/u,"\\begin{tiny}\\1\\end{tiny}&").
+            gsub(/&>\s*$/," #{@row_break}")
         end
       end
       @dob
@@ -482,10 +480,10 @@ WOK
           @colW << "p{#{col_w}cm}" if col_w
         end
         @@start_table="\\begin{tabular}{#{@colW}}\n"
-        @dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gr_o]}Th?#{Mx[:tc_p]}\s+c\d+?;.+#{Mx[:gr_c]}/u,"#{@@start_table}") #fix
+        @dob.obj=@dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:gr_o]}Th?#{Mx[:tc_p]}\s+c\d+?;.+#{Mx[:gr_c]}/u,"#{@@start_table}") #fix
       end
       if @dob =~/#{Mx[:gr_o]}TZ#{Mx[:gr_c]}/ #fix
-        @dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gr_o]}TZ#{Mx[:gr_c]}/,"#{@end_table}") #fix
+        @dob.obj=@dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:gr_o]}TZ#{Mx[:gr_c]}/,"#{@end_table}") #fix
         @@table_pg_break_counter=1
       end
       if @dob =~/#{Mx[:tc_o]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u
@@ -496,21 +494,21 @@ WOK
             "#{@@start_table}\n"
           @@table_pg_break_counter=1
         else
-          @dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_o]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,'')
+          @dob.obj=@dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_o]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,'')
           @@table_pg_break_counter+=1
           tablefoot=@dob[/\<!f(.+?)!\>/]
-          @dob.obj.gsub!(/\<!f(.+?)!\>/,'')
+          @dob.obj=@dob.obj.gsub(/\<!f(.+?)!\>/,'')
         end
       end
       if @dob =~/#{Mx[:tc_p]}\d+?#{Mx[:tc_p]}(.+?)(?:#{Mx[:tc_p]}|!)/u
-      @dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}\d+?#{Mx[:tc_p]}(.+?)(?:#{Mx[:tc_p]}|!)/u,"\\begin{tiny}\\1\\end{tiny}&")
-      @dob.obj.gsub!(/&>\s*$/,"#{@row_break}")
+        @dob.obj=@dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}\d+?#{Mx[:tc_p]}(.+?)(?:#{Mx[:tc_p]}|!)/u,"\\begin{tiny}\\1\\end{tiny}&").
+          gsub(/&>\s*$/,"#{@row_break}")
       end
       @dob
     end
     def graphics
       dir=SiSU_Env::InfoEnv.new(@md.fns)
-      @dob.obj.gsub!(/<::\s+(\S+?)\s+>/i, #watch
+      @dob.obj=@dob.obj.gsub(/<::\s+(\S+?)\s+>/i, #watch
         "\\includegraphics*[width=11pt]{#{dir.path.image_source_include}/c_\\1.png}")
     end
     def image
@@ -518,17 +516,17 @@ WOK
       width="100"
       width=@dob[/<:image.+?width=``(\d+)''.+?>/im,1]
       width=width.to_i*0.4
-      @dob.obj.gsub!(/<:image\s+((?:https?|file|ftp)\S+)\s+(\S+)\s+.+\s+?>/i,
-        "\\href{\\1}{\\includegraphics*[width=#{width}pt]{#{dir.path.image_source_include}/\\2}}")
-      @dob.obj.gsub!(/<:image\s+(\S+)\s+.+\s+?>/i,
-        "\\includegraphics*[width=#{width}pt]{#{dir.path.image_source_include}/\\1}")
+      @dob.obj=@dob.obj.gsub(/<:image\s+((?:https?|file|ftp)\S+)\s+(\S+)\s+.+\s+?>/i,
+          "\\href{\\1}{\\includegraphics*[width=#{width}pt]{#{dir.path.image_source_include}/\\2}}").
+        gsub(/<:image\s+(\S+)\s+.+\s+?>/i,
+          "\\includegraphics*[width=#{width}pt]{#{dir.path.image_source_include}/\\1}")
     end
     def png
       # very messy clean up ! - work area, testing
       z=@dob[/\\\{(.+?)\}(?:image|png)/,1] # match operator for z \\ fragile !
       image,w,x,y=z.scan(/\S+/)
-      image.gsub!(/\\/,'')
-      @dob.obj.gsub!(/\\\{\S+\.(png|jpg|gif).+?\}(image|png)/,"<image #{image} not available>")  # fragile match operator\\ fragile !
+      image=image.gsub(/\\/,'')
+      @dob.obj=@dob.obj.gsub(/\\\{\S+\.(png|jpg|gif).+?\}(image|png)/,"<image #{image} not available>")  # fragile match operator\\ fragile !
     end
     def http
       # very messy clean up ! - work area, testing
@@ -536,7 +534,7 @@ WOK
       url=@dob[/((?:https?|file|ftp):\S+)/im,1]
       if @dob =~/\.(png|jpg|gif)/
         image,w,x,y=z.scan(/\S+/)
-        image.gsub!(/\\/,'')
+        image=image.gsub(/\\/,'')
         width=200
         width=z[/w=(\d+)/im,1] if z =~/w=(\d+)/
         width=width.to_i*0.8
@@ -546,11 +544,11 @@ WOK
       end
       if image
         dir=SiSU_Env::InfoEnv.new(@md.fns)
-        @dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\S+\.(png|jpg|gif).+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}/, # fragile match operator\\ fragile !
+        @dob.obj=@dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}\S+\.(png|jpg|gif).+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}/, # fragile match operator\\ fragile !
           "\n\\href{#{url}}{\\includegraphics*[width=#{width}pt]{#{dir.path.image_source_include}/#{image}}}#{caption}")
       else
         link=z[/(.+?)\\/im,1]
-        @dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+#{Mx[:url_c]}/,"\n\\noindent\\href{#{url}}{#{link}}")  # fragile match operator\\ fragile !
+        @dob.obj=@dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+#{Mx[:url_c]}/,"\n\\noindent\\href{#{url}}{#{link}}")  # fragile match operator\\ fragile !
       end
     end
   end
@@ -563,23 +561,21 @@ WOK
       and txt !~/##{dob.ocn}/
         txt="#{dob.obj} ##{dob.ocn}"
       end
-      txt.gsub!(/<:#>/,'')
-      txt.strip!
-      txt
+      txt=txt.gsub(/<:#>/,'').strip
     end
     def submenu
       txt=@txt.join("\n")
-      txt.gsub!(/[5]\\+~\S+/,'')
+      txt=txt.gsub(/[5]\\+~\S+/,'')
       txt=clean(@dob,txt)
       txt="@menu\n#{txt}\n@end menu\n\n"
-      txt.gsub!(/.+/m,"#{txt}")
+      txt=txt.gsub(/.+/m,"#{txt}")
     end
     def subsubmenu
       txt=@txt.join("\n")
-      txt.gsub!(/[6]\\+~\S+/,'')
+      txt=txt.gsub(/[6]\\+~\S+/,'')
       txt=clean(@dob,txt)
       txt="@menu\n#{dob.obj}\n@end menu\n\n"
-      txt.gsub!(/.+/m,"#{txt}")
+      txt=txt.gsub(/.+/m,"#{txt}")
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/texpdf.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/texpdf.rb
index ee623cec..f8010511 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/texpdf.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/texpdf.rb
@@ -208,8 +208,8 @@ module SiSU_TeX
                 when /\.(?:-|ssm\.)?sst$/
                   if FileTest.directory?(@env.processing_path.tex)==true
                     Dir.chdir(@env.processing_path.tex)
-                    texfile=@md.fns.gsub(/$/,".#{ps}.tex")
-                    texfile=texfile.gsub(/~/,'-')
+                    texfile=@md.fns.gsub(/$/,".#{ps}.tex").
+                      gsub(/~/,'-')
                     if File.exist?(texfile) \
                     and File.size(texfile) > 0
                       @tex_f_no+=1
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ module SiSU_TeX
           dob.tmp=dob.obj #.dup
           if dob.is=='para' \
           or dob.is=='heading'
-            dob.tmp.gsub!(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}:name#\S+?#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'')
+            dob.tmp=dob.tmp.gsub(/#{Mx[:mk_o]}:name#\S+?#{Mx[:mk_c]}/,'')
             dob.tmp=SiSU_TeX_Pdf::SpecialCharacters.new(@md,dob.tmp).special_characters
             if dob.tmp =~/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:rel_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:rel_c]}/
               dob.tmp=SiSU_TeX_Pdf::FormatTextObject.new(@md,dob.tmp).url_str_internal(dob.tmp)
@@ -374,9 +374,9 @@ module SiSU_TeX
         data.each do |dob|
           # EMBEDDED FOOTNOTES / ENDNOTES should be straightforward but not quite a synch.
           if dob.tmp =~/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}[\d*+]+\s|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([*+]\d+)\s/
-            dob.tmp.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/m,"\\footnote[\\1]{%\n \\2} ")
-            dob.tmp.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([*+]\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/m,"\\FootnoteA{\\1}{%\n \\2} ")
-            dob.tmp.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([*+]+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/m,"\\FootnoteA{\\1}{%\n \\2} ")
+            dob.tmp=dob.tmp.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/m,"\\footnote[\\1]{%\n \\2} ").
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([*+]\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/m,"\\FootnoteA{\\1}{%\n \\2} ").
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([*+]+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/m,"\\FootnoteA{\\1}{%\n \\2} ")
           end
         end
         data
@@ -416,14 +416,14 @@ module SiSU_TeX
       def box_boites(dob,ocn)
         sp_char=SiSU_TeX_Pdf::SpecialCharacters.new(@md,dob.tmp,dob.is)
         dob.tmp=sp_char.special_characters_safe
-        dob.tmp.gsub!(/(#{Mx[:nbsp]})/m,'{\color{mywhite}\1}')
-        #dob.tmp.gsub!(/#{Mx[:nbsp]}/m,'{~}') # dob.tmp.gsub!(/#{Mx[:nbsp]}\s*/m,'{~}')
-        dob.tmp.gsub!(/#{Mx[:vline]}/m,'\vline')
-        dob.tmp.gsub!(/ \\( |#{Mx[:br_nl]})/,' {\textbackslash}\1')
-        dob.tmp.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_nl]}\s*\Z/m,'')
-        dob.tmp.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_nl]}{2}/,'\newline \\\\\\ ')
-        dob.tmp.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,' \\\\\\ ')
-        dob.tmp.gsub!(/\n\n\n/m," \\newline\n\n")
+        dob.tmp=dob.tmp.gsub(/(#{Mx[:nbsp]})/m,'{\color{mywhite}\1}').
+        #dob.tmp.gsub(/#{Mx[:nbsp]}/m,'{~}') # dob.tmp.gsub(/#{Mx[:nbsp]}\s*/m,'{~}')
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:vline]}/m,'\vline').
+          gsub(/ \\( |#{Mx[:br_nl]})/,' {\textbackslash}\1').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:br_nl]}\s*\Z/m,'').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:br_nl]}{2}/,'\newline \\\\\\ ').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:br_nl]}/,' \\\\\\ ').
+          gsub(/\n\n\n/m," \\newline\n\n")
         ocn=SiSU_TeX_Pdf::FormatTextObject.new(@md).ocn_display(dob)
         dob.tmp = ocn \
         + @tex_ml.paraskip_small \
@@ -439,11 +439,11 @@ module SiSU_TeX
       def box_listings(dob,ocn)
         sp_char=SiSU_TeX_Pdf::SpecialCharacters.new(@md,dob.tmp,dob.is)
         dob.tmp=sp_char.characters_code_listings
-        dob.tmp.gsub!(/^\s+/m,'') #bug, fix earlier, should be made unecessary
-        dob.tmp.gsub!(/#{Mx[:nbsp]}/m,' ')
-        dob.tmp.gsub!(/#{Mx[:vline]}/m,'|')
-        dob.tmp.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_nl]}(?:\s?\n)?/m,"\n")
-        dob.tmp.gsub!(/\n\n\n/m," \n\n")
+        dob.tmp=dob.tmp.gsub(/^\s+/m,''). #bug, fix earlier, should be made unecessary
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:nbsp]}/m,' ').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:vline]}/m,'|').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:br_nl]}(?:\s?\n)?/m,"\n").
+          gsub(/\n\n\n/m," \n\n")
         ocn=SiSU_TeX_Pdf::FormatTextObject.new(@md).ocn_display(dob)
         dob.tmp = ocn \
         + @tex_ml.paraskip_small \
@@ -466,9 +466,9 @@ module SiSU_TeX
         if dob.of=='block'
           @lineone=case dob.is
           when /block|group|alt|verse/
-            dob.tmp.gsub!(/#{Mx[:nbsp]}/m,'{~}')
-            dob.tmp.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_bullet]}/m,'$\txtbullet$\hspace{\enspace}') #Bullet environment not used for grouped text, ∴ no hanging indent here
-            dob.tmp.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_nl]}+/m,"\n\n") #match not ideal, but currently not inserting extra newlines anyway
+            dob.tmp=dob.tmp.gsub(/#{Mx[:nbsp]}/m,'{~}').
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_bullet]}/m,'$\txtbullet$\hspace{\enspace}'). #Bullet environment not used for grouped text, ∴ no hanging indent here
+              gsub(/#{Mx[:br_nl]}+/m,"\n\n") #match not ideal, but currently not inserting extra newlines anyway
             ocn=SiSU_TeX_Pdf::FormatTextObject.new(@md).ocn_display(dob)
             dob.tmp=if dob.is=='group' \
             or dob.is=='block' \
@@ -568,16 +568,16 @@ module SiSU_TeX
             and (dob.indent != dob.hang or dob.indent =~/[1-9]/)
               dob.tmp=tst.hang
             else
-              dob.tmp.strip!
+              dob.tmp=dob.tmp.strip
               dob=enclose(dob) unless dob.tmp =~/^$/
             end
           else
-            dob.tmp.strip! unless dob.is=='code'
+            dob.tmp=dob.tmp.strip unless dob.is=='code'
             dob=enclose(dob) unless dob.tmp =~/^$/
           end
           if dob.class==String
-            dob.tmp.gsub!(/\s*(?:#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]})\s*/,' \newline ')   #% tread with care
-            dob.tmp.gsub!(/(\.#{Tex[:tilde]}\S*\s*|<:\S+>|#{Mx[:fa_o]}.*?#{Mx[:fa_c]}|#{Mx[:gr_o]}.*?#{Mx[:gr_c]}|<!.*?!>|<!>)/,' ')   #% tread with care
+            dob.tmp=dob.tmp.gsub(/\s*(?:#{Mx[:br_line]}|#{Mx[:br_nl]})\s*/,' \newline ').   #% tread with care
+              gsub(/(\.#{Tex[:tilde]}\S*\s*|<:\S+>|#{Mx[:fa_o]}.*?#{Mx[:fa_c]}|#{Mx[:gr_o]}.*?#{Mx[:gr_c]}|<!.*?!>|<!>)/,' ')   #% tread with care
           end
           dob
         end
@@ -872,12 +872,16 @@ WOK
         ps,h,fn=o[:ps],o[:h],o[:filename]
         if h[ps] \
         and (h[ps][:p] and h[ps][:l])
-          h[ps][:p].gsub!(/[ ]+$/m,'') if h[ps][:p]
-          h[ps][:l].gsub!(/[ ]+$/m,'') if h[ps][:l]
-          #h[ps][:p].gsub!(/(?:^[ ]+|[ ]+$)/m,'') if h[ps][:p]
-          #h[ps][:l].gsub!(/(?:^[ ]+|[ ]+$)/m,'') if h[ps][:l]
-          h[ps][:p].gsub!(/\n\n\n+/m,"\n\n") if h[ps][:p]
-          h[ps][:l].gsub!(/\n\n\n+/m,"\n\n") if h[ps][:l]
+          if h[ps][:p]
+            h[ps][:p]=h[ps][:p].gsub(/[ ]+$/m,'').
+              gsub(/\n\n\n+/m,"\n\n")
+          end
+          if h[ps][:l]
+            h[ps][:l]=h[ps][:l].gsub(/[ ]+$/m,'').
+              gsub(/\n\n\n+/m,"\n\n")
+          end
+            #h[ps][:p].gsub!(/(?:^[ ]+|[ ]+$)/m,'') if h[ps][:p]
+            #h[ps][:l].gsub!(/(?:^[ ]+|[ ]+$)/m,'') if h[ps][:l]
           if h[ps][:p] !~/\A\s*\Z/
             fn[:portrait].puts h[ps][:p],"\n"
           end
@@ -885,12 +889,16 @@ WOK
             fn[:landscape].puts h[ps][:l],"\n"
           end
         elsif (h[:p] and h[:l])
-          h[:p].gsub!(/[ ]+$/m,'') if h[:p]
-          h[:l].gsub!(/[ ]+$/m,'') if h[:l]
-          #h[:p].gsub!(/(?:^[ ]+|[ ]+$)/m,'') if h[:p]
-          #h[:l].gsub!(/(?:^[ ]+|[ ]+$)/m,'') if h[:l]
-          h[:p].gsub!(/\n\n\n+/m,"\n\n") if h[:p]
-          h[:l].gsub!(/\n\n\n+/m,"\n\n") if h[:l]
+          if h[:p]
+            h[:p]=h[:p].gsub(/[ ]+$/m,'').
+              gsub(/\n\n\n+/m,"\n\n")
+          end
+          if h[:l]
+            h[:l]=h[:l].gsub(/[ ]+$/m,'').
+              gsub(/\n\n\n+/m,"\n\n")
+          end
+            #h[:p].gsub!(/(?:^[ ]+|[ ]+$)/m,'') if h[:p]
+            #h[:l].gsub!(/(?:^[ ]+|[ ]+$)/m,'') if h[:l]
           if h[:p] !~/\A\s*\Z/
             fn[:portrait].puts h[:p],"\n"
           end
@@ -901,9 +909,7 @@ WOK
         end
       end
       def output(array)
-        array.flatten!
-        array.compact!
-        @array=array
+        @array=array=array.flatten.compact
         fns_l=@md.fns.gsub(/~/,'-') #this is a sorry fix, but necessary as it appears latex programs like not ~
         @md.papersize_array.each do |ps|
           file={
@@ -924,7 +930,7 @@ WOK
             and morph.tmp.class==String
               if morph.is !='code' \
               && morph.of !='block'
-                morph.tmp.gsub!(/^\s+/,'')
+                morph.tmp=morph.tmp.gsub(/^\s+/,'')
               else morph.tmp
               end
               if morph.tmp !~/\A\s*\Z/ \
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/texpdf_format.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/texpdf_format.rb
index d059934d..2eddf72c 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/texpdf_format.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/texpdf_format.rb
@@ -65,17 +65,17 @@ module SiSU_TeX_Pdf
       @brace_url=SiSU_Viz::Skin.new.url_decoration
     end
     def bare_urls
-      @dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}([a-zA-Z0-9._-]+\@\S+?\.[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
-        "#{@brace_url.tex_open}\\1</a>#{@brace_url.tex_close}")
-      @dob.tmp.gsub!(/(^|[^\\])_/m,'\1\_') #watch may not work
-      @dob.tmp.gsub!(/(^|[^#{Mx[:lnk_c]}])#{Mx[:url_o]}_?(?:\\?_)?(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/m,
-        "\\1#{@brace_url.tex_open}\\begin{scriptsize}\\url{\\2}\\end{scriptsize}#{@brace_url.tex_close}")
+      @dob.obj=@dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}([a-zA-Z0-9._-]+\@\S+?\.[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+          "#{@brace_url.tex_open}\\1</a>#{@brace_url.tex_close}")
+      @dob.tmp=@dob.tmp.gsub(/(^|[^\\])_/m,'\1\_'). #watch may not work
+        gsub(/(^|[^#{Mx[:lnk_c]}])#{Mx[:url_o]}_?(?:\\?_)?(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/m,
+          "\\1#{@brace_url.tex_open}\\begin{scriptsize}\\url{\\2}\\end{scriptsize}#{@brace_url.tex_close}")
       @dob
     end
     def bare_urls_in_code
-      @dob.tmp.gsub!(/(^|[^\\])_/m,'\1\_') #watch may not work
-      @dob.tmp.gsub!(/(https?:\/\/\S+?)([{]|[.,;)\]]?(?: |$))/m,
-        '\begin{scriptsize}\url{\1}\end{scriptsize}\2')
+      @dob.tmp=@dob.tmp.gsub(/(^|[^\\])_/m,'\1\_'). #watch may not work
+        gsub(/(https?:\/\/\S+?)([{]|[.,;)\]]?(?: |$))/m,
+          '\begin{scriptsize}\url{\1}\end{scriptsize}\2')
       @dob
     end
   end
@@ -109,17 +109,16 @@ module SiSU_TeX_Pdf
       "\\begin{tiny}\\hspace{0mm}\\end{tiny}{\\marginpar{\\begin{tiny}\\hspace{0mm}\\hypertarget{#{dob.ocn}}{#{dob.ocn}}\\end{tiny}}}" #ocn object citation numbering
     end
     def table_special_characters(r)
-      r.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}|$/u,'&')
-      r.gsub!(/%/,'\%')
-      r.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'\begin{bfseries}\1 \end{bfseries}')
-      r.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'\emph{\1}')
-      r.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'\uline{\1}') # ulem
-      r.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,"``\\1''") # quote #CHECK
-      r.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'\uline{\1}') # ulem
-      r.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,'\sout{\1}') # ulem
-      r.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,"\$^{\\textrm{\\1}}\$")
-      r.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,"\$_{\\textrm{\\1}}\$")
-      r
+      r=r.gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}|$/u,'&').
+        gsub(/%/,'\%').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'\begin{bfseries}\1 \end{bfseries}').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'\emph{\1}').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'\uline{\1}'). # ulem
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,"``\\1''"). # quote #CHECK
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'\uline{\1}'). # ulem
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,'\sout{\1}'). # ulem
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,"\$^{\\textrm{\\1}}\$").
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,"\$_{\\textrm{\\1}}\$")
     end
     def longtable_landscape
       end_table='\end{longtable}'
@@ -147,19 +146,21 @@ module SiSU_TeX_Pdf
           "\\begin{tiny}\n\\begin{longtable}#{colW}\n"
         rows=@dob.obj.split(/#{Mx[:br_nl]}/)
         if @dob.head_ #result imperfect, check on
-          rows[0].gsub!(/(^|.+?)(?:#{Mx[:tc_p]}|$)/u,'\bfseries \1&')
-          rows[0].gsub!(/&\s*$/," #{row_break} \\hline\\endhead #{row_break}")
+          rows[0]=rows[0].gsub(/(^|.+?)(?:#{Mx[:tc_p]}|$)/u,'\bfseries \1&').
+            gsub(/&\s*$/," #{row_break} \\hline\\endhead #{row_break}")
         end
+        rows_new=[]
         rows.each do |r|
           r=table_special_characters(r)
-          r.gsub!(/$/," #{row_break}\n") unless r =~/#{row_break*2}$/
+          r=r.gsub(/$/," #{row_break}\n") unless r =~/#{row_break*2}$/
           if r=~/\<!f(.+?)!\>/ # not tested table footer if any
             tablefoot=$1
-            r.gsub!(/\<!f(.+?)!\>/,'')
+            r=r.gsub(/\<!f(.+?)!\>/,'')
             r="#{r} \\multicolumn{#{@dob.cols}}{l}{\\tiny #{tablefoot}} \\\\ \\hline\n\\endfoot\n\\hline\n"
           end
+          rows_new << r
         end
-        table=rows.join #@dob[:dal].obj=rows.join
+        table=rows_new.join #@dob[:dal].obj=rows.join
         ocn_display(@dob) + start_table + table + " #{end_table}\n\\end{tiny}"
       else ''
       end
@@ -190,19 +191,21 @@ module SiSU_TeX_Pdf
           "\\begin{tiny}\n\\begin{longtable}#{colW}\n"
         rows=@dob.obj.split(/#{Mx[:br_nl]}/)
         if @dob.head_
-          rows[0].gsub!(/(^|.+?)(?:#{Mx[:tc_p]}|$)/u,'\bfseries \1&')
-          rows[0].gsub!(/&\s*$/," #{row_break} \\hline\\endhead #{row_break}")
+          rows[0]=rows[0].gsub(/(^|.+?)(?:#{Mx[:tc_p]}|$)/u,'\bfseries \1&').
+            gsub(/&\s*$/," #{row_break} \\hline\\endhead #{row_break}")
         end
+        rows_new=[]
         rows.each do |r|
           r=table_special_characters(r)
-          r.gsub!(/$/," #{row_break}\n") unless r =~/#{row_break*2}$/
+          r=r.gsub(/$/," #{row_break}\n") unless r =~/#{row_break*2}$/
           if r=~/\<!f(.+?)!\>/ # not tested table footer if any
             tablefoot=$1
-            r.gsub!(/\<!f(.+?)!\>/,'')
+            r=r.gsub(/\<!f(.+?)!\>/,'')
             r="#{r} \\multicolumn{#{@dob.cols}}{l}{\\tiny #{tablefoot}} \\\\ \\hline\n\\endfoot\n\\hline\n"
           end
+          rows_new << r
         end
-        table=rows.join #@dob[:dal].obj=rows.join
+        table=rows_new.join #@dob[:dal].obj=rows.join
         ocn_display(@dob) + start_table + table + " #{end_table}\n\\end{tiny}"
       else ''
       end
@@ -210,17 +213,17 @@ module SiSU_TeX_Pdf
     def heading_major
       dob=@dob
       title=@md.title.full
-      dob.tmp.strip! if dob.tmp
-      dob.tmp.gsub!(/\\begin\{(bfseries|itshape)\}(.+?)\\end\{\1\}/m,'\2')
+      dob.tmp=dob.tmp.strip if dob.tmp
+      dob.tmp=dob.tmp.gsub(/\\begin\{(bfseries|itshape)\}(.+?)\\end\{\1\}/m,'\2')
       cont_ln=dob.tmp.dup
-      cont_ln.gsub!(/\\begin\{(monosp)\}(.+?)\\end\{\1\}/m,'\2')
-      cont_ln.gsub!(@@tex_pattern_margin_number,'')
+      cont_ln=cont_ln.gsub(/\\begin\{(monosp)\}(.+?)\\end\{\1\}/m,'\2').
+        gsub(@@tex_pattern_margin_number,'')
       clearp=(dob.lv =~/B/ && dob.obj =='Metadata') ? "\\clearpage\n" : ''
       if dob.tmp =~/\\[Ff]ootnote/ #and dob =~/^[1-6]#{Tex[:tilde]}/ # removing footnotes from headings!
-        cont_ln.gsub!(/\s*\\footnote\[\d+\]\{%\n .+? \}\s*/,' ')
-        cont_ln.gsub!(/\s*\\Footnote[A]\{[*+]+\d*\}\{%\n .+? \}\s*/,' ')
+        cont_ln=cont_ln.gsub(/\s*\\footnote\[\d+\]\{%\n .+? \}\s*/,' ').
+          gsub(/\s*\\Footnote[A]\{[*+]+\d*\}\{%\n .+? \}\s*/,' ')
       end
-      dob.tmp.gsub!(/^(.*)\n?$/m,
+      dob.tmp=dob.tmp.gsub(/^(.*)\n?$/m,
         "#{clearp}\\part*{\\1}
 \\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{#{cont_ln}}
 \\markboth{#{title}}\n")
@@ -228,23 +231,23 @@ module SiSU_TeX_Pdf
     end
     def level4
       dob=@dob
-      dob.tmp.strip! if dob.tmp
-      dob.tmp.gsub!(/\\begin\{(bfseries|itshape)\}(.+?)\\end\{\1\}/m,'\2')
+      dob.tmp=dob.tmp.strip if dob.tmp
+      dob.tmp=dob.tmp.gsub(/\\begin\{(bfseries|itshape)\}(.+?)\\end\{\1\}/m,'\2')
       cont_ln=dob.tmp.dup
-      cont_ln.gsub!(/\\begin\{(monosp)\}(.+?)\\end\{\1\}/m,'\2')
-      cont_ln.gsub!(@@tex_pattern_margin_number,'')
-      cont_ln.gsub!(/#{Tex[:backslash]*2}/,"#{Tex[:backslash]*4}") # added w42
-      cont_ln.gsub!(/\\footnote\[\d+\]\{%.+?\\end\{scriptsize\}\s*\}/m,'') #arbitrary bugfix, revisit should not be necessary, eg. wta.1994 2004w22
-      cont_ln.gsub!(/\\Footnote[A]\{[*+]+\d*\}\{%.+?\\end\{scriptsize\}\s*\}/m,'') #arbitrary bugfix, revisit should not be necessary, eg. wta.1994 2004w22
+      cont_ln=cont_ln.gsub(/\\begin\{(monosp)\}(.+?)\\end\{\1\}/m,'\2').
+        gsub(@@tex_pattern_margin_number,'').
+        gsub(/#{Tex[:backslash]*2}/,"#{Tex[:backslash]*4}"). # added w42
+        gsub(/\\footnote\[\d+\]\{%.+?\\end\{scriptsize\}\s*\}/m,''). #arbitrary bugfix, revisit should not be necessary, eg. wta.1994 2004w22
+        gsub(/\\Footnote[A]\{[*+]+\d*\}\{%.+?\\end\{scriptsize\}\s*\}/m,'') #arbitrary bugfix, revisit should not be necessary, eg. wta.1994 2004w22
       title=@md.title.full
       if dob.name =~/endnotes/
-        dob.tmp.gsub!(/.+/m,'')
+        dob.tmp=dob.tmp.gsub(/.+/m,'')
       end
       if dob.tmp =~/\\footnote/ #and dob =~/^[1-6]#{Tex[:tilde]}/ # removing footnotes from headings!
-        cont_ln.gsub!(/\s*\\footnote\[\d+\]\{%\n .+? \}\s*/,' ')
-        cont_ln.gsub!(/\s*\\Footnote[A]\{[*+]+\d*\}\{%\n .+? \}\s*/,' ')
+        cont_ln=cont_ln.gsub(/\s*\\footnote\[\d+\]\{%\n .+? \}\s*/,' ').
+          gsub(/\s*\\Footnote[A]\{[*+]+\d*\}\{%\n .+? \}\s*/,' ')
       end
-      dob.tmp.gsub!(/^(.*)?\n?$/m,"\\subsubsection*{\\1}
+      dob.tmp=dob.tmp.gsub(/^(.*)?\n?$/m,"\\subsubsection*{\\1}
 \\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{#{cont_ln}}
 \\markright{#{title}}")
       dob
@@ -252,19 +255,19 @@ module SiSU_TeX_Pdf
     def level5
       dob=@dob
       # there is a problem here with creation of headers does not do what you would want it to header starts with a * and is not in bold work on \\@txt*, same for next section 2002w46
-      dob.tmp.strip! if dob.tmp
-      dob.tmp.gsub!(/\\begin\{(bfseries|itshape)\}(.+?)\\end\{\1\}/m,'\2')
+      dob.tmp=dob.tmp.strip if dob.tmp
+      dob.tmp=dob.tmp.gsub(/\\begin\{(bfseries|itshape)\}(.+?)\\end\{\1\}/m,'\2')
       cont_ln=dob.tmp.dup
-      cont_ln.gsub!(/\\begin\{(monosp)\}(.+?)\\end\{\1\}/m,'\2')
-      cont_ln.gsub!(@@tex_pattern_margin_number,'')
-      cont_ln.gsub!(/\\footnote\[\d+\]\{%.+?\\end\{scriptsize\}\s*\}/m,'') #arbitrary bugfix, revisit should not be necessary, eg. wta.1994 2004w22
-      cont_ln.gsub!(/\\Footnote[A]\{[*+]+\d*\}\{%.+?\\end\{scriptsize\}\s*\}/m,'') #arbitrary bugfix, revisit should not be necessary, eg. wta.1994 2004w22
-      cont_ln.gsub!(/\\\&/,' and ') #revisit: tmp bugfix 200507, substitutes & with 'and' in toc, needed e.g. for AT&T, see ffa
+      cont_ln=cont_ln.gsub(/\\begin\{(monosp)\}(.+?)\\end\{\1\}/m,'\2').
+        gsub(@@tex_pattern_margin_number,'').
+        gsub(/\\footnote\[\d+\]\{%.+?\\end\{scriptsize\}\s*\}/m,''). #arbitrary bugfix, revisit should not be necessary, eg. wta.1994 2004w22
+        gsub(/\\Footnote[A]\{[*+]+\d*\}\{%.+?\\end\{scriptsize\}\s*\}/m,''). #arbitrary bugfix, revisit should not be necessary, eg. wta.1994 2004w22
+        gsub(/\\\&/,' and ') #revisit: tmp bugfix 200507, substitutes & with 'and' in toc, needed e.g. for AT&T, see ffa
       if dob.tmp =~/\\footnote/ #and dob =~/^[1-6]#{Tex[:tilde]}/ # removing footnotes from headings!
-        cont_ln.gsub!(/\s*\\footnote\[\d+\]\{%\n .+? \}\s*/,' ')
-        cont_ln.gsub!(/\s*\\Footnote[A]\{[*+]+\d*\}\{%\n .+? \}\s*/,' ')
+        cont_ln=cont_ln.gsub(/\s*\\footnote\[\d+\]\{%\n .+? \}\s*/,' ').
+          gsub(/\s*\\Footnote[A]\{[*+]+\d*\}\{%\n .+? \}\s*/,' ')
       end
-      dob.tmp.gsub!(/^(.*)?\n?$/m,
+      dob.tmp=dob.tmp.gsub(/^(.*)?\n?$/m,
         "\\subsubsection*{\\1}
 \\addcontentsline{toc}{subsubsection}{#{cont_ln} \\\\
 }")
@@ -273,22 +276,22 @@ module SiSU_TeX_Pdf
     def level6
       dob=@dob
       # there is a problem here with creation of headers does not do what you would want it to header starts with a * and is not in bold work on \\sub@txt*, same for previous section 2002w46
-      dob.tmp.strip! if dob.tmp
-      dob.tmp.gsub!(/\\begin\{(bfseries|itshape)\}(.+?)\\end\{\1\}/m,'\2')
+      dob.tmp=dob.tmp.strip if dob.tmp
+      dob.tmp=dob.tmp.gsub(/\\begin\{(bfseries|itshape)\}(.+?)\\end\{\1\}/m,'\2')
       cont_ln=dob.tmp.dup
-      cont_ln.gsub!(/\\begin\{(monosp)\}(.+?)\\end\{\1\}/m,'\2')
-      cont_ln.gsub!(@@tex_pattern_margin_number,'')
-      cont_ln.gsub!(/\\footnote\[\d+\]\{%.+?\\end\{scriptsize\}\s*\}/m,'') #arbitrary bugfix, revisit should not be necessary, eg. wta.1994 2004w22
-      cont_ln.gsub!(/\\Footnote[A]\{[*+]+\d*\}\{%.+?\\end\{scriptsize\}\s*\}/m,'') #arbitrary bugfix, revisit should not be necessary, eg. wta.1994 2004w22
+      cont_ln=cont_ln.gsub(/\\begin\{(monosp)\}(.+?)\\end\{\1\}/m,'\2').
+        gsub(@@tex_pattern_margin_number,'').
+        gsub(/\\footnote\[\d+\]\{%.+?\\end\{scriptsize\}\s*\}/m,''). #arbitrary bugfix, revisit should not be necessary, eg. wta.1994 2004w22
+        gsub(/\\Footnote[A]\{[*+]+\d*\}\{%.+?\\end\{scriptsize\}\s*\}/m,'') #arbitrary bugfix, revisit should not be necessary, eg. wta.1994 2004w22
       if dob.tmp =~/\\footnote/ #and dob =~/^[1-6]#{Tex[:tilde]}/ # removing footnotes from headings!
-        cont_ln.gsub!(/\s*\\footnote\[\d+\]\{%\n .+? \}\s*/,' ')
-        cont_ln.gsub!(/\s*\\Footnote[A]\{[*+]+\d*\}\{%\n .+? \}\s*/,' ')
+        cont_ln=cont_ln.gsub(/\s*\\footnote\[\d+\]\{%\n .+? \}\s*/,' ').
+          gsub(/\s*\\Footnote[A]\{[*+]+\d*\}\{%\n .+? \}\s*/,' ')
       end
-      dob.tmp.gsub!(/^(.*)?\n?$/m,
+      dob.tmp=dob.tmp.gsub(/^(.*)?\n?$/m,
         "\\subsubsection*{\\1}
 \\addcontentsline{toc}{subsubsection}{~~~~#{cont_ln} \\\\
 }")
-      #dob.tmp.gsub!(/^(.*)?\n?$/m,
+      #dob.tmp.gsub(/^(.*)?\n?$/m,
       #  '\subsubsection*{\1}')
       dob
     end
@@ -569,8 +572,7 @@ module SiSU_TeX_Pdf
         #? (str.sub!(rgx_url_internal,"\\hyperlink{#{url}}{#{link}}")) \
         #: (str.sub!(rgx_url_internal,"#{@brace_rel.tex_open}\\hyperlink{#{url}}{#{link}}#{@brace_rel.tex_close}"))
       end
-      str.gsub!(/#{Xx[:protect]}/,'')
-      str
+      str=str.gsub(/#{Xx[:protect]}/,'')
     end
     def url_str(str)
       rgx_url_generic=/#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}#{Mx[:url_o]}\S+?#{Mx[:url_c]}/m
@@ -582,7 +584,7 @@ module SiSU_TeX_Pdf
           link=z.strip
           link.gsub!(/&/,"#{Xx[:protect]}&")
           str.sub!(rgx_url_generic,"#{@brace_rel.tex_open}\\href{#{url}}{#{link}}#{@brace_rel.tex_close}")
-          str.gsub!(/#{Xx[:protect]}/,'')
+          str=str.gsub(/#{Xx[:protect]}/,'')
           str
         else str
         end
@@ -607,6 +609,8 @@ module SiSU_TeX_Pdf
           link.gsub!(/&/,"#{Xx[:protect]}&")
           dob.tmp.sub!(rgx_url_generic,"#{@brace_rel.tex_open}\\href{#{url}}{#{link}}#{@brace_rel.tex_close}#{punctuate}")
           dob.tmp.gsub!(/#{Xx[:protect]}/,'')
+          #dob.tmp=dob.tmp.sub(rgx_url_generic,"#{@brace_rel.tex_open}\\href{#{url}}{#{link}}#{@brace_rel.tex_close}#{punctuate}").
+          #  gsub(/#{Xx[:protect]}/,'')
           dob
         else dob
         end
@@ -797,7 +801,7 @@ module SiSU_TeX_Pdf
       end
       if lang_char_arr.length > 0
         lang_char_arr.slice(1..9).each { |ch| otherlang << @lang.list[ch][:xlp] }
-        otherlang.uniq!
+        otherlang=otherlang.uniq
       end
       otherlang=otherlang.join(',')
       { mainlang: mainlang, otherlang: otherlang }
@@ -1182,11 +1186,11 @@ WOK
       para_array=[]
       str=if word
         word.each do |w| # _ - / # | : ! ^ ~
-          w.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#lt#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'<'); w.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#gt#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'>')
-          w.gsub!(/[\\]?~/,'~')
-          w.gsub!(/[#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}]/,"\n") #watch
-          w.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:126|152)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'~') #126 usual
-          w.gsub!(/\\?\||#{Mx[:gl_o]}#124#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'|') #unless is=='code' #unless w=~/<~\d+;(?:[ohmu]|[0-6]:)\d+;\w\d+>/ # | SiSU not really special sisu character but done, also LaTeX
+          w=w.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#lt#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'<').gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#gt#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'>').
+            gsub(/[\\]?~/,'~').
+            gsub(/[#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}]/,"\n"). #watch
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:126|152)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'~'). #126 usual
+            gsub(/\\?\||#{Mx[:gl_o]}#124#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'|') #unless is=='code' #unless w=~/<~\d+;(?:[ohmu]|[0-6]:)\d+;\w\d+>/ # | SiSU not really special sisu character but done, also LaTeX
           para_array << w
         end
         str=para_array.join(' ')
@@ -1194,34 +1198,33 @@ WOK
         str
       else ''
       end
-      str.gsub(/\s*#{Mx[:mk_o]}:name#\S+?#{Mx[:mk_c]}\s*/,' ')
-      str.gsub!(/.+?<-#>/,'')
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_eof]}/,'')
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_endnotes]}/,'')
+      str=str.gsub(/\s*#{Mx[:mk_o]}:name#\S+?#{Mx[:mk_c]}\s*/,' ').
+        gsub(/.+?<-#>/,'').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:br_eof]}/,'').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:br_endnotes]}/,'').
       #problem sequence ->
-      str.gsub!(/&(?:lt|#060);/,'<')                                         # < SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:gt|062)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'>')                   # > SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#123#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'{')                   # { SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#125#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'}')                  # } SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:126|152)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'~')             # ~ SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#035#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'#')                           # # SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#033#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'!')                            # ! SiSU not really special sisu character but done, also LaTeX
-      #str.gsub!(/(^|\s)\*\s/,'\1\asterisk ')                                   # * should you wish to escape astrisk e.g. describing \*{bold}*
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#042#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'*')                           # * should you wish to escape astrisk e.g. describing \*{bold}*
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#045#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'-')                            # - SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#043#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'+')                            # + SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#044#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,',')                            # + SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#038#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'&') #unless @txt=~/<:code>/  # / SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#047#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'/')                       # / SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#092#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\\')               # \ SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#095#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'_')                # _ SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#124#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'|')                            # | SiSU not really special sisu character but done, also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#058#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,':')                            # : SiSU not really special sisu character but done, also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#094#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\^/,'^')                    # ^ SiSU not really special sisu character but done, also LaTeX
+        gsub(/&(?:lt|#060);/,'<').                                         # < SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:gt|062)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'>').                   # > SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#123#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'{').                   # { SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#125#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'}').                  # } SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:126|152)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'~').             # ~ SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#035#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'#').                           # # SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#033#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'!').                            # ! SiSU not really special sisu character but done, also LaTeX
+       #gsub(/(^|\s)\*\s/,'\1\asterisk ').                                   # * should you wish to escape astrisk e.g. describing \*{bold}*
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#042#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'*').                           # * should you wish to escape astrisk e.g. describing \*{bold}*
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#045#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'-').                            # - SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#043#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'+').                            # + SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#044#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,',').                            # + SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#038#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'&'). #unless @txt=~/<:code>/  # / SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#047#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'/').                       # / SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#092#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\\').               # \ SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#095#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'_').                # _ SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#124#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'|').                            # | SiSU not really special sisu character but done, also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#058#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,':').                            # : SiSU not really special sisu character but done, also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#094#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\^/,'^').                    # ^ SiSU not really special sisu character but done, also LaTeX
       ##watch placement, problem sequence ^
-      str.gsub!(/<sup><font face=symbol>&atild;<\/font><\/sup>/,' ')
-      str.gsub!(/\\copy(right|mark)?/,'<=copymark>') # ok problem with superscript
-      str
+        gsub(/<sup><font face=symbol>&atild;<\/font><\/sup>/,' ').
+        gsub(/\\copy(right|mark)?/,'<=copymark>') # ok problem with superscript
     end
     def xetex_special_characters_1(str,is='')                                  # ~ ^ $ & % _ { }  #LaTeX special characters - KEEP list
       #str=Iconv.conv('ISO-8859-1', 'UTF-8', @txt) # `require': iconv will be deprecated in the future, use String#encode instead.
@@ -1232,16 +1235,16 @@ WOK
           if w !~/https?:/ \
           and w=~/\/\S+?\// \
           and w.length > 6
-            w.gsub!(/([_.\/])/,'\1\-')
+            w=w.gsub(/([_.\/])/,'\1\-')
           end
-          w.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#lt#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'<'); w.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#gt#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'>')
-          w.gsub!(/[\\]?~/,'<=tilde>')
-          w.gsub!(/[#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}]/,' \newline ') #watch
-          w.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:126|152)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'<=tilde>') #126 usual
-          w.gsub!(/\\?\||#{Mx[:gl_o]}#124#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\pipe') #unless is=='code' #unless w=~/<~\d+;(?:[ohmu]|[0-6]:)\d+;\w\d+>/ # | SiSU not really special sisu character but done, also LaTeX
+          w=w.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#lt#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'<').gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#gt#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'>').
+            gsub(/[\\]?~/,'<=tilde>').
+            gsub(/[#{Mx[:br_line]}#{Mx[:br_paragraph]}]/,' \newline '). #watch
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:126|152)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'<=tilde>'). #126 usual
+            gsub(/\\?\||#{Mx[:gl_o]}#124#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\pipe') #unless is=='code' #unless w=~/<~\d+;(?:[ohmu]|[0-6]:)\d+;\w\d+>/ # | SiSU not really special sisu character but done, also LaTeX
           if w !~/#{Mx[:rel_o]}/ \
           and w !~/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#/
-            w.gsub!(/\#/,'<=hash>')
+            w=w.gsub(/\#/,'<=hash>')
           end
           para_array << w
         end
@@ -1250,129 +1253,132 @@ WOK
         str
       else ''
       end
-      str.gsub(/\s*#{Mx[:mk_o]}:name#\S+?#{Mx[:mk_c]}\s*/,' ')
-      str.gsub!(/.+?<-#>/,'')
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_eof]}/,'')
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:br_endnotes]}/,'')
+      str=str.gsub(/\s*#{Mx[:mk_o]}:name#\S+?#{Mx[:mk_c]}\s*/,' ').
+        gsub(/.+?<-#>/,'').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:br_eof]}/,'').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:br_endnotes]}/,'')
       #problem sequence ->
-      str.gsub!(/&(?:nbsp);|#{Mx[:nbsp]}/,'\hardspace') unless is=='code'      # < SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/&(?:lt|#060);/,'\lt')                                         # < SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:gt|062)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\gt')                   # > SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#123#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\curlyopen')                   # { SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#125#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\curlyclose')                  # } SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:126|152)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'<=tilde>')             # ~ SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#035#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\#')                           # # SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#033#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'!')                            # ! SiSU not really special sisu character but done, also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/(^|\s)\*\s/,'\1\asterisk ')                                   # * should you wish to escape astrisk e.g. describing \*{bold}*
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#042#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\*')                           # * should you wish to escape astrisk e.g. describing \*{bold}*
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#045#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'-')                            # - SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#043#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'+')                            # + SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#044#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,',')                            # + SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#038#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'<=amp>') #unless @txt=~/<:code>/  # / SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#047#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\slash')                       # / SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#092#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\textbackslash')               # \ SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#095#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'<=underscore>')                # _ SiSU special character also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#124#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'|')                            # | SiSU not really special sisu character but done, also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#058#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,':')                            # : SiSU not really special sisu character but done, also LaTeX
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#094#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\^/,'\caret')                    # ^ SiSU not really special sisu character but done, also LaTeX
+      str=str.gsub(/&(?:nbsp);|#{Mx[:nbsp]}/,'\hardspace') unless is=='code'      # < SiSU special character also LaTeX
+      str=str.gsub(/&(?:lt|#060);/,'\lt').                                         # < SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:gt|062)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\gt').                   # > SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#123#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\curlyopen').                   # { SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#125#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\curlyclose').                  # } SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#(?:126|152)#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'<=tilde>').             # ~ SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#035#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\#').                           # # SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#033#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'!').                            # ! SiSU not really special sisu character but done, also LaTeX
+        gsub(/(^|\s)\*\s/,'\1\asterisk ').                                   # * should you wish to escape astrisk e.g. describing \*{bold}*
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#042#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\*').                           # * should you wish to escape astrisk e.g. describing \*{bold}*
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#045#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'-').                            # - SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#043#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'+').                            # + SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#044#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,',').                            # + SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#038#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'<=amp>'). #unless @txt=~/<:code>/  # / SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#047#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\slash').                       # / SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#092#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\textbackslash').               # \ SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#095#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'<=underscore>').                # _ SiSU special character also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#124#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'|').                            # | SiSU not really special sisu character but done, also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#058#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,':').                            # : SiSU not really special sisu character but done, also LaTeX
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#094#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\^/,'\caret').                    # ^ SiSU not really special sisu character but done, also LaTeX
       ##watch placement, problem sequence ^
-      str.gsub!(/<sup><font face=symbol>&atild;<\/font><\/sup>/,' ')
-      str.gsub!(/\\copy(right|mark)?/,'<=copymark>') # ok problem with superscript
-      str
+        gsub(/<sup><font face=symbol>&atild;<\/font><\/sup>/,' ').
+        gsub(/\\copy(right|mark)?/,'<=copymark>') # ok problem with superscript
     end
     def xetex_special_characters_2(str,is='')
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#156#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\oe ')
-      str.gsub!(/\$/,'\$')
-      str.gsub!(/\#/,'\#')
-      str.gsub!(/\%/,'\%')
-      str.gsub!(/\~/,'\~') #revist, should not be necessary to mark remaining tildes
+      str=str.gsub(/#{Mx[:gl_o]}#156#{Mx[:gl_c]}/,'\oe ').
+        gsub(/\$/,'\$').
+        gsub(/\#/,'\#').
+        gsub(/\%/,'\%').
+        gsub(/\~/,'\~') #revist, should not be necessary to mark remaining tildes
       if str !~/^\s*#{Mx[:lnk_o]}.+?#{Mx[:lnk_c]}image\s/
-        str.gsub!(/_/,'\_')
+        str=str.gsub(/_/,'\_')
       end
-      str.gsub!(/\{/,'\{')
-      str.gsub!(/\}/,'\}')
-      if is=='code'
-        str.gsub!(/&/,'{\\\&}')
-        str.gsub!(/\\~(\\\{)/,'{$\tilde$}\1')
-        str.gsub!(/(\\\})\\~/,'\1{$\tilde$}')
-        str.gsub!(/\\~(\[)/,'{$\tilde$}\1')
-        str.gsub!(/(\])\\~/,'\1{$\tilde$}')
-        str.gsub!(/<=tilde>/,'{$\tilde$}')
-        str.gsub!(/<=hash>/,'{\#}')
+      str=str.gsub(/\{/,'\{').
+        gsub(/\}/,'\}')
+      str=if is=='code'
+        str.gsub(/&/,'{\\\&}').
+          gsub(/\\~(\\\{)/,'{$\tilde$}\1').
+          gsub(/(\\\})\\~/,'\1{$\tilde$}').
+          gsub(/\\~(\[)/,'{$\tilde$}\1').
+          gsub(/(\])\\~/,'\1{$\tilde$}').
+          gsub(/<=tilde>/,'{$\tilde$}').
+          gsub(/<=hash>/,'{\#}')
       else
-        str.gsub!(/&nbsp;|#{Mx[:nbsp]}/,'~') # ~ character for hardspace
-        str.gsub!(/&/,'<=amp>')
+        str.gsub(/&nbsp;|#{Mx[:nbsp]}/,'~'). # ~ character for hardspace
+          gsub(/&/,'<=amp>')
       end
-      str.gsub!(/&\S+?;/,' ')
-      str.gsub!(/§/u,'\S') #latex: space between next character not preserved? #str.gsub!(/§ /,'\S ')
-      str.gsub!(/£/u,'\pounds')
-      str.gsub!(/<a href=".+?">/,' ')
-      str.gsub!(/<\/a>/,' ')
-      str.gsub!(/((?:^|\s)#{Mx[:lnk_c]})#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
-        '\1\begin{scriptsize}\url{\2}\end{scriptsize}\3') #special case \{ e.g. \}http://url
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}\\_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
-        '\begin{scriptsize}\url{\1}\end{scriptsize}') #special case \{ e.g. \}http://url
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
-        '\begin{scriptsize}\\url{\1}\end{scriptsize}') #specially escaped url no decoration
+      str=str.gsub(/&\S+?;/,' ').
+        gsub(/§/u,'\S'). #latex: space between next character not preserved? #str.gsub(/§ /,'\S ')
+        gsub(/£/u,'\pounds').
+        gsub(/<a href=".+?">/,' ').
+        gsub(/<\/a>/,' ').
+        gsub(/((?:^|\s)#{Mx[:lnk_c]})#{Mx[:url_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+          '\1\begin{scriptsize}\url{\2}\end{scriptsize}\3'). #special case \{ e.g. \}http://url
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}\\_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+          '\begin{scriptsize}\url{\1}\end{scriptsize}'). #special case \{ e.g. \}http://url
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:url_o]}_(\S+?)#{Mx[:url_c]}/,
+          '\begin{scriptsize}\\url{\1}\end{scriptsize}') #specially escaped url no decoration
       unless is=='code'
-        str.gsub!(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s)((?:https?|file|ftp):\/\/\S+?\.[^'"\s]+?)([;.,]?(?=\s|$))/,
+        str=str.gsub(/(^|#{Mx[:gl_c]}|\s)((?:https?|file|ftp):\/\/\S+?\.[^'"\s]+?)([;.,]?(?=\s|$))/,
           "\\1#{@brace_url.tex_open}\\begin{scriptsize}\\url{\\2}\\end{scriptsize}#{@brace_url.tex_close}\\3") #url matching with decoration <url> positive lookahead, sequence issue with { linked }http://url cannot use \b at start
-      else #code-block: angle brackets special characters, note _ already escaped
-        str.gsub!(/\\_</m,'{\UseTextSymbol{OML}{<}}')
-        str.gsub!(/\\_>/m,'{\UseTextSymbol{OML}{>}}')
       end
-      str.gsub!(/<:ee>/,'')
-      str.gsub!(/<!>/,' ')
+      str=str.gsub(/<:ee>/,'').
+        gsub(/<!>/,' ').
       #proposed change, insert, but may be redundant
-      str.gsub!(/<(br|p)>|<\/\s*(br|p)>|<(br|p)\s*\/>/," #{Tex[:backslash]*2} ") # Work Area
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'\begin{bfseries}\1 \end{bfseries}')
-      str.gsub!(/<h\d+>(.+?)<\/h\d+>/,'\begin{bfseries}\1 \end{bfseries}')
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'\emph{\1}')
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'\uline{\1}') # ulem
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,"``\\1''") # quote #CHECK
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'\uline{\1}') # ulem
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,'\sout{\1}') # ulem
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,"\$^{\\textrm{\\1}}\$")
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,"\$_{\\textrm{\\1}}\$")
-      str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:fa_monospace_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_monospace_c]}/,'\begin{monosp}\1\end{monosp}')
+        gsub(/<(br|p)>|<\/\s*(br|p)>|<(br|p)\s*\/>/," #{Tex[:backslash]*2} "). # Work Area
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_bold_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_bold_c]}/,'\begin{bfseries}\1 \end{bfseries}').
+        gsub(/<h\d+>(.+?)<\/h\d+>/,'\begin{bfseries}\1 \end{bfseries}').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_italics_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_italics_c]}/,'\emph{\1}').
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_underscore_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_underscore_c]}/,'\uline{\1}'). # ulem
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_cite_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_cite_c]}/,"``\\1''"). # quote #CHECK
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_insert_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_insert_c]}/,'\uline{\1}'). # ulem
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_strike_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_strike_c]}/,'\sout{\1}'). # ulem
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,"\$^{\\textrm{\\1}}\$").
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_subscript_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_subscript_c]}/,"\$_{\\textrm{\\1}}\$").
+        gsub(/#{Mx[:fa_monospace_o]}(.+?)#{Mx[:fa_monospace_c]}/,'\begin{monosp}\1\end{monosp}')
       unless is=='code'
-        str.gsub!(/"(.+?)"/,'“\1”')  # quote marks / quotations open & close " need condition exclude for code
-        str.gsub!(/\s+"/,' “')                                # open "
-        str.gsub!(/^(#{Mx[:lv_o]}[1-6-]:\S*?#{Mx[:lv_c]}|<.+?>)?\s*"/,'\1“') #fix Mx[:lv_o] # open "
-        str.gsub!(/"(\s|\.|,|:|;)/,'”\1')                     # close "
-        str.gsub!(/"(#{Mx[:lv_o]}[1-6-]:\S*?#{Mx[:lv_c]}|<.+?>)?\s*$/,'”\1') #fix Mx[:lv_o] # close "
-        str.gsub!(/"(\.|,)/,'”')                              # close "
-        str.gsub!(/\s+'/,' `')                                # open '
-        str.gsub!(/^(#{Mx[:lv_o]}[1-6-]:\S*?#{Mx[:lv_c]}|<.+?>)?\s*'/,'\1`') #fix Mx[:lv_o] # open '
+        str=str.gsub(/"(.+?)"/,'“\1”').  # quote marks / quotations open & close " need condition exclude for code
+          gsub(/\s+"/,' “').                                # open "
+          gsub(/^(#{Mx[:lv_o]}[1-6-]:\S*?#{Mx[:lv_c]}|<.+?>)?\s*"/,'\1“'). #fix Mx[:lv_o] # open "
+          gsub(/"(\s|\.|,|:|;)/,'”\1').                     # close "
+          gsub(/"(#{Mx[:lv_o]}[1-6-]:\S*?#{Mx[:lv_c]}|<.+?>)?\s*$/,'”\1'). #fix Mx[:lv_o] # close "
+          gsub(/"(\.|,)/,'”').                              # close "
+          gsub(/\s+'/,' `').                                # open '
+          gsub(/^(#{Mx[:lv_o]}[1-6-]:\S*?#{Mx[:lv_c]}|<.+?>)?\s*'/,'\1`') #fix Mx[:lv_o] # open '
       end
-      str.gsub!(/(<font.*?>|<\/font>)/,'')
-      str.gsub!(/\s*#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'^\1')
+      str=str.gsub(/(<font.*?>|<\/font>)/,'').
+        gsub(/\s*#{Mx[:fa_superscript_o]}(\S+?)#{Mx[:fa_superscript_c]}/,'^\1')
       str
     end
     def xetex_special_characters_3(str)
-      str.gsub!(/<br(\s*[^\/][^>])/,'\1') # clean up, incredibly messy :-( footnote indents, problems if match exists in ordinary paragraphs? check! Work Area 200501 a bit tricky as must be able to match multiple times, and to clean remainder
-      str.gsub!(/([^<][^b][^r]\s+)\/>/,'\1') # clean up, incredibly messy :-( footnote indents, problems if match exists in ordinary paragraphs? check! Work Area 200501 a bit tricky as must be able to match multiple times, and to clean remainder
+      str=str.gsub(/<br(\s*[^\/][^>])/,'\1'). # clean up, incredibly messy :-( footnote indents, problems if match exists in ordinary paragraphs? check! Work Area 200501 a bit tricky as must be able to match multiple times, and to clean remainder
+        gsub(/([^<][^b][^r]\s+)\/>/,'\1') # clean up, incredibly messy :-( footnote indents, problems if match exists in ordinary paragraphs? check! Work Area 200501 a bit tricky as must be able to match multiple times, and to clean remainder
       while str =~/(https?:\/\/\S+?)(?:<=tilde>\S+)+/ #tilde in urls \href treated differently from text #FIX
-        str.gsub!(/(https?:\/\/\S+?)(?:<=tilde>(\S+))+/,'\1~\2')
+        str=str.gsub(/(https?:\/\/\S+?)(?:<=tilde>(\S+))+/,'\1~\2')
       end
-      str.gsub!(/<=tilde>/,'{$\tilde$}')
-      str.gsub!(/(https?:\/\/\S+?)(?:(?:<=hash>)(\S+))+/,'\1#\2') #hash in urls \href treated differently from text #FIX
-      str.gsub!(/<=hash>/,'{\#}')
+      str=str.gsub(/<=tilde>/,'{$\tilde$}').
+        gsub(/(https?:\/\/\S+?)(?:(?:<=hash>)(\S+))+/,'\1#\2'). #hash in urls \href treated differently from text #FIX
+        gsub(/<=hash>/,'{\#}')
       while str =~/(https?:\/\/\S+?)(?:<=amp>\S+)+/ #amp in urls \href treated differently from text #FIX
-        str.gsub!(/(https?:\/\/\S+?)(?:<=amp>(\S+))+/,'\1&\2')
+        str=str.gsub(/(https?:\/\/\S+?)(?:<=amp>(\S+))+/,'\1&\2')
       end
-      str.gsub!(/<=amp>/,'{\\\&}') #changed ... 2005
-      str.gsub!(/<=copymark>\s*(.+)/,
-        '^\copyright \textnormal{\1} \2') # watch likely to be problematic
+      str=str.gsub(/<=amp>/,'{\\\&}'). #changed ... 2005
+        gsub(/<=copymark>\s*(.+)/,
+          '^\copyright \textnormal{\1} \2') # watch likely to be problematic
       str
     end
+    def special_characters_safe_close(str)
+      str=str.gsub(/<=tilde>/,'{$\tilde$}').
+        gsub(/<=hash>/,'{\#}').
+        gsub(/<=amp>/,'{\\\&}'). #changed ... 2005
+        gsub(/<=copymark>\s*(.+)/,
+          '^\copyright \textnormal{\1} \2') # watch likely to be problematic
+    end
     def special_characters_code_fix(str)
-      str.gsub!(/<=tilde>/,'{$\tilde$}')
+      str=str.gsub(/<=tilde>/,'{$\tilde$}')
       str
     end
     def special_characters_unsafe_1(str) #depreciated, make obsolete
       # some substitutions are sequence sensitive, rearrange with care.
-      str.gsub!(/\\textbackslash (copyright|clearpage|newpage)/,"\\\\\\1")  #kludge bad solution, find out where tail is sent through specChar !
+      str=str.gsub(/\\textbackslash (copyright|clearpage|newpage)/,"\\\\\\1")  #kludge bad solution, find out where tail is sent through specChar !
       str
     end
     def special_characters                                                     #special characters - some substitutions are sequence sensitive, rearrange with care.
@@ -1385,8 +1391,8 @@ WOK
     end
     def special_word_break_points
       str=@txt
-      str.gsub!(/([_,.;:\/|=])/,'\1\-')
-      str.gsub!(/(--)(\S{4,})/,'\1\-\2')
+      str=str.gsub(/([_,.;:\/|=])/,'\1\-').
+        gsub(/(--)(\S{4,})/,'\1\-\2')
       @txt=str
     end
     def special_number_break_points
@@ -1398,6 +1404,7 @@ WOK
       str,is=@txt,@is
       str=xetex_special_characters_1(str,is) unless str.nil?
       str=xetex_special_characters_2(str,is) unless str.nil? # remove this to start with, causes issues
+      str=special_characters_safe_close(str) unless str.nil?
       @txt=str
     end
     def characters_code_listings                                   #special characters - some substitutions are sequence sensitive, rearrange with care.
@@ -1407,7 +1414,7 @@ WOK
     end
     def special_characters_code
       str=@txt
-      str.gsub!(/ \\\\([ #{Mx[:br_nl]}]+|$)/,' \textbackslash\textbackslash\hardspace\1')
+      str=str.gsub(/ \\\\([ #{Mx[:br_nl]}]+|$)/,' \textbackslash\textbackslash\hardspace\1')
       str
     end
   end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/urls.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/urls.rb
index 6d334295..39156dff 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/urls.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/urls.rb
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ module SiSU_Urls
         if x=~/^o/ \
         and @opt.cmd=~/o/ \
         and x=~/^[#{@opt.cmd}]/
-          SiSU_Screen::Ansi.new(@opt.cmd,"-#{x}","#{@prog.text_editor} #{@env.processing_path.odf}/content.xml").maintenance #not implemented
+          SiSU_Screen::Ansi.new(@opt.cmd,"-#{x}","#{@prog.text_editor} #{@env.processing_path.odf}/#{@opt.fns}/odt/content.xml").maintenance
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/xhtml.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/xhtml.rb
index f444323a..bf1c964a 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/xhtml.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/xhtml.rb
@@ -135,12 +135,12 @@ module SiSU_XHTML
       end
     protected
       def embedded_endnotes(dob='')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,
-          '<endnote><number>\1</number><note>\2</note></endnote> ')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([*+]\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,
-          '<endnote><symbol>\1</symbol><note>\2</note></endnote> ')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([*+]+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,
-          '<endnote><symbol>\1</symbol><note>\2</note></endnote> ')
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,
+            '<endnote><number>\1</number><note>\2</note></endnote> ').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([*+]\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,
+            '<endnote><symbol>\1</symbol><note>\2</note></endnote> ').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([*+]+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,
+            '<endnote><symbol>\1</symbol><note>\2</note></endnote> ')
       end
       def extract_endnotes(dob='')
         notes=dob.obj.scan(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]})([\d*+]+\s+.+?)(?:#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_c]})/)
@@ -148,26 +148,26 @@ module SiSU_XHTML
           s=e.to_s
           util=SiSU_TextUtils::Wrap.new(s,70)
           wrap=util.line_wrap
-          wrap.gsub!(/^(\d+)\s+(.+?)\s*\Z/m, <<WOK
+          wrap=wrap.gsub(/^(\d+)\s+(.+?)\s*\Z/m, <<WOK
 #{Ax[:tab]*1}<endnote notenumber="\\1">
 #{Ax[:tab]*2}\\1. \\2
 #{Ax[:tab]*1}</endnote>
 WOK
-)
-          wrap.gsub!(/^([*+]\d+)\s+(.+?)\s*\Z/m, <<WOK
+).
+            gsub(/^([*+]\d+)\s+(.+?)\s*\Z/m, <<WOK
 #{Ax[:tab]*1}<endnote symbol="\\1">
 #{Ax[:tab]*2}\\1 \\2
 #{Ax[:tab]*1}</endnote>
 WOK
-)
-          wrap.gsub!(/^([*+]+)\s+(.+?)\s*\Z/m, <<WOK
+).
+            gsub(/^([*+]+)\s+(.+?)\s*\Z/m, <<WOK
 #{Ax[:tab]*1}<endnote symbol="\\1.length">
 #{Ax[:tab]*2}\\1 \\2
 #{Ax[:tab]*1}</endnote>
 WOK
 )
 #KEEP alternative presentation of endnotes
-#        wrap.gsub!(/^(\d+)\s+(.+?)\s*\Z/m, <<WOK
+#        wrap=wrap.gsub(/^(\d+)\s+(.+?)\s*\Z/m, <<WOK
 ##{Ax[:tab]*1}<p class="endnote" notenumber="\\1">
 ##{Ax[:tab]*2}\\1. \\2
 ##{Ax[:tab]*1}</p>
@@ -200,8 +200,8 @@ WOK
           else lv=nil
           end
           extract_endnotes(dob)
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'<en>\1</en>') #footnote/endnote clean
-          dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'<en>\1</en>') #footnote/endnote clean
+          dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'<en>\1</en>'). #footnote/endnote clean
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'<en>\1</en>') #footnote/endnote clean
           util=SiSU_TextUtils::Wrap.new(dob.obj,70)
           wrapped=util.line_wrap
           @@xml[:body] << if defined? dob.ocn
@@ -219,9 +219,9 @@ WOK
       def block_structure(dob)
         named=name_tags(dob)
         dob=@trans.markup_block(dob)
-        dob.obj.strip!
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'<en>\1</en>') #footnote/endnote clean
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'<en>\1</en>') #footnote/endnote clean
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.strip.
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'<en>\1</en>'). #footnote/endnote clean
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'<en>\1</en>') #footnote/endnote clean
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*0}<object id="#{dob.ocn}">}
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*1}<ocn>#{dob.ocn}</ocn>}
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*1}<text class="block">#{named}#{Ax[:tab]*1}}
@@ -232,9 +232,9 @@ WOK
       def group_structure(dob)
         named=name_tags(dob)
         dob=@trans.markup_group(dob)
-        dob.obj.strip!
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'<en>\1</en>') #footnote/endnote clean
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'<en>\1</en>') #footnote/endnote clean
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.strip.
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'<en>\1</en>'). #footnote/endnote clean
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'<en>\1</en>') #footnote/endnote clean
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*0}<object id="#{dob.ocn}">}
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*1}<ocn>#{dob.ocn}</ocn>}
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*1}<text class="group">#{named}#{Ax[:tab]*1}}
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ WOK
       def poem_structure(dob)
         named=name_tags(dob)
         dob=@trans.markup_group(dob)
-        dob.obj.strip!
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.strip
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*0}<object id="#{dob.ocn}">}
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*1}<ocn>#{dob.ocn}</ocn>}
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*1}<text class="verse">#{named}#{Ax[:tab]*1}}
@@ -256,8 +256,7 @@ WOK
       def code_structure(dob)
         named=name_tags(dob)
         dob=@trans.markup_group(dob)
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\s\s/,'&#160;&#160;')
-        dob.obj.strip!
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/\s\s/,'&#160;&#160;').strip
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*0}<object id="#{dob.ocn}">}
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*1}<ocn>#{dob.ocn}</ocn>}
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*1}<text class="code">#{named}#{Ax[:tab]*1}}
@@ -342,7 +341,7 @@ WOK
               end
             else #
             end
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:pa_o]}:\S+#{Mx[:pa_c]}/,'') if dob.obj
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:pa_o]}:\S+#{Mx[:pa_c]}/,'') if dob.obj
           end
         end
         6.downto(4) do |x|
@@ -379,7 +378,7 @@ WOK
         content << @@xml[:open] << @@xml[:head] << @@xml[:body] << @@xml[:metadata]
         content << @@xml[:owner_details] if @md.stmp =~/\w\w/
         content << @@xml[:tail] << @@xml[:close]
-        content.flatten!.compact!
+        content=content.flatten.compact
         Output.new(content,@md).xhtml
         @@xml={}
       end
@@ -393,7 +392,7 @@ WOK
         SiSU_Env::FileOp.new(@md).mkdir
         filename_xml=@file.write_file.xhtml
         @data.each do |str|
-          str.gsub!(/\A\s+\Z/m,'') #str.gsub!(/^\s+$/,'')
+          str=str.gsub(/\A\s+\Z/m,'') #str.gsub(/^\s+$/,'')
           filename_xml.puts str unless str.empty?
         end
         filename_xml.close
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/xhtml_table.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/xhtml_table.rb
index e06cdaae..cea438a2 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/xhtml_table.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/xhtml_table.rb
@@ -78,8 +78,8 @@ module SiSU_XHTML_Table
         table_row_with_columns=table_row.split(Mx[:tc_p])
         trc,nc=[],0
         table_row_with_columns.each do |c|
-          c.gsub!(/^~$/,'') # tilde / empty cell
-          c.gsub!(/<:br>/,'<br />')
+          c=c.gsub(/^~$/,''). # tilde / empty cell
+            gsub(/<:br>/,'<br />')
           trc <<= if table_obj.head_ and nr==0; %{<th width="#{table_obj.widths[nc]}%">#{c}</th>}
           else %{<td width="#{table_obj.widths[nc]}%">#{c}</td>}
           end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml.rb
index a0755375..776c0376 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml.rb
@@ -134,12 +134,12 @@ module SiSU_XML_SAX
       end
     protected
       def embedded_endnotes(dob='')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,
-          '<endnote><number>\1</number><note>\2</note></endnote> ')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([*+]\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,
-          '<endnote><symbol>\1</symbol><note>\2</note></endnote> ')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([*+]+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,
-          '<endnote><symbol>\1</symbol><note>\2</note></endnote> ')
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,
+            '<endnote><number>\1</number><note>\2</note></endnote> ').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([*+]\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,
+            '<endnote><symbol>\1</symbol><note>\2</note></endnote> ').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([*+]+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,
+            '<endnote><symbol>\1</symbol><note>\2</note></endnote> ')
       end
       def extract_endnotes(dob='')
         notes=dob.obj.scan(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]})([\d*+]+\s+.+?)(?:#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_c]})/)
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ module SiSU_XML_SAX
           s=e.to_s
           util=SiSU_TextUtils::Wrap.new(s,70)
           wrap=util.line_wrap
-          wrap.gsub!(/^(\d+)\s+(.+?)\s*\Z/m, <<WOK
+          wrap=wrap.gsub(/^(\d+)\s+(.+?)\s*\Z/m, <<WOK
 #{Ax[:tab]*1}<endnote notenumber="\\1">
 #{Ax[:tab]*2}<number>\\1</number>
 #{Ax[:tab]*2}<note>
@@ -155,8 +155,8 @@ module SiSU_XML_SAX
 #{Ax[:tab]*2}</note>
 #{Ax[:tab]*1}</endnote>
 WOK
-)
-          wrap.gsub!(/^([*+]\d+)\s+(.+?)\s*\Z/m, <<WOK
+).
+            gsub(/^([*+]\d+)\s+(.+?)\s*\Z/m, <<WOK
 #{Ax[:tab]*1}<endnote symbol="\\1">
 #{Ax[:tab]*2}<symbol>\\1</symbol>
 #{Ax[:tab]*2}<note>
@@ -164,8 +164,8 @@ WOK
 #{Ax[:tab]*2}</note>
 #{Ax[:tab]*1}</endnote>
 WOK
-)
-          wrap.gsub!(/^([*+]+)\s+(.+?)\s*\Z/m, <<WOK
+).
+            gsub(/^([*+]+)\s+(.+?)\s*\Z/m, <<WOK
 #{Ax[:tab]*1}<endnote symbol="\\1.length">
 #{Ax[:tab]*2}<symbol>\\1</symbol>
 #{Ax[:tab]*2}<note>
@@ -211,8 +211,8 @@ WOK
         else lv=nil
         end
         extract_endnotes(dob)
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'<en>\1</en>') #footnote/endnote clean
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'<en>\1</en>') #footnote/endnote clean
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'<en>\1</en>'). #footnote/endnote clean
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'<en>\1</en>') #footnote/endnote clean
         #if defined? dob.obj
         #t_ograph="#{dob.obj}"
         util=SiSU_TextUtils::Wrap.new(dob.obj,70)
@@ -232,10 +232,10 @@ WOK
       end
       def block_structure(dob='')
         extract_endnotes(dob)
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'<en>\1</en>') #footnote/endnote clean
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'<en>\1</en>') #footnote/endnote clean
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'<en>\1</en>'). #footnote/endnote clean
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'<en>\1</en>') #footnote/endnote clean
         dob=@trans.markup_block(dob)
-        dob.obj.strip!
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.strip
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*0}<object id="#{dob.ocn}">}
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*1}<ocn>#{dob.ocn}</ocn>}
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*1}<text class="block">#{Ax[:tab]*1}}
@@ -247,10 +247,10 @@ WOK
       end
       def group_structure(dob='')
         extract_endnotes(dob)
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'<en>\1</en>') #footnote/endnote clean
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'<en>\1</en>') #footnote/endnote clean
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,'<en>\1</en>'). #footnote/endnote clean
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([\d*+]+)\s+(?:.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,'<en>\1</en>') #footnote/endnote clean
         dob=@trans.markup_group(dob)
-        dob.obj.strip!
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.strip
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*0}<object id="#{dob.ocn}">}
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*1}<ocn>#{dob.ocn}</ocn>}
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*1}<text class="group">#{Ax[:tab]*1}}
@@ -262,8 +262,8 @@ WOK
       end
       def poem_structure(dob='')
         dob=@trans.markup_group(dob)
-        #dob.obj.gsub!(/\s\s/,'&#160;&#160;')
-        dob.obj.strip!
+        #dob.obj.gsub(/\s\s/,'&#160;&#160;')
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.strip
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*0}<object id="#{dob.ocn}">}
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*1}<ocn>#{dob.ocn}</ocn>}
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*1}<text class="verse">#{Ax[:tab]*1}}
@@ -273,8 +273,7 @@ WOK
       end
       def code_structure(dob='')
         dob=@trans.markup_group(dob)
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\s\s/,'&#160;&#160;')
-        dob.obj.strip!
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/\s\s/,'&#160;&#160;').strip
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*0}<object id="#{dob.ocn}">}
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*1}<ocn>#{dob.ocn}</ocn>}
         @@xml[:body] << %{#{Ax[:tab]*1}<text class="code">#{Ax[:tab]*1}}
@@ -380,7 +379,7 @@ WOK
               end
             else #
             end
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:pa_o]}:\S+#{Mx[:pa_c]}/,'') if dob.obj
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:pa_o]}:\S+#{Mx[:pa_c]}/,'') if dob.obj
           end
         end
         6.downto(4) do |x|
@@ -421,7 +420,7 @@ WOK
         content << @@xml[:open] << @@xml[:head] << @@xml[:body] << @@xml[:metadata]
         content << @@xml[:owner_details] if @md.stmp =~/\w\w/
         content << @@xml[:tail] << @@xml[:close]
-        content.flatten!.compact!
+        content=content.flatten.compact
         Output.new(content,@md).xml
         @@xml={}
       end
@@ -435,7 +434,7 @@ WOK
         SiSU_Env::FileOp.new(@md).mkdir
         filename_xml=@file.write_file.xml_sax
         @data.each do |str|
-          str.gsub!(/\A\s+\Z/m,'') #str.gsub!(/^\s+$/,'')
+          str=str.gsub(/\A\s+\Z/m,'')
           filename_xml.puts str unless str.empty?
         end
         filename_xml.close
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_dom.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_dom.rb
index dd4dcd44..ae45100d 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_dom.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_dom.rb
@@ -130,12 +130,12 @@ module SiSU_XML_DOM
       end
     protected
       def xml_markup(dob='')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,
-          '<endnote><number>\1</number><note>\2</note></endnote> ')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([*+]\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,
-          '<endnote><symbol>\1</symbol><note>\2</note></endnote> ')
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([*+]+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,
-          '<endnote><symbol>\1</symbol><note>\2</note></endnote> ')
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,
+            '<endnote><number>\1</number><note>\2</note></endnote> ').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:en_b_o]}([*+]\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_b_c]}/,
+            '<endnote><symbol>\1</symbol><note>\2</note></endnote> ').
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}([*+]+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/,
+            '<endnote><symbol>\1</symbol><note>\2</note></endnote> ')
       end
       def xml_head
         metadata=SiSU_Metadata::Summary.new(@md).xml_dom.metadata
@@ -309,27 +309,24 @@ WOK
       end
       def block_structure(dob)
         dob=@trans.markup_block(dob) #decide check & FIX
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/m,
-          '<endnote><number>\1</number><note>\2</note></endnote> ')
-        dob.obj.strip!
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/m,
+          '<endnote><number>\1</number><note>\2</note></endnote> ').strip
         dob
       end
       def group_structure(dob)
         dob=@trans.markup_group(dob) #decide check & FIX
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/m,
-          '<endnote><number>\1</number><note>\2</note></endnote> ')
-        dob.obj.strip!
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:en_a_o]}(\d+)\s+(.+?)#{Mx[:en_a_c]}/m,
+          '<endnote><number>\1</number><note>\2</note></endnote> ').strip
         dob
       end
       def poem_structure(dob)
         dob=@trans.markup_group(dob) #decide check & FIX
-        dob.obj.strip!
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.strip
         dob
       end
       def code_structure(dob)
         dob=@trans.markup_group(dob) #decide check & FIX
-        dob.obj.gsub!(/\s\s/,'&#160;&#160;')
-        dob.obj.strip!
+        dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/\s\s/,'&#160;&#160;').strip
         dob
       end
       def table_structure(dob) #tables
@@ -450,7 +447,7 @@ WOK
               end
             else #
             end
-            dob.obj.gsub!(/#{Mx[:pa_o]}:\S+#{Mx[:pa_c]}/,'') if dob.obj
+            dob.obj=dob.obj.gsub(/#{Mx[:pa_o]}:\S+#{Mx[:pa_c]}/,'') if dob.obj
           end
         end
         @content_flag=true
@@ -497,7 +494,7 @@ WOK
         content << @@xml[:open] << @@xml[:head] << @@xml[:body] << @@xml[:metadata]
         content << @@xml[:owner_details] if @md.stmp =~/\w\w/
         content << @@xml[:tail] << @@xml[:close]
-        content.flatten!.compact!
+        content=content.flatten.compact
         Output.new(content,@md).xml
         @@xml[:head],@@xml[:body],@@xml[:tail]=[],[],[] # check whether should be nil
       end
@@ -512,7 +509,7 @@ WOK
         SiSU_Env::FileOp.new(@md).mkdir
         filename_xml=@file.write_file.xml_dom
         @data.each do |str|
-          str.gsub!(/#{Mx[:pa_o]}:\S+#{Mx[:pa_c]}/,'')
+          str=str.gsub(/#{Mx[:pa_o]}:\S+#{Mx[:pa_c]}/,'')
           filename_xml.puts str unless str.empty?
         end
         filename_xml.close
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_fictionbook.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_fictionbook.rb
index 8a0819eb..8fe1e7c1 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_fictionbook.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_fictionbook.rb
@@ -151,11 +151,11 @@ WOK
         @data.each do |para|
           @endnotes << para.scan(/~\{(.+?)\}~/m)
         end
-        @endnotes.flatten!
+        @endnotes=@endnotes.flatten
       end
       def endnotes
         @endnotes.each do |endnote|
-          endnote.strip!
+          endnote=endnote.strip
           endnote=@trans.markup_fictionbook(endnote)
           endnote="<p>#{endnote}</p>"
           util=SiSU_TextUtils::Wrap.new(endnote,80,10)
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ WOK
         put(tail)
       end
       def markup(para,type='')
-        para.strip!
+        para=para.strip
         para=@trans.markup_fictionbook(para)
         para=if type.empty?; "<p>#{para}</p>"
         else "<#{type}><p>#{para}</p></#{type}>"
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_format.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_format.rb
index e3e4b380..db3e8f25 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_format.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_format.rb
@@ -1372,17 +1372,18 @@ WOK
     end
     def gsub_body
 #fix
-      case @txt
+      @txt=case @txt
       when /^\s*\((i+|iv|v|vi+|ix|x|xi+)\)/
-        @txt.gsub!(/^\((i+|iv|v|vi+|ix|x|xi+)\)/,'<b>(\1)</b>')
-        @txt.gsub!(/^(#{Mx[:pa_o]}i[1-9]#{Mx[:pa_c]})\s*\((i+|iv|v|vi+|ix|x|xi+)\)/,'\1<b>(\2)</b>')
+        @txt.gsub(/^\((i+|iv|v|vi+|ix|x|xi+)\)/,'<b>(\1)</b>').
+          gsub(/^(#{Mx[:pa_o]}i[1-9]#{Mx[:pa_c]})\s*\((i+|iv|v|vi+|ix|x|xi+)\)/,'\1<b>(\2)</b>')
       when /^\s*\(?(\d|[a-z])+\)/
-        @txt.gsub!(/^\((\d+|[a-z])+\)/,'<b>(\1)</b>')
-        @txt.gsub!(/^(#{Mx[:pa_o]}i[1-9]#{Mx[:pa_c]})\s*\((\d+|[a-z])+\)/,'\1<b>(\2)</b>')
+        @txt.gsub(/^\((\d+|[a-z])+\)/,'<b>(\1)</b>').
+          gsub(/^(#{Mx[:pa_o]}i[1-9]#{Mx[:pa_c]})\s*\((\d+|[a-z])+\)/,'\1<b>(\2)</b>')
       when /^\s*\d{1,3}\.\s/
-        @txt.gsub!(/^\s*(\d+\.)/,'<b>\1</b>')
+        @txt.gsub(/^\s*(\d+\.)/,'<b>\1</b>')
       when /^\s*[A-Z]\.\s/
-        @txt.gsub!(/^\s*([A-Z]\.)/,'<b>\1</b>')
+        @txt.gsub(/^\s*([A-Z]\.)/,'<b>\1</b>')
+      else @txt
       end
     end
     def bold_para
@@ -1395,8 +1396,8 @@ WOK
 #{@vz.table_close}}
     end
     def bold_header
-      @txt.gsub!(/[1-9]~(\S+)/,'<a name="\1"></a>')
-      @txt.gsub!(/[1-9]~/,'')
+      @txt=@txt.gsub(/[1-9]~(\S+)/,'<a name="\1"></a>').
+        gsub(/[1-9]~/,'')
       %{<p class="bold">
     #{@txt}
   </p>
@@ -1492,9 +1493,9 @@ WOK
       note=''
       if txt =~/(#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]}\s*)/m
         note=$1
-        note.gsub!(/[\n\s]+/m,' ')
-        txt.gsub!(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ')
-        txt.gsub!(/<a[\n\s]+name="-\d+"[\n\s]+href="#_\d+">&nbsp;<sup>\d+<\/sup>&nbsp;/m,'')
+        note=note.gsub(/[\n\s]+/m,' ')
+        txt=txt.gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ').
+          gsub(/<a[\n\s]+name="-\d+"[\n\s]+href="#_\d+">&nbsp;<sup>\d+<\/sup>&nbsp;/m,'')
       end
       %{<#{tag} class="#{attrib}">
     <a href="##{@ocn}"><i>#{txt}</i></a> #{note}
@@ -1508,7 +1509,7 @@ WOK
     end
     #% para sisu
     def header_sub(tag,attrib)
-      @txt.gsub!(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ')
+      @txt=@txt.gsub(/(?:#{Mx[:en_a_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_a_c]}|#{Mx[:en_b_o]}.+?#{Mx[:en_b_c]})\s*/m,' ')
       %{
 <div class="substance">
   #{@p_num.ocn_display}
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_md_oai_pmh_dc.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_md_oai_pmh_dc.rb
index 8397b15a..eb2bb09c 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_md_oai_pmh_dc.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_md_oai_pmh_dc.rb
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ WOK
     end
     def meta_content_clean(content='')
       unless content.nil?
-        content.tr!('"',"'")
+        content=content.tr('"',"'")
       end
       content
     end
diff --git a/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_tables.rb b/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_tables.rb
index 7782bb88..5457a2fc 100644
--- a/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_tables.rb
+++ b/lib/sisu/v3dv/xml_tables.rb
@@ -83,10 +83,10 @@ module SiSU_Tables
     def table
       m=@parablock[/<!f(.+?)!>/,1]
       @@tablefoot << m if m
-      @parablock.gsub!(/<!f.+?!>/,'')
+      @parablock=@parablock.gsub(/<!f.+?!>/,'')
       @@tablehead=1 if @parablock =~/#{Mx[:gr_o]}Th#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u
       if @parablock =~/#{Mx[:gr_o]}Th?#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u
-        @parablock.gsub!(/#{Mx[:gr_o]}Th?#{Mx[:tc_p]}.+?#{Mx[:tc_p]}~(\d+);\w\d+;\w\d+#{Mx[:gr_c]}/u,
+        @parablock=@parablock.gsub(/#{Mx[:gr_o]}Th?#{Mx[:tc_p]}.+?#{Mx[:tc_p]}~(\d+);\w\d+;\w\d+#{Mx[:gr_c]}/u,
           %{\n<ocn>#{@ocn}</ocn><table summary="normal text css" width="100%" border="0" bgcolor="white" cellpadding="2" align="center">})
       end
       if @parablock =~/#{Mx[:gr_o]}TZ#{Mx[:gr_c]}/
@@ -96,28 +96,28 @@ module SiSU_Tables
       end
       if @@tablehead==1
         if @parablock =~/#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u
-          @parablock.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_o]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,
+          @parablock=@parablock.gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_o]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,
             %{<tr>
   <td width="\\1%" valign="top">
-    #{@vz.paragraph_table_xml}<b>})
-          @parablock.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,
-            %{</b></td><td width="\\1%" valign="top">
-  #{@vz.paragraph_table_xml}<b>})
-          @parablock.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_c]}/,"</b>\n</td>\n</tr>")
+    #{@vz.paragraph_table_xml}<b>}).
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,
+              %{</b></td><td width="\\1%" valign="top">
+  #{@vz.paragraph_table_xml}<b>}).
+            gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_c]}/,"</b>\n</td>\n</tr>")
           @@tablehead=0
         end
         @parablock
       else
-        @parablock.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_o]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,
+        @parablock=@parablock.gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_o]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,
           %{<tr>
   <td width="\\1%" valign="top">
-    #{@vz.paragraph_table_xml}})
-        @parablock.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,
-          %{
+    #{@vz.paragraph_table_xml}}).
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,
+            %{
   </td>
   <td width="\\1%" valign="top">
-    #{@vz.paragraph_table_xml}})
-        @parablock.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_c]}/,"\n</td>\n</tr>\n")
+    #{@vz.paragraph_table_xml}}).
+          gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_c]}/,"\n</td>\n</tr>\n")
       end
       @parablock
     end
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ module SiSU_Tables
     def table
       m=@parablock[/<!f(.+?)!>/,1]
       @@tablefoot << m if m
-      @parablock.gsub!(/<!f.+?!>/,'')
+      @parablock=@parablock.gsub(/<!f.+?!>/,'')
       @@tablehead=1 if @parablock =~/#{Mx[:gr_o]}Th#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u
       if @parablock =~/#{Mx[:gr_o]}Th?#{Mx[:tc_p]}.+?#{Mx[:tc_p]}~(\d+);\w\d+;\w\d+#{Mx[:gr_c]}/u; @parablock=table_head($1)
       end
@@ -173,26 +173,26 @@ module SiSU_Tables
       if @@tablehead==1
         if @parablock =~/#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u
           if @parablock =~/#{Mx[:tc_o]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u
-            @parablock.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_o]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,table_row($1,true))
+            @parablock=@parablock.gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_o]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,table_row($1,true))
           end
           if @parablock =~/#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u
-            @parablock.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,table_cell($1,true))
+            @parablock=@parablock.gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,table_cell($1,true))
           end
           if @parablock =~/#{Mx[:tc_c]}/
-            @parablock.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_c]}/,table_row_close(true))
+            @parablock=@parablock.gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_c]}/,table_row_close(true))
           end
           @@tablehead=0
         end
         @parablock
       else
         if @parablock =~/^#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u
-          @parablock.gsub!(/^#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,table_row($1))
+          @parablock=@parablock.gsub(/^#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,table_row($1))
         end
         if @parablock =~/#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u
-          @parablock.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,table_cell($1))
+          @parablock=@parablock.gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_p]}#{Mx[:tc_p]}(\d+?)#{Mx[:tc_p]}/u,table_cell($1))
         end
         if @parablock =~/#{Mx[:tc_c]}/
-          @parablock.gsub!(/#{Mx[:tc_c]}/,table_row_close)
+          @parablock=@parablock.gsub(/#{Mx[:tc_c]}/,table_row_close)
         end
         @parablock
       end