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+% SiSU 0.38
+
+@title: Book Index for - The Wealth of Networks
+
+@subtitle: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom
+
+@creator: Yochai Benkler
+
+@type: Book
+
+@rights: Copyright 2006 by Yochai Benkler. All rights reserved. Subject to the exception immediately following, this book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/ The author has made an online version of the book available under a Creative Commons Noncommercial Sharealike license; it can be accessed through the author's website at http://www.benkler.org.
+
+@date: 2006-01-27
+
+@date.created: 2006-01-27
+
+@date.issued: 2006-01-27
+
+@date.available: 2006-11-26
+
+@date.modified: 2006-11-26
+
+@date.valid: 2006-01-27
+
+% @catalogue: isbn=0300110561
+
+@language: US
+
+@vocabulary: none
+
+@images: center
+
+@skin: skin_won_benkler
+
+@links: {The Wealth of Networks, dedicated wiki}http://www.benkler.org/wealth_of_networks/index.php/Main_Page
+{The Wealth of Networks, Yochai Benkler @ SiSU}http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler
+
+@level: new=:C; break=1
+
+
+:A~ The Wealth of Networks - How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom
+
+:B~ Yochai Benkler
+
+:C~ Book Index
+
+
+1~ Index~{ http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler }~
+
+http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler ~#
+
+Abilene, Texas, 407
+
+access: broadband services, concentration of, 240; cable providers, regulation of, 399-401; human development and justice, 13-15; influence exaction, 156, 158-159; large-audience programming, 197, 204-210, 259-260; limited by mass media, 197-199; to medicine, 344-353; to raw data, 313-314; systematically blocked by policy routers, 147-149, 156, 197-198, 397
+
+access regulation. See policy
+
+accreditation, 68, 75-80, 169-174, 183-184; Amazon, 75; capacity for, by mass media, 199; concentration of mass-media power, 157, 220-225, 235, 237-241; as distributed system, 171-172; Google, 76; Open Directory Project (ODP), 76; power of mass media owners, 197, 199-204, 220-225; as public good, 12; Slashdot, 76-80, 104
+
+Ackerman, Bruce, 184, 281, 305-307
+
+action, individual. See individual capabilities
+
+active vs. passive consumers, 126-127, 135
+
+ad hoc mesh networks, 89
+
+Adamic, Lada, 244, 246-248, 257
+
+Adams, Scott, 138
+
+advertiser-supported media, 194-195, 199-204; lowest-common-denominator programming, 197, 204-210, 259-260; reflection of consumer preference, 203
+
+aggregate effect of individual action, 4-5. See also clusters in network topology; peer production
+
+agonistic giving, 83
+
+agricultural innovation, commons-based, 329-344
+
+% ,{[pg 492]},
+
+Albert, Reka, 243-244, 251
+
+alertness, undermined by commercialism, 197, 204-210
+
+alienation, 359-361
+
+allocating excess capacity, 81-89, 114-115, 157, 351-352
+
+almanac-type information, emergence of, 70. See also Wikipedia project
+
+Alstott, Anne, 305
+
+altruism, 82-83
+
+Amazon, 75
+
+anticircumvention provisions, DMCA, 414-417
+
+antidevice provisions, DMCA, 415
+
+Antidilution Act of 1995, 290, 447
+
+appropriation strategies, 49
+
+arbitrage, domain names, 433
+
+archiving of scientific publications, 325-326
+
+Arrow, Kenneth, 36, 93
+
+ArXiv.org, 325-326
+
+asymmetric commons, 61-62
+
+AT&T, 191, 194
+
+Atrios (blogger Duncan Black), 263
+
+attention fragmentation, 15, 234-235, 238, 256, 465-466. See also social relations and norms
+
+authoring of scientific publications, 323-325
+
+authoritarian control, 236; working around, 266-271
+
+authorship, collaborative. See peer production
+
+autonomy, 8-9, 133-175, 464-465; culture and, 280-281; formal conception of, 140-141; independence of Web sites, 103; individual capabilities in, 20-22; information environment, structure of, 146-161; mass media and, 164-166
+
+B92 radio, 266
+
+Babel objection, 10, 12, 169-174, 233-235, 237-241, 465-466
+
+backbone Web sites, 249-250, 258-260
+
+background knowledge. See culture bad luck, justice and, 303-304
+
+Bagdikian, Ben, 205
+
+Baker, Edwin, 165, 203
+
+Balkin, Jack, 15, 256, 276, 284, 294, 295
+
+Barabasi, Albert-Laszlo, 243-246, 251
+
+Barbie (doll), culture of, 277, 285-289
+
+Barlow, John Perry, 45
+
+barriers to access. See access
+
+BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), 189
+
+Beebe, Jack, 207
+
+behavior: enforced with social software, 372-375; motivation to produce, 6, 92-99, 115; number and variety of options, 150-152, 170. See also autonomy
+
+Benabou, Roland, 94
+
+benefit maximization, 42
+
+Beniger, James, 187
+
+Benjamin, Walter, 295, 296
+
+Bennett, James Gordon, 188
+
+Berlusconi effect, 201, 204, 220-225
+
+bilateral trade negotiations. See trade policy
+
+BioForge platform, 343
+
+bioinformatics, 351
+
+BioMed Central, 324
+
+biomedical research, commons-based, 344-353
+
+BIOS initiative, 342-344
+
+biotechnology, 332-338
+
+blocked access: authoritarian control, 236, 266-271; autonomy and, 147-152, 170-171; influence exaction, 156, 158-159; large-audience programming, 197, 204-210, 259-260; mass media and, 197-199; policy routers, 147-149, 156, 197-198, 397
+
+blogs, 216-217; Sinclair Broadcasting case study, 220-225; small-worlds effect, 252-253; as social software, 372-375; watchdog functionality, 262-264
+
+% ,{[pg 493]},
+
+blood donation, 93
+
+bots. See trespass to chattels
+
+bow tie structure of Web, 249-250
+
+Bower, Chris, 221
+
+boycott of Sinclair Broadcasting, 220-225
+
+BoycottSBG.com site, 222-223, 225
+
+Boyd, Dana, 368
+
+Boyle, James, 25, 415, 446-447, 449, 487-488
+
+branding: domain names and, 431-433; trademark dilution, 290, 446-448
+
+bridging social relationships, 368
+
+Bristol, Virginia, 406
+
+broadband networks, 24-25; cable as commons, 399-401; concentration in access services, 240; market structure of, 152-153; municipal initiatives, 405-408; open wireless networks, 402-405; regulation of, 399-402. See also wired communications
+
+broadcast flag regulation, 410
+
+broadcasting, radio. See radio broadcasting, toll, 194-195
+
+Broder, Andrei, 249
+
+browsers, 434-436
+
+Bt cotton, 337-338
+
+building on existing information, 37-39, 52
+
+Bullock, William, 188
+
+business decisions vs. editorial decisions, 204
+
+business strategies for information production, 41-48
+
+cable broadband transport, as commons, 399-401. See also broadband networks
+
+cacophony. See Babel objection; relevance filtering
+
+CAMBIA research institute, 342-344
+
+capabilities of individuals, 20-22; coordinated effects of individual actions, 4-5; cultural shift, 284; economic condition and, 304; human capacity as resource, 52-55; as modality of production, 119-120; as physical capital, 99; technology and human affairs, 16-18. See also autonomy; nonmarket information producers
+
+capacity: diversity of content in largeaudience media, 197, 204-210, 259-260; human communication, 52-55, 99-106, 110; mass media limits on, 199; networked public sphere generation, 225-232; networked public sphere reaction, 220-225; opportunities created by social production, 123-126; policy routers, 147-149, 156, 197-198, 397; processing (computational), 81-82, 86; radio, sharing, 402-403; securing, 458; sharing, 81-89, 114-115, 157, 351-352; storage, 86; transaction costs, 112-115
+
+capital for production, 6-7, 32; control of, 99; cost minimization and benefit maximization, 42; fixed and initial costs, 110; production costs as limiting, 164-165; transaction costs, 59-60. See also commons; social capital
+
+Carey, James, 131
+
+carriage requirements of cable providers, 401
+
+Castells, Manuel, 16, 18, 362
+
+CBDPTA (Consumer Broadband and Digital Television Promotion Act), 409
+
+Cejas, Rory, 134, 141-142
+
+censorship, 268-270
+
+centralization of communications, 62, 235, 237-241, 258-260; authoritarian filtering, 268; decentralization, 10-12, 62
+
+CGIAR's GCP program, 341
+
+Chakrabarti, Soumen, 251
+
+Chandler, Alfred, 187
+
+channels, transmission. See transport channel policy chaotic, Internet as, 237-241
+
+% ,{[pg 494]},
+
+Chaplin, Charlie, 138
+
+chat rooms, 269
+
+Chinese agricultural research, 337-338
+
+Chung, Minn, 267
+
+Cisco policy routers, 147-149, 156, 197-198, 397; influence exaction, 156, 158-159
+
+Clark, Dave, 412
+
+Clarke, Ian, 269
+
+click-wrap licenses, 444-446
+
+clickworkers project (NASA), 69-70
+
+clinical trials, peer-produced, 353
+
+clusters in network topology, 12-13, 248-250, 253-256; bow tie structure of Web, 249-250; synthesis of public opinion, 184, 199. See also topology, network
+
+Coase, Ronald, 59, 87
+
+Cohen, Julie, 416
+
+Coleman, James, 95, 361
+
+collaboration, open-source, 66-67
+
+collaboration, traditional. See traditional model of communication
+
+collaborative authorship, 218; among universities, 338-341, 347-350; social software, 372-375. See also peer production collective social action, 22
+
+commercial culture, production of, 295-296
+
+commercial mass media: basic critiques of, 196-211; corrective effects of network environment, 220-225; as platform for public sphere, 178-180, 185-186, 198-199; structure of, 178-180. See also traditional model of communication commercial mass media, political freedom and, 176-211; criticisms, 196-211; design characteristics of liberal public sphere, 180-185
+
+commercial model of communication, 4, 9, 22-28, 59-60, 383-459, 470-471; autonomy and, 164-166; barriers to justice, 302; emerging role of mass media, 178-180, 185-186, 198-199; enclosure movement, 380-382; mapping, framework for, 389-396; medical innovation and, 345-346; path dependency, 386-389; relationship with social producers, 122-127; security-related policy, 73-74, 396, 457-459; shift away from, 10-13; stakes of information policy, 460-473; structure of mass media, 178-180; transaction costs, 59-60, 106-116. See also market-based information producers
+
+commercial press, 186-188, 202
+
+commercialism, undermining political concern, 197, 204-210
+
+common-carriage regulatory system, 160
+
+commons, 24, 60-62, 129-132, 316-317; autonomy and, 144-146; cable providers as, 399-401; crispness of social exchange, 109; human welfare and development, 308-311; municipal broadband initiatives, 405-408; types of, 61-62; wireless communications as, 89, 152-154
+
+commons, production through. See peer production commons-based research, 317-328, 354-355; food and agricultural innovation, 328-344; medical and pharmaceutical innovation, 344-353
+
+communication: authoritarian control, working around, 266-271; capacity of, 52-55; feasibility conditions for social production, 99-106; pricing, 110; thickening of preexisting relations, 357; through performance, 205; transaction costs, 112-115; university alliances, 338-341, 347-350. See also wired communications; wireless communications
+
+% ,{[pg 495]},
+
+communication diversity. See diversity communication tools, 215-219
+
+communities: critical culture and self-reflection, 15-16, 70-74, 76, 112, 293-294; fragmentation of, 15, 234-235, 238, 256, 465-466; human and Internet, together, 375-377; immersive entertainment, 74, 135-136; municipal broadband initiatives, 405-408; open wireless networks, 402-405; as persons, 19-20; technology-defined social structure, 29-34; virtual, 348-361
+
+community clusters. See clusters in network topology community regulation by social norms. See social relations and norms competition: communications infrastructure, 157-159; market and nonmarket producers, 122-123
+
+computational capacity, 81-82, 86; transaction costs, 112-115
+
+computer gaming environment, 74, 135-136
+
+computers, 105; infrastructure ownership, 155; policy on physical devices, 408-412; as shareable, lumpy goods, 113-115
+
+concentration in broadband access services, 240
+
+concentration of mass-media power, 157, 197, 199-204, 235, 237-241; corrective effects of network environment, 220-225
+
+concentration of Web attention, 241-261
+
+connectivity, 86
+
+constraints of information production, monetary, 6-7, 32; control of, 99; cost minimization and benefit maximization, 42; fixed and initial costs, 110; production costs as limiting, 164-165; transaction costs, 59-60. See also commons; social capital
+
+constraints of information production, physical, 3-4, 24-25. See also capital for production
+
+constraints on behavior. See autonomy; freedom consumer demand for information, 203
+
+consumer surplus. See capacity, sharing consumerism, active vs. passive, 126-127, 135
+
+contact, online vs. physical, 360-361
+
+content layer of institutional ecology, 384, 392, 439-457, 469-470; copyright issues, 439-444; recent changes, 395
+
+context, cultural. See culture contractual enclosure, 444-446
+
+control of public sphere. See mass media controlling
+
+culture, 297-300
+
+controversy, avoidance of, 205
+
+cooperation gain, 88
+
+cooperative production. See peer production
+
+coordinated effects of individual actions, 4-5. See also clusters in network topology; peer production
+
+copyleft, 65, 342 copyright issues, 277-278, 439-444. See also proprietary rights
+
+core Web sites, 249-250
+
+cost: crispness of, 109-113; minimizing, 42; of production, as limiting, 164-165; proprietary models, 461-462; technologies, 462. See also capital for production creative capacity, 52-55; feasibility conditions for social production, 99-106; pricing, 110
+
+Creative Commons initiative, 455
+
+creativity, value of, 109-113
+
+credibility, earning. See accreditation
+
+criminalization of copyright infringement, 441-442
+
+crispness of currency exchange, 109-113
+
+% ,{[pg 496]},
+
+critical culture and self-reflection, 15-16, 293-294; Open Directory Project, 76; self-identification as transaction cost, 112; Wikipedia project, 70-74
+
+cultural production. See culture; information production
+
+culture, 273-300, 466-467; criticality of (self-reflection), 15-16, 70-74, 76, 112, 293-294; freedom of, 279-285, 297; influence exaction, 156, 158-159; as motivational context, 97; participatory, policies for, 297-300; security of context, 143-146; shaping perceptions of others, 147-152, 170, 220-225, 297-300; social exchange, crispness of, 109-113; of television, 135; transparency of, 285-294
+
+daily newspapers, 40
+
+dailyKos.com site, 221
+
+data storage capacity, 86; transaction costs, 112-115
+
+Database Directive, 449-450
+
+database protection, 449-451; trespass to chattels, 451-453
+
+Davis, Nick, 221-223, 245-246, 260
+
+Dawkins, Richard, 284
+
+de minimis digital sampling, 443-444
+
+de Solla Price, Derek, 243
+
+Dean, Howard, 258
+
+decency. See social relations and norms
+
+decentralization of communications, 10-12, 62
+
+Deci, Edward, 94
+
+DeCSS program, 417
+
+defining price, 109-113
+
+demand for information, consumer, 203
+
+demand-side effects of information production, 43, 45
+
+democratic societies, 7-16, 177; autonomy, 8-9; critical culture and social relations, 15-16; independence of Web sites, 103; individual capabilities in, 20-22; justice and human development, 13-15; public sphere, shift from mass media, 10-13; shift from mass-media communications model, 10-13; social-democratic theories of justice, 308-311
+
+democratizing effect of Internet, 213-214; critiques of claims of, 233-237
+
+depression, 359-361
+
+deregulation. See policy determinism, technological, 16-18
+
+development, commons-based, 317-328, 354-355; food and agricultural innovation, 328-344; medical and pharmaceutical innovation, 344-353
+
+devices (physical), policy regarding, 408-412. See also computers
+
+Diebold Election Systems, 225-232, 262, 389-390
+
+digital copyright. See proprietary rights
+
+digital divide, 236-237
+
+Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), 380, 413-418
+
+digital sampling, 443-444
+
+dignity, 19
+
+Dill, Stephen, 249-250
+
+dilution of trademarks, 290, 446-448
+
+discussion lists (electronic), 215
+
+displacement of real-world interaction, 357, 362-366
+
+distributed computing projects, 81-83
+
+distributed filtering and accreditation, 171-172
+
+distributed production. See peer production Distributed Proofreading site, 81
+
+distribution lists (electronic), 215
+
+distribution of information, 68-69, 80-81; power law distribution of site connections, 241-261; university-based innovation, 348-350
+
+diversity, 164-169; appropriation strategies, 49; of behavioral options, 150-152, 170; changes in taste, 126; fragmentation of communication, 15, 234-235, 238, 256, 465-466; granularity of participation, 100-102, 113-114; human communication, 55-56; human motivation, 6; large-audience programming, 197, 204-210, 259-260; mass-mediated environments, 165-166; motivation to produce, 6, 92-99, 115. See also autonomy
+
+% ,{[pg 497]},
+
+
+DMCA (Digital Millennium Copyright Act), 380, 413-418
+
+Doctors Without Borders, 347
+
+domain name system, 429-434
+
+Drezner, Daniel, 251, 255
+
+drugs, commons-based research on, 344-353
+
+DSL. See broadband networks dumb luck, justice and, 303-304
+
+
+Dworkin, Gerard, 140
+
+Dworkin, Ronald, 304, 307
+
+dynamic inefficiency. See efficiency of information regulation
+
+Dyson, Esther, 45
+
+e-mail, 215; thickening of preexisting relations, 363-366 /{eBay v. Bidder's Edge}/, 451-453
+
+economic analysis, role of, 18
+
+economic data, access to, 313-314
+
+economic opportunity, 130-131
+
+economics in liberal political theory, 19-20; cultural freedom, 279-285, 297
+
+economics of information production and innovation, 35-58; current production strategies, 41-48; exclusive rights, 49-50, 56-58; production over computer networks, 50-56
+
+economics of nonmarket production, 91-127; emergence in digital networks, 116-122; feasibility conditions, 99-106; transaction costs, 59-60, 106-116. See also motivation to produce
+
+Edelman, Ben, 268
+
+editorial filtering. See relevance filtering editorial vs. business decisions, 204
+
+educational instruction, 314-315, 327
+
+efficiency of information regulation, 36-41, 49-50, 106-116, 461-462; capacity reallocation, 114-116; property protections, 319; wireless communications policy, 154
+
+Eisenstein, Elizabeth, 17 /{Eldred v. Ashcroft}/, 442
+
+electronic voting machines (case study), 225-232, 262, 389-390
+
+emergent order in networks. See clusters in network topology
+
+enclosure movement, 380-382
+
+encryption, 457
+
+encryption circumvention, 414-417
+
+encyclopedic information, emergence of, 70. See also Wikipedia project enhanced autonomy. See autonomy
+
+entertainment industry: hardware regulation and, 409-412; immersive, 74, 135-136; peer-to-peer networks and, 425-428. See also music industry entitlement theory, 304
+
+environmental criticism of GM foods, 334
+
+equality. See justice and human development
+
+esteem. See intrinsic motivations
+
+ethic (journalistic) vs. business necessity, 197, 204-210
+
+excess capacity, sharing, 81-89, 114-115, 157, 351-352
+
+exclusivity. See also proprietary rights
+
+exercise of programming power, 197, 199-204; corrective effects of network environment, 220-225
+
+existing information, building on, 37-39, 52
+
+extrinsic motivations, 94-95
+
+factual reporting, access to, 314
+
+fair use in copyright, 440-441
+
+family relations, strengthening of, 357, 362-366
+
+% ,{[pg 498]},
+
+Fanning, Shawn, 84, 419
+
+Farrell, Henry, 251, 255
+
+FastTrack architecture, 420
+
+FCC. See policy
+
+feasibility conditions for social production, 99-106
+
+feedback and intake limits of mass media, 199
+
+Feinberg, Joel, 140 /{Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Tel. Serv. Co.}/, 449
+
+Felten, Edward, 416
+
+FHSST (Free High School Science Texts), 101, 326
+
+Fightaids@home project, 82
+
+file-sharing networks, 83-86, 418-428; security considerations, 457
+
+filtering, 68, 75-80, 169-174, 183, 258-260; Amazon, 75; by authoritarian countries, 236; capacity for, by mass media, 199; concentration of massmedia power, 157, 197, 199-204, 235, 237-241; corrective effects of network environment, 220-225; as distributed system, 171-172; Google, 76; Open Directory Project (ODP), 76; as public good, 12; Slashdot, 76-80, 104; watchdog functionality, 236, 261-266
+
+filtering by information provider. See blocked access financial reward, as demotivator, 94-96
+
+fine-grained goods, 113
+
+firms. See market-based information producers; traditional model of communication
+
+first-best preferences, mass media and: concentration of mass-media power, 157, 220-225, 235, 237-241; largeaudience programming, 197, 204-210, 259-260; power of mass media owners, 197, 199-204, 220-225
+
+Fisher, William (Terry), 15, 123, 276, 293, 409
+
+Fiske, John, 135, 275, 293
+
+fixed costs, 110
+
+Folding@home project, 82-83
+
+folk culture. See culture food, commons-based research on, 328-329
+
+food security, commons-based research on, 329-344
+
+formal autonomy theory, 140-141
+
+formal instruction, 314-315
+
+fragmentation of communication, 15, 234-235, 238, 256, 465-466. See also social relations and norms
+
+Franklin, Benjamin, 187
+
+Franks, Charles, 81, 137
+
+Free High School Science Texts (FHSST), 101, 326
+
+free software, 5, 46, 63-67; commonsbased welfare development, 320-323; as competition to market-based business, 123; human development and justice, 14; policy on, 436-437; project modularity and granularity, 102; security considerations, 457-458
+
+free trade agreements. See trade policy
+
+freedom, 19, 129; behavioral options, 150-152, 170; of commons, 62; cultural, 279-285, 297; property and commons, 143-146
+
+freedom as individuals. See autonomy freedom policy. See policy
+
+Freenet, 269-270
+
+Frey, Bruno, 93-94
+
+Friedman, Milton, 38
+
+friendship as motivation. See intrinsic motivations
+
+friendships, virtual, 359-361
+
+Friendster, 368
+
+Froomkin, Michael, 412, 432
+
+FTAs. See trade policy
+
+future: participatory culture, 297-300; public sphere, 271-272
+
+% ,{[pg 499]},
+
+games, immersive, 74, 135-136
+
+GCP (Generation Challenge Program), 341
+
+GE (General Electric), 191, 195
+
+General Public License (GPL), 63-65, 104. See also free software
+
+Generation Challenge Program (GCP), 341
+
+genetically modified (GM) foods, 332-338
+
+Genome@home project, 82
+
+geographic community, strength of. See thickening of preexisting relations
+
+Ghosh, Rishab, 106
+
+gifts, 116-117
+
+Gilmore, Dan, 219, 262
+
+Glance, Natalie, 248, 257
+
+global development, 308-311, 355; food and agricultural innovation, 328-344; international harmonization, 453-455; medical and pharmaceutical innovation, 344-353
+
+global injustice. See justice and human development
+
+GM (genetically modified) foods, 332-338
+
+GNU/Linux operating system, 64-65
+
+Gnutella, 420
+
+Godelier, Maurice, 109, 116
+
+golden rice, 339
+
+goods, information-embedded, 311-312
+
+Google, 76
+
+Gould, Stephen Jay, 27
+
+government: authoritarian control, 236, 266-271; independence from control of, 184, 197-198; role of, 20-22; working around authorities, 266-271. See also policy
+
+GPL (General Public License), 63-65, 104. See also free software
+
+Gramsci, Antonio, 280
+
+Granovetter, Mark, 95, 360, 361
+
+granularity, 100-102; of lumpy goods, 113-114
+
+Green Revolution, 331-332
+
+Grokster, 421
+
+growth rates of Web sites, 244, 246-247
+
+gTLD-MoU document, 431
+
+Habermas, Jurgen, 181, 184, 205, 281, 412
+
+The Halloween Memo, 123
+
+Hampton, Keith, 363
+
+handhelds. See computers; mobile phones
+
+HapMap Project, 351
+
+hardware, 105; infrastructure ownership, 155; policy on physical devices, 408-412; as shareable, lumpy goods, 113-115
+
+hardware regulations, 408-412
+
+harmonization, international, 453-455
+
+Harris, Bev, 227, 228, 231
+
+Hart, Michael, 80-81, 137
+
+Hayek, Friedrich, 20, 143
+
+HDI (Human Development Index), 309-310
+
+health effects of GM foods, 334
+
+Hearst, William Randolph, 203
+
+Heller, Michael, 312
+
+HHI (Herfindahl-Hirschman Index), 202
+
+hierarchical organizations. See traditional model of communication
+
+high-production value content, 167-169, 294-297. See also accreditation
+
+HIV/AIDS, 319, 328-329, 344-345; Genome
+
+home project, 82
+
+Holiday, Billie, 273
+
+Hollings, Fritz, 409-410
+
+Hollywood. See entertainment industry
+
+Hoover, Herbert, 192-194
+
+Hopkins Report, 229
+
+Horner, Mark, 101
+
+Huberman, Bernardo, 243-244, 246-247
+
+human affairs, technology and, 16-18
+
+% ,{[pg 500]},
+
+human communicative capacity, 52-55; feasibility conditions for social production, 99-106; pricing, 110
+
+human community, coexisting with Internet, 375-377
+
+human contact, online vs. physical, 360-361
+
+human development and justice, 13-15, 301-355, 467-468; commons-based research, 317-328; commons-based strategies, 308-311; liberal theories of, 303-308. See also welfare
+
+Human Development Index (HDI), 309-310
+
+Human Development Report, 309
+
+human freedom. See freedom
+
+human motivation, 6, 92-99; crowding out theory, 115; cultural context of, 97; granularity of participation and, 100-102, 113-114
+
+human welfare, 130-131; commons-based research, 317-328; commons-based strategies, 308-311; digital divide, 236-237; freedom from constraint, 157-158; information-based advantages, 311-315; liberal theories of justice, 303-308. See also justice and human development
+
+Hundt, Reed, 222
+
+hyperlinking on the Web, 218; power law distribution of site connections, 241-261; as trespass, 451-453
+
+IAHC (International Ad Hoc Committee), 430-431
+
+IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority), 430
+
+IBM's business strategy, 46-47, 123-124
+
+ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers), 431-432
+
+iconic representations of opinion, 205, 209-210
+
+ideal market, 62-63
+
+immersive entertainment, 74, 135-136
+
+implicit knowledge, transfer of, 314-315
+
+incentives of exclusive rights. See proprietary rights
+
+incentives to produce, 6, 92-99; crowding out theory, 115; cultural context of, 97; granularity of participation and, 100-102, 113-114
+
+independence from government control, 184, 197-198
+
+independence of Web sites, 103
+
+individual autonomy, 8-9, 133-175, 464-465; culture and, 280-281; formal conception of, 140-141; independence of Web sites, 103; individual capabilities in, 20-22; information environment, structure of, 146-161; mass media and, 164-166
+
+individual capabilities and action, 20-22; coordinated effects of individual actions, 4-5; cultural shift, 284; economic condition and, 304; human capacity as resource, 52-55; as modality of production, 119-120; as physical capital, 99; technology and human affairs, 16-18. See also autonomy; nonmarket information producers
+
+individualist methodologies, 18
+
+industrial age: destabilization of, 32; reduction of individual autonomy, 137-138
+
+industrial model of communication, 4, 9, 22-28, 59-60, 383-459, 470-471; autonomy and, 164-166; barriers to justice, 302; emerging role of mass media, 178-180, 185-186, 198-199; enclosure movement, 380-382; information industries, 315-317; mapping, framework for, 389-396; medical innovation and, 345-346; path dependency, 386-389; relationship with social producers, 122-127; securityrelated policy, 73-74, 396, 457-459; shift away from, 10-13; stakes of information policy, 460-473; structure of mass media, 178-180; transaction costs, 59-60, 106-116. See also marketbased information producers
+
+% ,{[pg 501]},
+
+inefficiency of information regulation, 36-41, 49-50, 106-116, 461-462; capacity reallocation, 114-116; property protections, 319; wireless communications policy, 154
+
+inertness, political, 197, 204-210
+
+influence exaction, 156, 158-159
+
+information, defined, 31, 313-314
+
+information, perfect, 203
+
+information appropriation strategies, 49
+
+information as nonrival, 36-39
+
+information economy, 2-34; democracy and liberalism, 7-16; effects on public sphere, 219-233; emergence of, 2-7; institutional ecology, 22-28; justice, liberal theories of, 303-308; methodological choices, 16-22
+
+information-embedded goods, 311-312
+
+information-embedded tools, 312
+
+information flow, 12; controlling with policy routers, 147-149, 156, 197-198, 397; large-audience programming, 197, 204-210, 259-260; limited by mass media, 197-199
+
+information industries, 315-317
+
+information laws. See policy
+
+information licensing and ownership. See also proprietary rights
+
+information overload and Babel objection, 10, 12, 169-174, 233-235, 237-241, 465-466
+
+information production, 464; feasibility conditions for social production, 99-106; networked public sphere capacity for, 225-232; nonrivalry, 36-39, 85-86; physical constraints on, 3-4; strategies of, 41-48. See also distribution of information; peer production
+
+information production, market-based: cultural change, transparency of, 290-293; mass popular culture, 295-296; relationship with social producers, 122-127; transaction costs, 59-60, 106-116; universities as, 347-348; without property protections, 39-41, 45-48
+
+information production, models of. See traditional model of communication
+
+information production, nonmarketbased. See entries at nonmarket production
+
+information production capital, 6-7, 32; control of, 99; cost minimization and benefit maximization, 42; fixed and initial costs, 110; production costs as limiting, 164-165; transaction costs, 59-60. See also commons; social capital
+
+information production economics, 35-58; current production strategies, 41-48; exclusive rights, 49-50, 56-58; production over computer networks, 50-56
+
+information production efficiency. See efficiency of information regulation
+
+information production inputs, 68-75; existing information, 37-39, 52; immersive entertainment, 74-75; individual action as modality, 119-120; large-audience programming, 197, 204-210, 259-260; limited by mass media, 197-199; NASA Clickworkers project, 69-70; pricing, 109-113; propaganda, 149-150, 220-225, 297-300; systematically blocked by policy routers, 147-149, 156, 197-198, 397; universal intake, 182, 197-199; Wikipedia project, 70-74. See also collaborative authorship
+
+information sharing. See sharing information storage capacity, 86; transaction costs, 112-115 infrastructure ownership, 155 initial costs, 110
+
+% ,{[pg 502]},
+
+injustice. See justice and human development
+
+Innis, Harold, 17
+
+innovation: agricultural, commonsbased, 329-344; human development, 14; software patents and, 437-439; wireless communications policy, 154
+
+innovation economics, 35-58; current production strategies, 41-48; exclusive rights, 49-50, 56-58; production over computer networks, 50-56
+
+innovation efficiency. See efficiency of information regulation
+
+inputs to production, 68-75; existing information, 37-39, 52; immersive entertainment, 74-75; individual action as modality, 119-120; large-audience programming, 197, 204-210, 259-260; limited by mass media, 197-199; NASA Clickworkers project, 69-70; pricing, 109-113; propaganda, 149-150, 220-225, 297-300; systematically blocked by policy routers, 147-149, 156, 197-198, 397; universal intake, 182, 197-199; Wikipedia project, 70-74. See also collaborative authorship
+
+instant messaging, 365
+
+Institute for One World Health, 350
+
+institutional ecology of digital environment, 4, 9, 22-28, 59-60, 383-459, 470-471; autonomy and, 164-166; barriers to justice, 302; emerging role of mass media, 178-180, 185-186, 198-199; enclosure movement, 380-382; mapping, framework for, 389-396; medical innovation and, 345-346; path dependency, 386-389; relationship with social producers, 122-127; security-related policy, 73-74, 396, 457-459; shift away from, 10-13; stakes of information policy, 460-473; structure of mass media, 178-180; transaction costs, 59-60, 106-116. See also market-based information producers
+
+intellectual property. See proprietary rights
+
+interaction, social. See social relations and norms
+
+interest communities. See clusters in network topology
+
+interlinking. See topology, network
+
+International HapMap Project, 351
+
+international harmonization, 453-455
+
+Internet: authoritarian control over, 266-271; centralization of, 235, 237-241; coexisting with human community, 375-377; democratizing effect of, 213-214, 233-237; globality of, effects on policy, 396; linking as trespass, 451-453; plasticity of culture, 294-297, 299; as platform for human connection, 369-372; power law distribution of site connections, 241-261; strongly connected Web sites, 249-250; technologies of, 215-219; transparency of culture, 285-294; Web addresses, 429-434; Web browsers, 434-436
+
+Internet Explorer browser, 434-436
+
+Internet usage patterns. See social relations and norms
+
+intrinsic motivations, 94-99. See also motivation to produce
+
+Introna, Lucas, 261
+
+isolation, 359-361
+
+Jackson, Jesse, 264 The Jedi Saga, 134
+
+Jefferson, Richard, 342
+
+Joe Einstein model, 43, 47-48, 315
+
+Johanson, Jon, 417
+
+journalism, undermined by commercialism, 197, 204-210
+
+judgment of relevance. See relevance filtering
+
+justice and human development, 13-15, 301-355, 467-468; commons-based research, 317-328; commons-based strategies, 308-311; liberal theories of, 303-308
+
+% ,{[pg 503]},
+
+Kant, Immanuel, 143
+
+karma (Slashdot), 78
+
+KaZaa, 421
+
+KDKA Pittsburgh, 190, 191
+
+Keillor, Garrison, 243
+
+Kick, Russ, 103, 259-260
+
+Know-How model, 45-46
+
+
+knowledge, defined, 314-315
+
+Koren, Niva Elkin, 15
+
+Kottke, Jason, 252
+
+Kraut, Robert, 360, 363
+
+Kumar, Ravi, 253
+
+Kymlicka, Will, 281
+
+laboratories, peer-produced, 352-353
+
+Lakhani, Karim, 106
+
+Lange, David, 25
+
+large-audience programming, 197, 204-210; susceptibility of networked public sphere, 259-260
+
+large-circulation presses, 187-188
+
+large-grained goods, 113-114
+
+large-scale peer cooperation. See peer production
+
+last mile (wireless), 402-405
+
+laws. See policy
+
+layers of institutional ecology, 384, 389-396, 469-470; content layer, 384, 392, 395, 439-457, 469-470; physical layer, 392, 469-470. See also logical layer of institutional ecology
+
+learning networks, 43, 46, 112
+
+Lemley, Mark, 399, 445
+
+Lerner, Josh, 39, 106
+
+Lessig, Lawrence (Larry), 15, 25, 239, 276, 278, 385, 399
+
+liberal political theory, 19-20; cultural freedom, 278-285, 297
+
+liberal societies, 7-16; autonomy, 8-9; critical culture and social relations, 15-16; design of public sphere, 180-185; justice and human development, 13-15; public sphere, shift from mass media, 10-13; theories of justice, 303-308
+
+licensing: agricultural biotechnologies, 338-344; GPL (General Public License), 63-65, 104; radio, 191-194; shrink-wrap (contractual enclosure), 444-446. See also proprietary rights
+
+limited-access common resources, 61
+
+limited intake of mass media, 197-199
+
+limited sharing networks, 43, 48
+
+Lin, Nan, 95
+
+Linden Labs. See Second Life game environment
+
+linking on the Web, 218; power law distribution of site connections, 241-261; as trespass, 451-453
+
+Linux operating system, 65-66
+
+Litman, Jessica, 25, 33, 278, 439
+
+local clusters in network topology, 12-13. See also clusters in network topology
+
+logical layer of institutional ecology, 384, 392, 412-439, 469; database protection, 449-451; DMCA (Digital Millennium Copyright Act), 380, 413-418; domain name system, 429-434; free software policies, 436-437; international harmonization, 453-455; peerto-peer networks, 83-86, 418-428, 457; recent changes, 395; trademark dilution, 290, 446-448; Web browsers, 434-436
+
+loneliness, 359-361
+
+loose affiliations, 9, 357, 362, 366-369
+
+Los Alamos model, 43, 48
+
+Lott, Trent, 258, 263-264
+
+lowest-common-denominator programming, 197, 204-210, 259-260
+
+Lucas, George, 134
+
+luck, justice and, 303-304
+
+lumpy goods, 113-115
+
+Luther, Martin, 27
+
+% ,{[pg 504]},
+
+machinery. See computers
+
+mailing lists (electronic), 215
+
+management, changing relationships of, 124-126
+
+Mangabeira Unger, Roberto, 138
+
+manipulating perceptions of others, 147-152, 170; influence exaction, 156, 158-159; with propaganda, 149-150, 220-225, 297-300
+
+mapping utterances. See relevance filtering
+
+Marconi, 191
+
+market-based information producers: cultural change, transparency of, 290-293; mass popular culture, 295-296; relationship with social producers, 122-127; transaction costs, 59-60, 106-116; universities as, 347-348; without property protections, 39-41, 45-48
+
+market reports, access to, 314
+
+market transactions, 107-109
+
+Marshall, Josh, 221, 222, 246, 263
+
+Marx, Karl, 143, 279
+
+mass media: basic critiques of, 196-211; corrective effects of network environment, 220-225; as platform for public sphere, 178-180, 185-186, 198-199; structure of, 178-180. See also traditional model of communication
+
+mass media, political freedom and, 176-211; commercial platform for public sphere, 178-180, 185-186, 198-199; criticisms, 196-211; design characteristics of liberal public sphere, 180-185
+
+massive multiplayer games, 74, 135-136
+
+maximizing viewers as business necessity. See large-audience programming
+
+McChesney, Robert, 196
+
+McHenry, Robert, 71
+
+McLuhan, Marshall, 16, 17
+
+McVeigh, Timothy (sailor), 367
+
+Medecins San Frontieres, 347
+
+media concentration, 157, 235, 237-241; corrective effects of network environment, 220-225. See also power of mass media owners
+
+medicines, commons-based research on, 344-353
+
+medium-grained goods, 113
+
+medium of exchange, 109-113
+
+Meetup.com site, 368
+
+The Memory Hole, 103
+
+metamoderation (Slashdot), 79
+
+methodological individualism, 18
+
+Mickey model, 42-44
+
+Microsoft Corporation: browser wars, 434-436; sidewalk.com, 452
+
+Milgram, Stanley, 252
+
+misfortune, justice and, 303-304
+
+MIT's Open Courseware Initiative, 314-315, 327
+
+MMOGs (massive multiplayer online games), 74, 135-136
+
+mobile phones, 219, 367; open wireless networks, 402-405
+
+moderation of content. See accreditation
+
+modularity, 100-103
+
+Moglen, Eben, 5, 55, 426
+
+monetary constraints on information production, 6-7, 32; control of, 99; cost minimization and benefit maximization, 42; fixed and initial costs, 110; production costs as limiting, 164-165; transaction costs, 59-60. See also commons; social capital
+
+money: centralization of communications, 258-260; cost minimization and benefit maximization, 42; cost of production as limiting, 164-165; crispness of currency exchange, 109-113; as demotivator, 94-96; as dominant factor, 234. See also capital for production
+
+monitoring, authoritarian, 236
+
+monopoly: authoritarian control, 266-271; breadth of programming under, 207; medical research and innovation, 345-346; radio broadcasting, 189, 195; wired environment as, 152-153
+
+% ,{[pg 505]},
+
+Moore, Michael, 200
+
+motivation to produce, 6, 92-99; crowding out theory, 115; cultural context of, 97; granularity of participation and, 100-102, 113-114
+
+Moulitsas, Markos, 221
+
+movie industry. See entertainment industry
+
+MP3.com, 419, 422-423
+
+MSF (Medecins San Frontieres), 347
+
+Mumford, Lewis, 16
+
+municipal broadband initiatives, 405-408
+
+Murdoch, Rupert, 203
+
+music industry, 50-51, 425-427; digital sampling, 443-444; DMCA violations, 416; peer-to-peer networks and, 84
+
+MyDD.com site, 221
+
+Napster, 419. See also peer-to-peer networks
+
+NASA Clickworkers, 69-70
+
+NBC (National Broadcasting Company), 195
+
+Negroponte, Nicholas, 238
+
+neighborhood relations, strengthening of, 357, 362-366
+
+Nelson, W. R., 205
+
+Netanel, Neil, 236, 261, 261-262
+
+Netscape and browser wars, 435
+
+network topology, 172-173; autonomy and, 146-161; emergent ordered structure, 253-256; linking as trespass, 451-453; moderately linked sites, 251-252; peer-to-peer networks, 83-86, 418-428, 457; power law distribution of site connections, 241-261; quoting on Web, 218; repeater networks, 88-89; strongly connected Web sites, 249-250. See also clusters in network topology
+
+networked environment policy. See policy networked information economy, 2-34; democracy and liberalism, 7-16; effects on public sphere, 219-233; emergence of, 2-7; institutional ecology, 22-28; justice, liberal theories of, 303-308; methodological choices, 16-22
+
+networked public sphere, 10-12, 212-271, 465; authoritarian control, working around, 266-271; basic communication tools, 215-219; critiques that Internet democratizes, 233-237; defined, 177-178; Diebold Election Systems case study, 225-232, 262, 389-390; future of, 271-272; Internet as concentrated vs. chaotic, 237-241; liberal, design characteristics of, 180-185; loose affiliations, 9, 357, 362, 366-369; mass-media platform for, 178-180, 185-186, 198-199; topology and connectivity of, 241-261; transparency of Internet culture, 285-294; watchdog functionality, 236, 261-266. See also social relations and norms networked society, 376
+
+news (as data), 314
+
+newspapers, 40, 186-188; market concentration, 202
+
+Newton, Isaac, 37
+
+niche markets, 56
+
+NIH (National Institutes of Health), 324
+
+Nissenbaum, Helen, 261
+
+No Electronic Theft (NET) Act, 441-442
+
+Noam, Eli, 201-202, 238-239
+
+nonexclusion-market production strategies, 39-41, 45-48
+
+nonmarket information producers, 4-5, 39-40; conditions for production, 99-106; cultural change, transparency of, 290-293; emergence of social production, 116-122; relationship with nonmarket information producers (cont.) market-based businesses, 122-127; role of, 18-19; strategies for information production, 43, 47-48; universities as, 347-348
+
+% ,{[pg 506]},
+
+nonmarket production, economics of, 91-127; emergence in digital networks, 116-122; feasibility conditions, 99-106; transaction costs, 59-60, 106-116. See also motivation to produce
+
+nonmarket strategies, effectiveness of, 54-56
+
+nonmonetary motivations. See motivation to produce
+
+nonprofit medical research, 350
+
+nonrival goods, 36-39; peer-to-peer
+
+networks sharing, 85-86
+
+norms (social), 72-74, 356-377; enforced norms with software, 372-375; fragmentation of communication, 15, 234-235, 238, 256, 465-466; Internet and human coexistence, 375-377; Internet as platform for, 369-372; loose affiliations, 9, 357, 362, 366-369; motivation within, 92-94; property, commons, and autonomy, 143-146; Slashdot mechanisms for, 78; software for, emergence of, 372-375; technology-defined structure, 29-34; thickening of preexisting relations, 357; transaction costs, 59-60, 106-116; working with social expectations, 366-369
+
+Nozick, Robert, 304
+
+NSI (Network Solutions, Inc.), 430
+
+number of behavioral options, 150-152, 170 OAIster protocol, 326
+
+obscurity of some Web sites, 246, 251-252
+
+ODP (Open Directory Project), 76
+
+older Web sites, obscurity of, 246
+
+"on the shoulders of giants", 37-39
+
+One World Health, 350
+
+Open Archives Initiative, 326
+
+open commons, 61
+
+Open Courseware Initiative (MIT), 314-315, 327
+
+Open Directory Project (ODP), 76
+
+open-source software, 5, 46, 63-67; commons-based welfare development, 320-323; as competition to marketbased business, 123; human development and justice, 14; policy on, 436-437; project modularity and granularity, 102; security considerations, 457-458
+
+open wireless networks, 402-405; municipal broadband initiatives, 405-408; security, 457
+
+opinion, public: iconic representations of, 205, 209-210; synthesis of, 184, 199. See also accreditation; relevance filtering
+
+opportunities created by social production, 123-126
+
+options, behavioral, 150-152, 170
+
+order, emergent. See clusters in network topology
+
+organization structure, 100-106; granularity, 100-102, 113-114; justice and, 303-304; modularity, 100-103
+
+organizational clustering, 248-249
+
+organizations as persons, 19-20
+
+organized production, traditional. See traditional model of communication
+
+OSTG (Open Source Technology Group), 77
+
+Ostrom, Elinor, 144
+
+owners of mass media, power of, 197, 199-204; corrective effects of network environment, 220-225 ownership of information. See also proprietary rights
+
+p2p networks, 83-86, 418-428; security considerations, 457
+
+% ,{[pg 507]},
+
+packet filtering. See blocked access
+
+Pantic, Drazen, 219
+
+Pareto, Vilfredo, 243
+
+participatory culture, 297-300. See also culture passive vs. active consumers, 126-127, 135
+
+patents. See proprietary rights path dependency, 388-389
+
+patterns of Internet use. See social relations and norms
+
+peer production, 5, 33, 59-90, 462-464; drug research and development, 351; electronic voting machines (case study), 225-232; feasibility conditions for social production, 99-106; loose affiliations, 9, 357, 362, 366-369; maintenance of cooperation, 104; as platform for human connection, 374-375; relationship with market-based businesses, 122-127; sustainability of, 106-116; watchdog functionality, 236, 261-266. See also sharing
+
+peer production, order emerging from. See accreditation; relevance filtering
+
+peer review of scientific publications, 323-325
+
+peer-to-peer networks, 83-86, 418-428; security considerations, 457
+
+Pennock, David, 251
+
+perceptions of others, shaping, 147-152, 170; influence exaction, 156, 158-159; with propaganda, 149-150, 220-225, 297-300
+
+perfect information, 203
+
+performance as means of communication, 205
+
+permission to communicate, 155
+
+permissions. See proprietary rights
+
+personal computers, 105; infrastructure ownership, 155; policy on physical devices, 408-412; as shareable, lumpy goods, 113-115
+
+Pew studies, 364-365, 423
+
+pharmaceuticals, commons-based research on, 344-353
+
+Philadelphia, wireless initiatives in, 406-408
+
+physical capital for production, 6-7, 32, 384, 396-412; control of, 99; cost minimization and benefit maximization, 42; fixed and initial costs, 110; production costs as limiting, 164-165; transaction costs, 59-60. See also commons; social capital
+
+physical constraints on information production, 3-4, 24-25. See also capital for production
+
+physical contact, diminishment of, 360-361
+
+physical layer of institutional ecology, 392, 469-470; recent changes, 395
+
+physical machinery and computers, 105; infrastructure ownership, 155; policy on physical devices, 408-412; as shareable, lumpy goods, 113-115
+
+Piore, Michael, 138
+
+PIPRA (Public Intellectual Property for Agriculture), 338-341
+
+planned modularization, 101-102
+
+plasticity of Internet culture, 294-297, 299
+
+PLoS (Public Library of Science), 324
+
+polarization, 235, 256-258
+
+policy, 26, 383-459; authoritarian control, 266-271; commons-based research, 317-328; Diebold Election Systems case study, 225-232, 262, 389-390; enclosure movement, 380-382; global Internet and, 396; independence from government control, 184, 197-198; international harmonization, 453-455; liberal theories of justice, 305-307; mapping institutional ecology, 389-396; participatory culture, 297-300; path dependency, 386-389; pharmaceutical innovation, 345-346; property-based, 159-160; proprietary policy (continued ) rights vs. justice, 302-303; securityrelated, 73-74, 396, 457-459; stakes of, 460-473; wireless spectrum rights, 87. See also privatization; proprietary rights
+
+% ,{[pg 508]},
+
+policy, global. See global development
+
+policy, social. See social relations and norms
+
+policy efficiency. See efficiency of information regulation
+
+policy layers, 384, 389-396, 469-470; content layer, 384, 392, 395, 439-457, 469-470; physical layer, 392, 469-470. See also logical layer of institutional ecology
+
+policy routers, 147-149, 156, 197-198, 397; influence exaction, 156, 158-159
+
+political concern, undermined by commercialism, 197, 204-210
+
+political freedom, mass media and, 176-211; commercial platform for public sphere, 178-180, 185-186, 198-199; criticisms, 196-211; design characteristics of liberal public sphere, 180-185
+
+political freedom, public sphere and, 212-271; authoritarian control, working around, 266-271; basic communication tools, 215-219; critiques that Internet democratizes, 233-237; future of, 271-272; Internet as concentrated vs. chaotic, 237-241; topology and connectivity of, 241-261; watchdog functionality, 236, 261-266. See also networked information economy politics. See policy
+
+Pool, Ithiel de Sola, 388
+
+popular culture, commercial production of, 295-296
+
+Post, Robert, 140
+
+Postel, Jon, 430
+
+Postman, Neil, 186
+
+poverty. See justice and human development; welfare
+
+Powell, Walter, 112
+
+power law distribution of Web connections, 241-261; strongly connected Web sites, 249-250; uniform component of moderate connectivity, 251-252
+
+power of mass media owners, 197, 199-204; corrective effects of network environment, 220-225
+
+preexisting relations, thickening of, 357
+
+press, commercial, 186-188, 202
+
+price compensation, as demotivator, 94-96
+
+pricing, 109-113
+
+Pringle, Peter, 335
+
+print media, commercial, 186-188
+
+private communications, 177
+
+privatization: agricultural biotechnologies, 335-336; of communications and information systems, 152-154, 159-160 /{ProCD v. Zeidenberg}/, 445
+
+processing capacity, 81-82, 86
+
+processors. See computers producer surplus, 157
+
+production capital, 6-7, 32; control of, 99; cost minimization and benefit maximization, 42; fixed and initial costs, 110; production costs as limiting, 164-165; transaction costs, 59-60. See also commons; social capital
+
+production inputs, 68-75; existing information, 37-39, 52; immersive entertainment, 74-75; individual action as modality, 119-120; large-audience programming, 197, 204-210, 259-260; limited by mass media, 197-199; NASA Clickworkers project, 69-70; pricing, 109-113; propaganda, 149-150, 220-225, 297-300; systematically blocked by policy routers, 147-149, 156, 197-198, 397; universal intake, 182, 197-199; Wikipedia project, 70-74. See also collaborative authorship
+
+% ,{[pg 509]},
+
+production of information, 464; feasibility conditions for social production, 99-106; networked public sphere capacity for, 225-232; nonrivalry, 36-39, 85-86; physical constraints on, 3-4; strategies of, 41-48. See also distribution of information; peer production
+
+production of information, efficiency of. See efficiency of information regulation
+
+production of information, industrial model of. See traditional model of communication
+
+production of information, nonmarket. See nonmarket information
+
+producers professionalism, mass media, 198
+
+Project Gutenberg, 80-81, 136
+
+propaganda, 149-150; manipulating culture, 297-300; Stolen Honor documentary, 220-225
+
+property ownership, 23-27, 129-132; autonomy and, 143-146; control over, as asymmetric, 60-61; effects of exclusive rights, 49-50; trade policy, 319. See also commons; proprietary rights
+
+property ownership, efficiency of. See efficiency of information regulation
+
+proprietary rights, 22-28, 56-58; agricultural biotechnologies, 335-336, 338-344; commons-based research, 317-328; contractual enclosure, 444-446; copyright issues, 439-444; cultural environment and, 277-278; database protection, 449-451; Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), 380, 413-418; domain names, 431-433; dominance of, overstated, 460-461; effects of, 49-50; enclosure movement, 380-382; global welfare and research, 317-320, 354-355; information-embedded goods and tools, 311-312; infrastructure ownership, 155; international harmonization, 453-455; justice vs., 302-303; medical and pharmaceutical innovation, 345-346; models of, 42-45; openness of personal computers, 409; peer-to-peer networks and, 84-85; radio patents, 191, 194; scientific publication, 323-325; software patenting, 437-439; strategies for information production, 41-48; trademark dilution, 290, 446-448; trespass to chattels, 451-453; university alliances, 338-341; wireless networks, 87, 153-154. See also access
+
+proprietary rights, inefficiency of, 36-41, 49-50, 106-116, 461-462; capacity reallocation, 114-116; property protections, 319; wireless communications policy, 154
+
+psychological motivation. See motivation to produce
+
+public-domain data, 313-314
+
+public goods vs. nonrival goods, 36-39
+
+Public Library of Science (PLoS), 324
+
+public opinion: iconic representations of, 205, 209-210; synthesis of, 184, 199. See also accreditation; relevance filtering
+
+public sphere, 10-12, 212-271, 465; authoritarian control, working around, 266-271; basic communication tools, 215-219; critiques that Internet democratizes, 233-237; defined, 177-178; Diebold Election Systems case study, 225-232, 262, 389-390; future of, 271-272; Internet as concentrated vs. chaotic, 237-241; liberal, design characteristics of, 180-185; loose affiliations, 9, 357, 362, 366-369; massmedia platform for, 178-180, 185-186, 198-199; topology and connectivity of, 241-261; transparency of Internet culture, 285-294; watchdog functionality, 236, 261-266
+
+public sphere economy. See networked information economy
+
+% ,{[pg 510]},
+
+public sphere relationships. See social relations and norms publication, scientific, 313, 323-328
+
+Putnam, Robert, 362
+
+quality of information. See accreditation; high-production value content; relevance filtering
+
+quoting on Web, 218
+
+radio, 186-196, 387-388, 402-403; market concentration, 202; patents, 191, 194; as platform for human connection, 369; as public sphere platform, 190. See also wireless communications
+
+Radio Act of 1927, 196
+
+Radio B92, 266
+
+radio telephony, 194
+
+raw data, 313-314; database protection, 449-451
+
+raw materials of information. See inputs to production
+
+Rawls, John, 184, 279, 303-304, 306
+
+Raymond, Eric, 66, 137, 259
+
+Raz, Joseph, 140
+
+RCA (Radio Corporation of America), 191, 195
+
+RCA strategy, 43, 44
+
+reallocating excess capacity, 81-89, 114-115, 157, 351-352
+
+recognition. See intrinsic motivations
+
+redistribution theory, 304
+
+referencing on the Web, 218; linking as trespass, 451-453; power law distribution of Web site connections, 241-261
+
+regional clusters in network topology, 12-13. See also clusters in network topology
+
+regions of interest. See clusters in network topology
+
+regulated commons, 61
+
+regulating information, efficiency of, 36-41, 49-50, 106-116, 461-462; capacity
+
+reallocation, 114-116; property protections, 319; wireless communications policy, 154
+
+regulation. See policy
+
+regulation by social norms, 72-74, 356-377; enforced norms with software, 372-375; fragmentation of communication, 15, 234-235, 238, 256, 465-466; Internet and human coexistence, 375-377; Internet as platform for, 369-372; loose affiliations, 9, 357, 362, 366-369; motivation within, 92-94; property, commons, and autonomy, 143-146; Slashdot mechanisms for, 78; software for, emergence of, 372-375; technology-defined structure, 29-34; thickening of preexisting relations, 357; transaction costs, 59-60, 106-116; working with social expectations, 366-369
+
+Reichman, Jerome, 449
+
+relationships, social. See social relations and norms
+
+relevance filtering, 68, 75-80, 169-174, 183, 258-260; Amazon, 75; by authoritarian countries, 236; capacity for, by mass media, 199; concentration of mass-media power, 157, 220-225, 235, 237-241; as distributed system, 171-172; Google, 76; Open Directory Project (ODP), 76; power of mass media owners, 197, 199-204, 220-225; as public good, 12; Slashdot, 76-80, 104; watchdog functionality, 236, 261-266
+
+relevance filtering by information providers. See blocked access
+
+repeater networks, 88-89
+
+research, commons-based, 317-328, 354-355; food and agricultural innovation, 328-344; medical and pharmaceutical innovation, 344-353
+
+resource sharing. See capacity, sharing
+
+% ,{[pg 511]},
+
+resources, common. See commons
+
+responsive communications, 199
+
+reuse of information, 37-39, 52
+
+reward. See motivation to produce
+
+Reynolds, Glenn, 264
+
+Rheingold, Howard, 219, 265, 358-359
+
+RIAA (Recording Industry Association of America), 416
+
+right to read, 439-440
+
+rights. See proprietary rights
+
+Romantic Maximizer model, 42-43
+
+Rose, Carol, 61
+
+routers, controlling information flow with, 147-149, 156, 197-198, 397; influence exaction, 156, 158-159
+
+Rubin, Aviel, 228, 229
+
+Sabel, Charles, 62, 111, 138
+
+Saltzer, Jerome, 399
+
+sampling, digital (music), 443-444
+
+Samuelson, Pamela, 25, 414, 488
+
+Sarnoff, David, 195
+
+SBG (Sinclair Broadcast Group), 199-200, 220-225
+
+Scholarly Lawyers model, 43, 45
+
+scientific data, access to, 313-314
+
+scientific publication, 313; commons-based welfare development, 323-328
+
+scope of loose relationships, 9, 357
+
+Scott, William, 353
+
+Second Life game environment, 74-75, 136
+
+security of context, 143-146
+
+security-related policy, 396, 457-459; vandalism on Wikipedia, 73-74
+
+Security Systems Standards and Certification Act, 409
+
+
+self-archiving of scientific publications, 325-326
+
+self-determinism, extrinsic motivation and, 94
+
+self-direction. See autonomy
+
+self-esteem, extrinsic motivation and, 94
+
+self-organization. See clusters in network topology self-reflection, 15-16, 293-294; Open Directory Project, 76; selfidentification as transaction cost, 112; Wikipedia project, 70-74
+
+services, software, 322-323
+
+SETI@home project, 81-83
+
+shaping perceptions of others, 147-152, 170; influence exaction, 156, 158-159; with propaganda, 149-150, 220-225, 297-300
+
+Shapiro, Carl, 312
+
+shareable goods, 113-115
+
+sharing, 59-90, 81-89; emergence of social production, 116-122; excess capacity, 81-89, 114-115, 157, 351-352; limited sharing networks, 43, 48; open wireless networks, 402-405; radio capacity, 402-403; technologydependence of, 120; university patents, 347-350
+
+sharing peer-to-peer. See peer-to-peer networks
+
+Shirky, Clay, 173, 252, 368, 373 "shoulders of giants", 37-39
+
+shrink-wrap licenses, 444-446
+
+sidewalk.com, 452
+
+Simon, Herbert, 243
+
+Sinclair Broadcast Group (SBG), 199-200, 220-225
+
+Skype utility, 86, 421
+
+Slashdot, 76-80, 104
+
+small-worlds effect, 252-253
+
+SMS (short message service). See text messaging
+
+social action, 22
+
+social capital, 95-96, 361-369; networked society, 366-369; thickening of preexisting relations, 363-366
+
+social clustering, 248-249
+
+% ,{[pg 512]},
+
+social-democratic theories of justice, 308-311
+
+social motivation. See intrinsic motivations
+
+social production, relationship with market-based businesses, 122-127
+
+social relations and norms, 72-74, 356-377; enforced norms with software, 372-375; fragmentation of communication, 15, 234-235, 238, 256, 465-466; Internet and human coexistence, 375-377; Internet as platform for, 369-372; loose affiliations, 9, 357, 362, 366-369; motivation within, 92-94; property, commons, and autonomy, 143-146; Slashdot mechanisms for, 78; software for, emergence of, 372-375; technology-defined structure, 29-34; thickening of preexisting relations, 357; transaction costs, 59-60, 106-116; working with social expectations, 366-369
+
+social software, 372-375
+
+social structure, defined by technology, 29-34
+
+societal culture. See culture
+
+software: commons-based welfare development, 320-323; patents for, 437-439; social, 372-375
+
+software, open-source, 5, 46, 63-67; commons-based welfare development, 320-323; as competition to marketbased business, 123; human development and justice, 14; policy on, 436-437; project modularity and granularity, 102; security considerations, 457-458
+
+Solum, Lawrence, 267
+
+Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998, 442-443, 454
+
+specificity of price, 109-113
+
+spectrum property rights, 87. See also proprietary rights
+
+spiders. See trespass to chattels
+
+Spielberg, Steven, 416
+
+stakes of information policy, 460-473
+
+Stallman, Richard, 5, 64-66
+
+standardizing creativity, 109-113
+
+Starr, Paul, 17, 388
+
+state, role of, 20-22
+
+static inefficiency. See efficiency of information regulation
+
+static Web pages, 216
+
+Steiner, Peter, 205
+
+Stolen Honor documentary, 220-225
+
+storage capacity, 86; transaction costs, 112-115
+
+strategies for information production, 41-48; transaction costs, 59-60, 106-116
+
+Strogatz, Steven, 252
+
+strongly connected Web sites, 249-250
+
+structure of mass media, 178-180
+
+structure of network, 172-173; autonomy and, 146-161; emergent ordered structure, 253-256; linking as trespass, 451-453; moderately linked sites, 251-252; peer-to-peer networks, 83-86, 418-428, 457; power law distribution of Web site connections, 241-261; quoting on Web, 218; repeater networks, 88-89; strongly connected Web sites, 249-250. See also clusters in network topology
+
+structure of networks. See network topology
+
+structure of organizations, 100-106; granularity, 100-102, 113-114; justice and, 303-304; modularity, 100-103
+
+structured production, 100-106; granularity, 100-102, 113-114; maintenance of cooperation, 104; modularity, 100-103
+
+Sunstein, Cass, 234
+
+supercomputers, 81-82
+
+supplantation of real-world interaction, 357, 362-366
+
+% ,{[pg 513]},
+
+supply-side effects of information production, 45-46
+
+sustainability of peer production, 106-116
+
+symmetric commons, 61-62
+
+Syngenta, 337
+
+synthesis of public opinion, 184, 199. See also accreditation
+
+TalkingPoints site, 221
+
+taste, changes in, 126
+
+Taylor, Fredrick, 138
+
+teaching materials, 326
+
+technology, 215-219; agricultural, 335-344; costs of, 462; dependence on, for sharing, 120; effectiveness of nonmarket strategies, 54-55; enabling social sharing as production modality, 120-122; role of, 16-18; social software, 372-375; social structure defined by, 29-34
+
+telephone, as platform for human connection, 371
+
+television, 186; culture of, 135; Internet use vs., 360, 364; large-audience programming, 197, 204-210, 259-260; market concentration, 202
+
+tendrils (Web topology), 249-250
+
+term of copyright, 442-443, 454
+
+text distribution as platform for human connection, 369
+
+text messaging, 219, 365, 367
+
+textbooks, 326
+
+thickening of preexisting relations, 357, 362-366
+
+thinness of online relations, 360
+
+Thurmond, Strom, 263
+
+Ticketmaster, 452
+
+Tirole, Jean, 94, 106
+
+Titmuss, Richard, 93 de Tocqueville, Alexis, 187
+
+toll broadcasting, 194-195
+
+too much information. See Babel objection; relevance filtering
+
+tools, information-embedded, 312
+
+Toomey, Jenny, 123
+
+topical clustering, 248-249
+
+topology, network, 172-173; autonomy and, 146-161; emergent ordered structure, 253-256; linking as trespass, 451-453; moderately linked sites, 251-252; peer-to-peer networks, 83-86, 418-428, 457; power law distribution of Web site connections, 241-261; quoting on Web, 218; repeater networks, 88-89; strongly connected Web sites, 249-250. See also clusters in network topology
+
+Torvalds, Linus, 65-66, 104-105, 136-137
+
+trade policy, 317-320, 354-355, 454
+
+trademark dilution, 290, 446-448. See also proprietary rights
+
+traditional model of communication, 4, 9, 22-28, 59-60, 383-459, 470-471; autonomy and, 164-166; barriers to justice, 302; emerging role of mass media, 178-180, 185-186, 198-199; enclosure movement, 380-382; mapping, framework for, 389-396; medical innovation and, 345-346; path dependency, 386-389; relationship with social producers, 122-127; security-related policy, 73-74, 396, 457-459; shift away from, 10-13; stakes of information policy, 460-473; structure of mass media, 178-180; transaction costs, 59-60, 106-116. See also market-based information producers
+
+transaction costs, 59-60, 106-116
+
+transfer of knowledge, 314-315
+
+transparency of free software, 322
+
+transparency of Internet culture, 285-294
+
+transport channel policy, 397-408; broadband regulation, 399-402; municipal broadband initiatives, 405-408; open wireless networks, 402-405
+
+trespass to chattels, 451-453
+
+troll filters (Slashdot), 78
+
+trusted systems, computers as, 409-410
+
+tubes (Web topology), 249-250
+
+UCC (Uniform Commercial Code), 445
+
+UCITA (Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act), 444-446
+
+Uhlir, Paul, 449
+
+universal intake, 182, 197-199
+
+university alliances, 338-341, 347-350
+
+university-owned radio, 192
+
+unregulated commons, 61
+
+use permissions. See proprietary rights
+
+users as consumers, 126-127
+
+uttering content. See inputs to production
+
+vacuity of online relations, 360
+
+Vaidhyanathan, Siva, 278, 488
+
+value-added distribution. See distribution of information; relevance filtering
+
+value of online contact, 360
+
+vandalism on Wikipedia, 73-74
+
+variety of behavioral options, 150-152, 170
+
+Varmus, Harold, 313
+
+virtual communities, 348-361. See also social relations and norms
+
+visibility of mass media, 198
+
+volunteer activity. See nonmarket information producers; peer production
+
+volunteer computation resources. See capacity, sharing
+
+von Hippel, Eric, 5, 47, 106, 127
+
+voting, electronic, 225-232, 262, 389-390
+
+vouching for others, network of, 368 Waltzer, Michael, 281
+
+% ,{[pg 514]},
+
+watchdog functionality, 236, 261-266
+
+Watts, Duncan, 252
+
+weak ties of online relations, 360, 363
+
+Web, 216, 218; backbone sites, 249-250, 258-260; browser wars, 434-436; domain name addresses, 429-434; linking as trespass, 451-453; power law distribution of Web site connections, 241-261; quoting from other sites, 218. See also Internet
+
+Web topology. See network topology
+
+Weber, Steve, 104-105
+
+welfare, 130-131; commons-based research, 317-328; commons-based strategies, 308-311; digital divide, 236-237; freedom from constraint, 157-158; information-based advantages, 311-315; liberal theories of justice, 303-308. See also justice and human development
+
+well-being, 19
+
+WELL (Whole Earth `Lectronic Link), 358
+
+Wellman, Barry, 16, 17, 362, 363, 366
+
+Westinghouse, 191, 195
+
+wet-lab science, peer production of, 352-353
+
+WiFi. See wireless communications
+
+Wikibooks project, 101
+
+Wikipedia project, 70-74, 104; Barbie doll content, 287-289, 292
+
+Wikis as social software, 372-375
+
+Williamson, Oliver, 59
+
+Winner, Langdon, 17
+
+wired communications: market structure of, 152-153; policy on, 399-402. See also broadband networks
+
+wireless communications, 87-89; municipal broadband initiatives, 405-408; open networks, 402-405; privatization vs. commons, 152-154. See also radio World Wide Web, 216, 218; backbone sites, 249-250, 258-260; browser wars, 434-436; domain name addresses, 429-434; linking as trespass, 451-453; power law distribution of Web site connections, 241-261; quoting from other sites, 218. See also Internet
+
+% ,{[pg 515]},
+
+writable Web, 216-217
+
+written communication as platform for human connection, 369
+
+Zipf, George, 243
+
+Zittrain, Jonathan, 268
+